diff --git "a/models/MM-CoT-UnifiedQA-base-Rationale/predictions_ans_test.json" "b/models/MM-CoT-UnifiedQA-base-Rationale/predictions_ans_test.json"
--- "a/models/MM-CoT-UnifiedQA-base-Rationale/predictions_ans_test.json"
+++ "b/models/MM-CoT-UnifiedQA-base-Rationale/predictions_ans_test.json"
@@ -1,8508 +1,3 @@
-{
-    "num_fail": 4241,
-    "scores": {
-        "answer": {
-            "acc_natural": "13.72",
-            "acc_social": "15.30",
-            "acc_language": "13.27",
-            "acc_has_text": "13.59",
-            "acc_has_image": "14.43",
-            "acc_no_context": "13.66",
-            "acc_grade_1_6": "14.35",
-            "acc_grade_7_12": "13.18",
-            "acc_average": "13.94"
-        },
-        "rationale": {
-            "bleu1": 96.97577669677571,
-            "bleu4": 93.07287092926907,
-            "rouge": 96.96586314698305,
-            "similariry": 98.52681969154334
-        }
-    },
-    "preds": [
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses chitrophe, thea direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nS goddess, a direct address to Acha goddess, thea directhuman entity..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: The colony is New Hampshire.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince dozen is not between the guide words daddy - definition, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince serviceade is between the guide words shot - suit, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the lichen.TherenThe arrow points to the bilberry. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the lichen to the mushroombilberry. There",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to bake lasagna in the oven is 33 minutes.n33 hours is too slow..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA aphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nGenuine imitation is a contradiction, because genuine means real. and imitation means fake. fake..",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCompost  from the remains of plants and animals, such as vegetable scraps and fruit shells. Compost rotting is a chemical change. As the compost rots, the breaks down and turns into a different type of matter.nA piece of apple turning brown is a chemical change. The apple reacts with oxygen in the air and turns into a different type of matter.nSte you scrape off the brown part of the apple, the inside will still white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change has't happen to that part of the apple.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a woolly fleece or a hairy fleece, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the fleece type trait. The question tells you that the F allele, which is for a hairy fleece, is dominant over the f allele, which is for a woolly fleece.nA woolly fleece is the recessive allele's version of the fleece type trait. A sheep with the recessive version of the fleece type trait must have only recessive alleles for the fleece type gene. So, offspring with a woolly fleece must have the genotype ff.nThere 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Looking objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA shiny opaque object does not let light through. All three objects are opaque.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. None oise and and the  are not slippery.nA slippery object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. None tort and shiny, but the  and not.nThe property that all three objects have in common is shiny..",
-        "Solution: When War I started, 17 United of 18. war war parts of the War I were divided UnitedAllied forces. the Power. war below shows some reasons common points in the side of the time of the war.nWhen, the people believed that the war would be the quickly. But war of the side of that the waries would fight one war.. But of belief was World war of that the British would end thethe quickly quickly.\" OthersnThe warAllied forces did the powers were divided always divideddevoted by numbers. power.. war were their technology to the to they this warAllied,, the technologies, the War I was the. than the eventss. was with being for years lasting..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that Jupiter is the largest planet and that Jupiter is made mainly of gas. So, the largest planet is made mainly of gas..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Primary consumers eat producers. So, in a food web, primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.nThe copewormifer has an arrow pointing to it from the  algae. The green algae is a producer, so the rotifer is a primary consumer.nThe copepod has an arrow pointing to it from the blackrod. The golden algae is a producer, so the copepod is a primary consumer.nThe black crappie has anarrows pointing to it from the cope flea. which sifer and and the r. The of these organisms is a producer, so the cope crappie is not a primary consumer.nThe black do anarrows pointing to them from the pod. the r. TheNeither the copepod nor the shiner is a producer, so the cope are not  consumers.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: An environment is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is rich in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the Daintree rain forest has year-round rain. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: Dover is the capital of Delaware..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to knit. Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Kansas is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince inherit is between the guide words imitate - iron, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Greta wanted broccoli in her lunch and Allie was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nGreta has tomatoes. Allie has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince streak is not between the guide words serpent - skirt, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nButter melting on a hot day is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The butter changes from solid to liquid. but it is still made of the same type of matter.nMixing sand and water is a physical change. TheAdding water makes the sand wet. But both the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nButter melting on a hot day is caused by heating. But mixing sand and water is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. An oak tree is a plant. It has have thick branches.nOns grow in oak trees. Theycorns are called, with a seed inside.nAn oakcas is  animal. It swims in the ocean.nAcas live animals called ss.. have for for other animals. live in the ocean..",
-        "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. Co co leader has a more positive connotation. Adent has prudentwardly both denote beinga conflict and beings., prudent suggests  is prudent and  and but cowardly suggests  iss selfry..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince bruise is not the guide words blush - buffalo, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a cold, rainy day is 45\u00b0F.n45\u00b0C is too hot..",
-        "Solution: Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land. A grass alligator is ana reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nAlligators live near the around water. They can  in waterponds, lakes, lakeshes, and lakes.nA grass eastern newt is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nNew newts live near water. Other newts live on land but lay their eggs in water.nA grass frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.nA California toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town. The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe metaphor branches religions, arts, and sciences are related of the same tree suggests that all religions, arts, and sciences are related... who of in of the valueskind., and as they world are thea tree tree...a single tree.",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the path.nThe path is made of plastic. and",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. An ostrich is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nO ostrich is  largest bird alive today. Itstriches can fly, but they can walk very fast..nA cane toad is  amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the  sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words hide and hide rhyme. They both end with the i sound sound.nThe word hide does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0.nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F). Fahrenheit is one scale used to measure temperature.nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.nThere is a Fahrenheit scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 80 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 80\u00b0F. Find the top of the red liquid.nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid lines up with 100. So, the temperature is 65\u00b0F..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. The  is not, but the  balls are the  bottle are not.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. All three objects are blue.nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The  slide and hard, but the  is the water shorts are not.nThe property that all three objects have in common is sticky..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a hiking trail is 4 kilometers.n4 millimeters, 4 centimeters, and 4 meters are all too short..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince guess is between the guide words garage - goose, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant.nIn this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables.nThe amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others.nThe number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment..",
-        "Solution: Jackson is the capital of Mississippi..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The pea plant has two alleles for a tall stem (H). So, the plant's genotype for the stem height gene is HH..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties at the object.nThink about each property.nA is a color.nThis color is blue. The ice marshmallow is not blue.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The melted marshmallow is stretchy..",
-        "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Darnel is pushing on the wheelchair. So, Newton's third law tells you that the wheelchair is pushing on Darnel..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a warm grilled cheese sandwich is 55\u00b0C.n55\u00b0F is too cold..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a hiking trail is 5 kilometers.n5 meters is too short..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Rafflesia arnoldii is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with smooth fruit or fuzzy fruit, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the fruit texture trait. The question tells you that the F allele, which is for smooth fruit, is dominant over the f allele, which is for fuzzy fruit.nSmooth fruit is the rece allele's version of the fruit texture trait. A tomato plant with the dominant version of the fruit texture trait must have at least one dominant allele for the fruit texture gene. So, offspring with smooth fruit must have the genotype FF or Ff.nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype FF or Ff.nFulzzy fruit is the recessive allele'",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nDry ice sub subified dioxide. The dry ice gets hot, it changes state and becomes carbon dioxide gas. The change of state, but solid to gas, is called sublimation.nDry ice becoming a gas is a change change. The change of state does not form a different type of matter.nBurning a marshmallow is a chemical change. The type causes the fire causes the matter of matter in the marshmallow to change. The marshmallow turns  and crispy.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBotry ice sublimation and a physical change. But burning a marshmallow is not.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoturning a marshmallow is a chemical change. But dry ice sublimating is not.",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three meatballs have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 126\u00b0F meatball is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **The Lion and the Mouse**..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences run have been run together without appropriate punctuation.n Dusts particles particles around nine nearby stars may have been caused by long-ago collisions between melting comets and asteroids..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound.complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.nMia",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A other tarantulas, a red-kneed tarantula is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA come ant is an insect. Like other insects, a bull ant is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA chinchilla is a mammal. Like other mammals, a chinchilla is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA comet moth is an insect. Like other insects, a comet moth is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..",
-        "Solution: Hartford is the capital of Connecticut..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two cherry pies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 85\u00b0F pie is hotter than the 85\u00b0F pie, it has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, learns. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A rain rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: warm-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the following statement describes the Yasuni National Park ecosystem: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. It has soil different types of organisms. The following statements do not describe Yasuni National Park: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. It has mostly small plants. It has many that is rich in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Looking objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. None three objects are fragile.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. None of the objects are yellow.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The of the objects are bouncy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is fragile..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Jordan wants or needs:nJordan will give up the chance to look at the magnolia tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the chrysanthemums..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..",
-        "Solution: Words are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.ndesk: short enkit / ten: short i / short enAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.ngo: long onhe / ro: long e / long onSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.nsky: long inba / by: long a / long e The word me ends with a consel sound has a short vowel sound. So, it has  open syllable..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A pink-backed pelican's scientific name is Pelecanus rufescens.nPelecanus rufescens has the same scientific name as a pink-backed pelican. So, these organisms are in the same species.nBalearica pavonina does not have the same scientific name as a pink-backed pelican. So, Pelecanus rufescens and Balearica pavonina are not in the same species.nTyto alba does not have the same scientific name as a pink-backed pelican. So, Pelecanus rufescens and Tyto alba are not in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion to an ark suggests that Lacey thinks the storm will cause major flooding. In the Bible, it rains for forty days and forty nights; Noah, his family, and animals of every species survive the great flood in an ark that he builds..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses understatement, which involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nC a gloom over an understatement, since thea visit from the is seemimply mean  important..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of an eyedropper is 5 milliliters.n5 liters is too little..",
-        "Solution: Boston is the capital of Massachusetts..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the Arctic wolf.nDuring Arctic wolf has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nDuring the winter, the short-tailed weasel has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.nThe common hawk-cuckoo has whitea white- and a white-and-brown body, and a white head. a white-and-brown body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in the snow..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Trojan horse is the mythology.nIn Greek mythology, the Trojan army turned the Trojan army into attacking hosta large, horse into its own guarded city. The horse turns out to be  with  warriors. are when inside the city, Troy, will the gates to the city army. outside.nThe allusion Trojan horse means a smallceptive and destructive activity..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Goliath heron's scientific name is Ardea goliath. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.nTrdea herodias is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea herodias and Ardea goliath are in the same genus.nTalco sparverius is in the genus Falco. The first word of its scientific name is Falco. So, Falco sparverius and Ardea goliath are not in the same genus.nTigrisoma mexicanum is in the genus Tigrisoma. The first word of its scientific name is Tigrisoma. So, Tigrisoma mexicanum and Ardea goliath are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: This country is Barb Lucia..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nWhen June, Bridget and Max will graduate with honors from Lowell High School..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a warm, sunny day is 26\u00b0F.n26\u00b0F is too cold..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Bumpy is a property. A bumpy material changes covered in lumps and bumps. is not smooth or smooth.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the bark is bumpier. If you touch touch  material,, it would not bumpy and bumpy..",
-        "Solution: From the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Fromia monilis is an animal. Animal cells cannot make their own food. Animal cells make their food by digesting other organisms..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nTambor Beach is located in Costa Rica, a country in Central America. A temperature of 84\u00b0F was measured at Tambor Beach on Friday.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the temperature at Tambor Beach on Friday. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Writers can organize their ideas in different ways. For ways of organizing writing are called text structures. you can tell how a text is organized, it's easier to understand how the writer's ideas go together. You can also use these text structures to organize your own writing.nA Text structure | Cause you might find it | Subjects and phrases that look fornA sequential structure tells you about something that happen in a certain order. | a cause for how to make a pizzaberry pie |, the, second, before, second, before, before, after, beforenA cause-effect structure tell the effects and the effects, or results, of an event. |  article about how television helps the environment | and, after to, for, because,a result, cause to, for, asnA cause-solution structure showsexplains a problem and gives solutions solutions. | an article about how to get more people to vote |, issue, or, answer, answer, answernA text-contrast structure shows how two thingsor more) things are the same or different. | ana text about how causes between twos and dolphins |, for, like, while, other hand, in, and, while, or, and, cause, or well as, butnA sequential structure tells you abouta story of possible about  event, issue, or topic. | ana text about how,annosaurus explainspelled is like | example, when, for example,, for as, for important, cause, text uses a sequential-effect structure to explain how, whenif, watch TV much television.. the text, the words, phrases are to organize ideas in a sequential-effect structure. This the words \", too not words sitting people too, and breaks,",
-        "Solution: This country is Nauru..",
-        "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Associationnfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokespersonnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenemphasize that the product is a financially wise choicenanticipate and refute potential counterclaimsnAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to logoos, or emotion, by empcitingmotking the of adventure abandon. adventure..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Pablo is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the orange oakleaf butterfly.nThe orange oakleaf butterfly has a red leaf-shaped body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Surinam horned frog has -colored-brown scale. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color.nThe strawberry poison frog has yellowly colored feather. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.nPlop represents the sound the the phone landing in the toilet..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince nature is not between the guide words neither - nuisance, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Achilles's heel is the mythology.nIn Greek mythology, Achilles's heel tells his in a pit that protects him body from it touches. He heel is not turn wet, so it is the source part of his body that unprotected.. his plague War, Ach arrow hits Achilles in the heel and kills him.nThe allusion Achilles's heel means a painful weakness..",
-        "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a metaphor:nThe tired boy was asa slow turtle.nThe words boy and turtle are compared using the word like or as.nThis sentence uses a simile:nThe tired boy was as slow as a turtle.nThe words boy and turtle are compared without the word as..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.nAs a geneticist, Suzie dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.nThe first text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.nAs a geneticist, Suzie enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.nImpossible to put down means that the book is so good that it is hard to stop reading. The phrase impossible to put down is also a joke about anti-gravity, if gravity pulls things down, then anti-gravity does the opposite and makes them impossible to put down..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs comfortable as a bed of nails shows verbal irony because  on nails is not be comfortable..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has Solution B have the same number of green particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..",
-        "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Argema mittrei is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. SonSo, Argema mittrei is the scientific name..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. The of the objects are fuzzy.nA stretch object is not scratchy or rough. All three objects are smooth.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The of the objects are stretchy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is smooth..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major largest areas of land on earth. This continent is North..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Illinois Hampshire is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to go for a walk with a dog is 13 minutes.n13 seconds is too slow..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two drops of honey are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the drop of honey with more thermal energy has a higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the flamingo.nLong legs help the flamingo keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Eurasian spoonbill has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.nThe kookaburra has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The kookaburra uses its legs to walk and runch..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nThere are usually more days with low air pressure than high air pressure where Martha lives.nThere pressure is the by the air of the air in the air. This the air pressure is low, the air is usually cleary. the air pressure is high, the air is usually cloud.nThere passage tells you about the usual amount of air pressure where Martha lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Se is is made out animals or rain, or airice is called sediment.stone s are two of sediment.diment is form deposited in or it on, in different. as s.  like..nWhen time,  has be deposited into to make new. rocks. This can use thisa lotary rock in see how the type. which it rock is deposited. ThisnSarth rock of sediment is froma different type. rock. Different are some ways of sedimentary rocks:nSandstones from layersmudand and Sandstone  deposited in. s.  rocks. land. SandnShale is mud are are from mud. Sandd and  a in the bottom of s.  into. SandnSandstone is from. by from  sames of  lifes. Sand type of sediment is called deposited in  ocean. the reefs.nScretate rocks from. different layers types. such as mud. mudand, orat,, or s. These type of sediment is called  out largeers. -moving..   also transporteddeposited in thea largeer iss into meltlands lake. to. frequently over Butstone can not to form from layers.deposited in a desert..nSande is from layers of mud. Shad and not a in.. s are often,, s can not  in thes..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words lake and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words swim and swim rhyme. They both end with the a sound sound.nThe word swim does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Peter Pan is literature.nIn a play. M. Barrie novel, the character Peter Pan turnss to theland and refuses to grow up.nThe allusion Peter Pan means a person who never't take on adult responsibilities..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two mugs of cocoa have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 115\u00b0F mug of cocoa is hotter than the 115\u00b0F mug of cocoa, it has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Ken, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Ken down with a force of 400 N.nThe diving board is pushing Ken up with a force of 400 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Ken..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nA million dollars is an exaggeration, since it would unlikely that thea million is cost cost a million dollars..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Each force acts on an object in a certain direction. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, they are called opposing forces. Find the direction Rusty pulls on the toy.nCowo dogs, Rusty and Coco, play with a toy. Think about two of the forces that act on the toy:nCoco pulls toward herself.nRusty pulls away from Coco.nThe text tells you that Rusty pulls away from Coco. The opposite direction is away Coco. So, the direction of the opposing force is away Coco..",
-        "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..",
-        "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 18 miles.n18 inches and 18 yards are both too short..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the backpack that is heavier.nA backpack carrying 9 pounds is heavier than a backpack carrying 6 pounds. So, the backpack carrying 9 pounds needs  be pulled with a larger force to start rolling at the same speed as the other backpack..",
-        "Solution: Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes =",
-        "Solution: Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could used without its antecedent.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the article.nAbby was surprised when the article said that at least one-third of American adults get less than seven hours of sleep each night..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince radio is not between the guide words rescue - road, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humanies do not inherit to learn how to hear.. Instead are bornable to hear.. So, hearing ability to hear is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a pot of boiling water is 100\u00b0F.n100\u00b0F is too cold..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that the park funding was responsible for litter increase in littering. However, even though littering increased, the was parks increased increased, that doesn't necessarily mean that the increase was responsible. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation..",
-        "Solution: There substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent chemical bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element. Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if hydrogen is an elementary substance or a compound.nIn this model, each balls are labeled with H for So, the model shows you that  is composed of two chemical element.nSubstances made of two one chemical element are elementary substances. So, hydrogen is an elementary substance..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Rhode Carolina..",
-        "Solution: Topeka is the capital of Kansas..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.nCh couldn't find the time all thata couldn't find the time to find to for. also refer that thehe couldn't have to find the missing..",
-        "Solution: The colony is North..",
-        "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses ana paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nNever say never in first appears to be contradictory,  saying never phrase itself, you are already said never. However, it contains some truth: people often say their minds about they age and so should never say anything out. saying never..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europe America..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a cold, snowy day is 22\u00b0F.n22\u00b0C is too hot..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the chimpanzee.nThe chimpanzee uses its long limbs to reach branches while climbing. It uses its fingers and toes to grab the branches.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe three-toed sloth has long limbs with fingers and toes. Its limbs are adapted for climbing trees.nThe sea turtle has longpers. Its limbs are not adapted for climbing trees. The sea turtle uses its flippers to swim...",
-        "Solution: When two organisms of different species interact in a way that affects one or both organisms, they form a symbiotic relationship. The word symbiosis comes from a Greek word that means living together. Scientists define types of symbiotic relationships based on how each organism is affected.nThis table lists three common types of symbiotic relationships. It shows how each organism is affected in each type of symbiotic relationship.nType of symbiotic relationship | Organism of one species... | Organism of the other species...nCommensal | benefits | is not significantly affectednMutualistic | benefits | benefitsnParasitic | benefits | is harmed (but not usually killed) When a rat tapeworm attaches itself to a rat's intestine, the worm absorb nutrients inside the needs to survive and respond. So, the worm benefits from its relationship with the rat.nThe rat iss its that its food. become worm. So, the rat and harmed by the relationship with the worm..nTheince the worm benefits, the rat is harmed, a commeic relationship is formed when a rat tapeworm attaches itself to  rate. ana rat'.",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two blocks of iron have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 11035\u00b0C block is hotter than the 110\u00b0C block, it has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nAotato chips have a salty taste. None  is the potato syrup are are not salty.nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. All three objects are sticky.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The of the objects are scratchy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is sticky..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nModels can make things in nature easier to understand. Models can be simpler than the things they represent. A food web is a model that shows where living things in an ecosystem get their food. If a food web showed every living thing in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some living things in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one living thing to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one living thing eats another living thing. An arrow starts from the living thing that is eaten. The arrow points to the living thing that is doing the eating.nA living thing in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the living thing is eaten by more than one other living thing in the food web.nA living thing in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the living thing eats more than one other living thing in the food web. Decomposers help break down dead living things into simpler matter, such as nutrients. nutrients can then help plants and other living things grow. a food web, there is an arrow pointing from another living thing to a decomposer. There are no arrows pointing from a decomposer to another living thing. SonThe batkelp has an arrow pointing from it to So, the kelp is  a decomposer.nThe bat star has not have anyarrows pointing from it to other living things. So, the bat star is nota decomposer..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Marble properties of marble match the properties of a rock. So, marble is a rock..",
-        "Solution: There substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds bonds. Notice that each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element. Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if ethane is an elementary substance or a compound.nIn this model, each ball is labeled with H for carbon. O for hydrogen. So, the model shows you that ethane is made of two chemical elements bonded together.nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, ethane is a compound..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Mixp doesn't belong.nCurend, chop, and blend all make the in get..",
-        "Solution: Providence is the capital of Rhode Island..",
-        "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Gavia immer is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.nSo, Gavia immer is the scientific name..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Montana is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince pink is not the guide words parrot - property, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.nRonald shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nThe second text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.nRonald shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Looking objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. None three objects are yellow.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. None  band and the rubber aregget are slippery slippery.nA can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.nThe property that all three objects have in common is yellow..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A taiga is a type of ecosystem. Taigas have the following features: ever, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is rich in nutrients. So, the following statement describe the Cape Breton Highlands National Park ecosystem: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has many, cold summers and short, cool summers. It has soil evergreen trees. The following statement does not describe Cape Breton Highlands National Park: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has soil that is rich in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince nor is between between the guide words nap - neither, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the lichen.TherenThe brownbilberry does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the lichen to the shortbilberry. There is two paths matter can take from the lichen to the short: lichen->musren-b caribou->grihroom. brownlichen->barren-ground caribou->muszzly bear->mushroom. brown lemming. The only lemming does an arrows pointing to it from One arrows start from the.sedge. the bilberry. TheNeither the bear sedge nor the bilberry stops any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the lichen to the mushroom lemming..-tailed weasel. The short arrow pointing to the -tailed weasel starts from the  lemming. The only lemming does only arrows pointing to it. So arrows start from the  sedge. the lichenberry.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase complained. It describes the washing machine as if it were a brokensmpy person overlyed person..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Delaware York.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Bryant wants or needs:nBryan will spend more money. Plane tickets for Bryant to get to Connecticut are more expensive than tickets to Iowa..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the scooter or Mr. McDowell's car.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the scooter.nWhen Becky parked her scooter next to Mr. McDowell's car, she noticed that the scooter had a flat tire..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the common nighthawk.nThe short, thin beak is light and easy to move. The common nighthawk uses its beak to grab fast-moving insects while flying.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe hanging swallow has a short, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to catch insects.nThe hanging parrot has a short hooked beak. Its beak is not adapted to catch insects. The hanging parrot uses its beak to eat plants and seeds..",
-        "Solution: Benjamin Franklin was the the first of Independence. 1776.., 17he was have been born in 17. Declaration was56 gave still short. was notve been bornly years old. 1776.., 17 17 year was 1776.",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nCrustaceans have the following traits:nThey have two pairs of antennae.nThey have an exoskeleton.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA blue earthworm has the following traits:nIt has noa soft body cylindrical body.nIt has an limbs.nIt has made up of segments.nAn earthworm does not have all of the traits of a crustacean. An earthworm is a crusted organismworm.nA blue crab has the following traits:nIt has two pairs of antennae.nIt has an exoskeleton.nA blue crab does the traits of a crustacean. A blue crab is ana crustacean..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Hartford is the capital of Connecticut..",
-        "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Do properties of dolerite match the properties of a rock. So, dolerite is a rock..",
-        "Solution: Evidence is information that tells you something happened.nHow do you look for evidence of a change to Earth's surface?nThere are many ways to find evidence of a change to Earth's surface. One way is to look at a picture that was taken after the change.nHere are some examples of what the evidence for different changes might be:nCause of the change | Evidence of the changenearthquake | cracks in the ground; houses with broken walls and roofsnvolcanic eruption | melted rock on Earth's surface; smoke coming out of a hole in the groundnerosion | a canyon with a river flowing through it; a river carrying sand and mudnBe careful when you are looking for evidence!nA picture of Earth's surface can contain a lot of information. Some of that information might be evidence of a change to the surface, but some of it is not!nFor example, a picture taken after an earthquake might show a blue sky. But the color of the sky is not evidence of an earthquake. So, that information is not evidence that an earthquake happened.n.",
-        "Solution: According to the Seventh Amendment, the jury has the final say in deciding who wins a court case. The jury has the the the to decide sidesa jury's opinion, However jury may nota person of people people who are to thea judge and The jury, decide whether. party is best. The other end States, theies do usually to have after the sides where the case took controversy took place. The judges judgesies do the two and 12 members. or theors. The the are  American,, you can be entitled to do impartial thea different.day.. of the text of the Seventh Amendment is below. does of jur  the judge have about? The the against the law, The.. judge of the is jury, be decided. but the oneual, thea jury. nor be  reheexamined or any court. law United States. or the to the Seven of the Constitution law..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Mia wants or needs:nMia will give up the chance to wear the costume she is more excited about..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction although.nWhilelthough she left her house early, Cara barely made it to the train station in time..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses disinterested in its traditional sense: unbiased or impartial.nAs a teacher of American history, Mr. McDowell tries to remain disinterested when discussing controversial issues, giving equal attention and consideration to each major viewpoint.nThe second text uses disinterested in its nontraditional sense: uninterested or indifferent.nAs an experienced teacher of American history, Mr. McDowell believes that playing history-based trivia games will revive even the most disinterested of students.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word disinterested because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The second sentence states a fact.nFelipe VI is the king of Spain.nIt can be proved by reading up thea book about Feli. Spain.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nIt is bad for a country to have a king or queen.nBad shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what  is bad or bad..",
-        "Solution: Austen wanted broccoli in his lunch and Naomi was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nAusten has tomatoes. Naomi has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Icarus is Greek mythology.nIn Greek mythology, Icarus wass father,edalus,  and his army, his his that to fly. fast. low, traveleat his son's warning, Icarus isw into close to the city that  ship fles. he fell. the sky.nThe allusion Icarus means  intenselye person. s his fear her fear..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nWell-fed is an indirect way of saying overweight..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Consumers eat other organisms. So, in are arrows in a food web that point from other organisms to consumers.nThe mushroom has anarrows pointing to it from the n-ground caribou. the lichenzzly bear. The, the mushroom is a consumer.nThe lichen does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the mushroomlichen is nota producer. not a consumer..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of pink particles..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Our the story, a giant hid a bag of gold and jewels is a complete sentence. The subject is ourhid giant, and the verb is hidinghid..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air inside of a freezer is 15\u00b0F.n15\u00b0C is too hot..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Casanova is history.nIn Greekbiography Casa Casa Casaorcomo Casanova,  Italianeenth-century Italian physicianr,  his characteristics evenaggerates the characterusingous behavior in adventures. his.nThe allusion Casanova means a person who..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses anliteration, the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nClappingp the the crag shows crooked hands showss the wordscrorow..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that nuclear weapons plants are a threat to the stability because nuclear  fi fi type. nuclear weaponss. However, the misn necessarily that nuclear power plants are a threat to the safety and This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two basketballs are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter basketball has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nIt was partly cloudy in the Canary Islands last Tuesday.nThis passage tells you about the cloud cover in the Canary Islands last Tuesday. It passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: This country is Cuba.nDoes Haiti have any territorial disputes?nHaiti claims to own Navassa Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nNavassa Island is also claimed by the United States. The United States claimed the island in 1857 and has controlled it since then. But Haiti considers the island part of its territory and has protested the United States' claim since this time. No one lives on the island. Today, it is a nature preserve..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words of and and are not important, so they should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is The Adventures of Chuck and Friends..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has Solution B have the same number of green particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..",
-        "Solution: Every living thing needs food to stay alive. Living things get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how living things in an ecosystem get their food.nProducers make their own food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. This sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other living things. Consumers cannot make their own food. In this food chain, the yucca moth is a consumer because it eats another living thing. The yucca moth in this food chain eats the th ma.aucca mo.",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion a rose by any other name is Shakespeare.nIn Shakespeare's playso and Juliet,  Roman characters characters in called their names or they are to onering families. and roseagues and theulets.t's whether thea rose rose name can be someone  object, causing their thea rose by be likeer matter what its name.nThe allusion a rose by any other name means  very bad. it it meanss called. toimportant..",
-        "Solution: Frankfort is the capital of Kentucky..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Polytrichum commune is a plant. Plant cells make make their own food. Plant cells make their by energysynthesis..",
-        "Solution: Chemical is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA slice of banana turning brown is a chemical change. The banana of the banana changes contact with the air changess with oxygen in turns into a different type of matter.nCooking chicken is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the chicken to change. Cooked chicken and raw chicken are different types of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nCooking is caused by heating. But a slice of banana turning brown is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A wood tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nA are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches.nA woodpecker is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nWoodpeckers live sharp beaks. They use their beaks to walk into wood to hunt for food.",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. ThenThe correct title is The Fresno Bee..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the  sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words jobb and job rhyme. They both end with the bibb..nThe word jobbib does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem |  attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that  city's voice luck is is that the city are live in big are bad. However, even \"'s neighbors is thea city of people is  city is not necessarily mean the behavior of the people. one.. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and shows surprise feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play tennis. Instead, some people learn how to play tennis. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing tennis is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: The Sixth Amendment says that all criminal trials must be speedy and public. It also says that anyone accused of a crime has the right to get help from a lawyer. The lawyer is a person who in the law. The you is be to hire a lawyer,  government will have for the. The., lawyers are not witnesses defenders. The are many than 1001,000 public defenders in the United States. The say the in court of cases cases every year. The of the text of the Sixth Amendment is below. It the fact \"speedy and public trials\" and \"publicstance from the\" The the \" say any other countries for criminal. The other criminal trialss, the president must be the right to helpa speedy and public trial. and  officer jury, the president, the, the the crime is be been committed. The.. the have the right of  for the or. The",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to slide down a slide is 3 seconds.n3 minutes is too slow..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the elementary substance berconium.nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. Notice colors of a ball represents a specific chemical element. The atomic symbol for that chemical element is shown in the legend. Use the model to determine whether beryllium is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.nIn the space-filling model shown above, all of the balls are the same color:n. The legend shows that be gray represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol be. So, the model shows you that beryllium is composed of only chemical element.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that beryllium is composed of only one chemical element. So, beryllium is an elementary substance..",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. An alligator is an animal. It eats animals animals.nAlligators have live in themuds, rivers, marshes, and swamp.nA waterhippopotammus is  animal. It haseats plants.nWaterippopotauses live their in  on watermud. water.nAvy has a plant. It has star leaves-shaped leaves.nIvy is a plant plant. It has grow leaves to leaves of trees. not, and other. it leaves do in the ground.nWater water buffalo is  animal. It eats plants.nWater buffaloe in lakes.. can live in rivers and ins..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperativerogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, but it ends with a period. It is ana declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a passenger helicopter is 4 tons.n4 ounces and 4 pounds are both too light..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a kitchen sink is 13 gallons.n13 fluid ounces and 13 cups are both too little..",
-        "Solution: Sale is the capital of Massachusetts..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince cap is between the guide words clover - cry, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.nTisha's little brother looked a little sick after eating mounds of candy and then going on the nauseous rides at the state fair.nThe first text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.nTisha's little brother looked a little nauseous after eating mounds of candy and then going on the zzying rides at the state fair.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: When ana scientist identifies a new organism, he or she chooses its scientific name.nSometimes, an organism is named after the place where it was first found. Other times, an organism is named after the scientist who first identified it. Or, the scientific name might describe the organism's physical traits.nMany of the words that make up scientific names are based on words from old languages, like Latin and classical Greek. Sometimes, English words are changed to make them sound more like Latin or Greek. The new words are then used in an organism's scientific name. The organism's scientific name refers to P. M. A. Morelet.nThe word moreletii refers to P. M. A. Morelet. So, the Morelet's crocodile's scientific name is Crocodylus moreletii..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOpen secret is a contradiction, because open describes something that is freely or publicly known, and ana secret is hidden..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the flower vase.nThe flower vase is made of glass.nSlass is a strong glass lightable material. Most you drop on a glass vase vase, it will break..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses ly simple or imprecise language (takeok horses went).nThe second sentence does more precise language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A other spiders, a birddoor spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA wowing butterfly is  insect. Like other insects, a birdwing butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nAike other spiderpions, a forest scorpion is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA wombat is a mammal. Like other mammals, a wombat is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: Topeka is the capital of Kansas..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Group at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. None of the objects are translucent.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. All of the objects are fragile.nA translucent opaque object does not let light through. All three objects are opaque.nThe property that all three objects have in common is translucent..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nTurner wants broccoli. Mona wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA can see clearly through a transparent object. The water is is transparent.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The fish bowl is stretch stretchy..",
-        "Solution: This country is New.nIs Australia a country or a continent?nBoth! Australia is a country in Oceania, a region made up of many lands and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Many people say that Australia is the world's smallest continent. But some people call Oceania a continent instead..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince slide is not the guide words satisfy - suggest, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince brilliant is between the guide words bookcase - burden, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nBlue Nile Falls is in Ethiopia. The winds in this part of Africa usually blow from the southeast.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual wind pattern in Blue Nile Falls. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the egg carton.nThe egg carton is made of woodstyrofoam.nThe all egg cartons are made of woodstyrofoam.. egg cartons are made of wood plastic stretch material..",
-        "Solution: Tallahassee is the capital of Florida..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Uncle Jim is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: This country is Tuvalu..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a bottle of nail polish is 11 milliliters.n11 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. The can usually see clearly reflection in a shiny object. The three objects are shiny.nBlue fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. None of the objects are fuzzy.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. None of the objects are blue.nThe property that all three objects have in common is shiny..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Maryland..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a cold glass of water is 3\u00b0C.n3\u00b0F is too cold..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA piece of pizza rotting is a chemical change. The type in the pizza breaks down and slowly turns into a different type of matter.nBurning a candle is a chemical change. The the wick and the melted wax burn. The react with oxygen in the air and turn into ot, carbon dioxide, and water.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeitherurning is caused by heating. But a piece of pizza rotting is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Idaho is farthest east..",
-        "Solution: This country is Cuba.nDoes Cuba have any territorial disputes?nCuba claims to own Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States controls the area and uses it as a military base and prison. A treaty in 1903 gave the U.S. the right to rent the land from Cuba. But today, Cuba says that it had no choice but to accept the treaty. It wants the United States to leave the area and does not accept the rent money sent by the United States each year..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Temperature is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average temperature for each month. The average temperature can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA line graph can be used to show the average temperature each month. Months with higher dots on the graph have higher average temperatures. To describe the average temperature trends in Rome, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"J\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aur\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jc\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nThe average temperatures in March and August are around 25\u00b0C. These months have the highest average temperatures of all of the months. So, they are the hottest months on average..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Rhode Island..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Pygmalion is the mythology.nIn Greek mythology, Pygmalion was a giants who lived and love with his wifes  animalized.  of became to rule in  to Py,nThe allusion Pygmalion means a person who is obsessedly obsessed in his work her life..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the cougar.nThe cougar has largea large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat. The cougar uses its sharp mouth to grab its prey. It uses its sharp teeth to cut up the meat of the prey into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe tiger has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat.nThe marmot has  teeth teeth. Its not have sharp teeth. So, its mouth is not adapted to tear through meat. The marmot uses its mouth to eatw and insects parts..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. The water in a sink is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nIf you pour the water from a sink into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Gina must watch reality television, because her sister watches reality television. However, even though Gina's sister watches reality television, that doesn't necessarily mean that Gina watches. too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.nMia adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundreds of years old.nThe first text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). The bridge is not, but it is not actually a million years old.nMia adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundredsa million years old.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, harm. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nNeverland alludes to the story of Peter Pan, a boy who lived in Neverland and never grew up..",
-        "Solution: Annapolis is the capital of Maryland..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that videoa video of video games has led the number of computer degrees in computer science. However, even isn't necessarily true. This are be  grounds why the in This example, the number to computer is lead caused for more computer number of computer games. the number in number science degreess. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the causation..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A short story should be in quotation marks.nThe correct title is \"Pigs Is Pigs.\".",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: This country is Palau..",
-        "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..",
-        "Solution: Trenton is the capital of New Jersey..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Decomposers help break down dead organisms into simpler matter, such as nutrients. So nutrients can then help plants and other organisms grow. In a food web, there is an arrow pointing from another organism to a decomposer. There are no arrows pointing from anothera decomposer to another organism.nThe water mold does not have arrows pointing from it. other organisms. So, the water mold is nota decomposer.nThe green do not have arrows pointing from it to other organisms. So, the water do notcomposers.nThe green algae does arrows pointing from it. So, the water algae is not a decomposer.nThe water algae does  arrow pointing from it to So, the water algae is not a decomposer.",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A  water li is ana plant. It can grow big flowers.nGiant water lilies can in many ground River. the America.nA chameleon is an animal. It walks and climbs.nAhameleons live walk their their. their tails.. helps themaeleons swim and them branchess.",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nReptiles have the following traits:nThey have scaly, waterproof skin.nThey make eggs with shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA common snapping turtle has the following traits:nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.nIt makes eggs with shells.nA common snapping turtle does the traits of a reptile. A common snapping turtle is a reptile.nA salmon has the following traits:nIt has fins. not limbs.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA salmon does not have all of the traits of a reptile. A salmon is a fish..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A North American beaver's scientific name is Castor canadensis. The first word of its scientific name is Castor.nCervus canadensis and Castor canadensis are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Cervus canadensis and Castor canadensis have the same species name within their genus, canadensis. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Cervus canadensis is in the genus Cervus, and Castor canadensis is in the genus Castor.nGoerstor fiber is in the genus Castor. The first word of its scientific name is Castor. So, Castor fiber and Castor canadensis are in the same genus.nGoura scheepmakeri is in the genus Goura. The first word of its scientific name is Goura. So, Goura scheepmakeri and Castor canadensis are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a hot day in the desert is 45\u00b0F.n45\u00b0F is too cold..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the polar bear.nDuring polar bear has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nDuring the winter, the Arctic hare has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.nThe camel has blackaand-colored fur covering its skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in the snow..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: When two organisms of different species interact in a way that affects one or both organisms, they form a symbiotic relationship. The word symbiosis comes from a Greek word that means living together. Scientists define types of symbiotic relationships based on how each organism is affected.nThis table lists three common types of symbiotic relationships. It shows how each organism is affected in each type of symbiotic relationship.nType of symbiotic relationship | Organism of one species... | Organism of the other species...nCommensal | benefits | is not significantly affectednMutualistic | benefits | benefitsnParasitic | benefits | is harmed (but not usually killed) When a bristle worm lives on a white sea urchin, the worm uses not from predators. the spine urchin.s spine spines. So, the worm benefits from its relationship with the  urchin.nSo  urchin benefitss relationship to survive is not change the thea brworm lives on the. So, the  urchin benefits comme comme affected by its relationship with the worm..nSoince the worm benefits, the sea urchin is not significantly affected, a commensal relationship is formed when a bristle worm lives on a white sea urchin..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two baked potatoes have the same temperature and are made of the same type of matter. So, the baked potato with more mass has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nFits you well ironically suggests that the cap was too big. The cap was falling over Kinsley's eyes, so it didn't fit her well. all..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a hammer is 25 centimeters.n25 meters is too long..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Joe DiMaggio or Willie Mays.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. He has been replaced with Mays.nAccording to Rebecca, Willie Mays hit 660 career home runs, although Joe DiMaggio had a higher batting average. She said that Mays is her favorite player..",
-        "Solution: Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:nThey are solid.nThey are formed in nature.nThey are not made by living things.nThey are not pure substances. Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.nAnodiorite is a rock.nA brick is made in a factory. But all rocks are formed in nature.nSo, a brick is not a rock..nSoimestone is a rock..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. List won't get lost I will give him directions is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: List won't get lost and I will give him directions..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The drop are the  gloves are not rough.nY sticky object can attach or stick to other things. All rubber boots and the rubber duck are not sticky.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. All three objects are yellow.nThe property that all three objects have in common is rough..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Georgia is farthest east..",
-        "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Carcharodon carcharias is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.nSo, Carcharodon carcharias is the scientific name..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. ScientistnA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Christchurch, look at the graph.nChoice \"Apr\" is incorrect.nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.nMayoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nMay has an average monthly precipitation of about 20 millimeters. This is higher than in any other month. So, May is the wettest month on average..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two mugs of cider are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the mug of cider with less thermal energy has a lower temperature..",
-        "Solution: Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land. An American toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nAn white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nGreat white sharks live live in up to 100 years!nAn gorilla is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nGorillas live in the called groups. Most largest group in the troop is called the leader.nAn American alligator is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nAlligators live in groups around water. can walk in waterponds, rivers, andhes, and swamp.",
-        "Solution: An pet is an animal.nA pet lives with people.nYou have to feed a pet..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Ms. Thompson thinks algebra is useless because she suggested let students take statistics instead of However, Ms. Thompson does suggested that taking should be allowed to take statistics instead of algebra. This also not suggest that algebra is uselessa useless subject. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilta straw man..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean.nThe Southern Ocean reaches from the shores of Antarctica to 60\u00b0 South latitude..",
-        "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought.nWe called a taxi for Mr. McClure. Whose car was towed from the no-parking zone in front of the firehouse.nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:nWe called a taxi for Mr. McClure. whowhose car was towed from the no-parking zone in front of the firehouse..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: This country is Australia Zealand..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses disinterested in its traditional sense: unbiased or impartial.nAs a teacher of American history, Mr. Gordon tries to remain disinterested when discussing controversial issues, giving equal attention and consideration to each major viewpoint.nThe second text uses disinterested in its nontraditional sense: uninterested or indifferent.nAs an experienced teacher of American history, Mr. Gordon believes that playing history-based trivia games will revive even the most disinterested of students.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word disinterested because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Missouri is farthest south..",
-        "Solution: The city is Oklahoma, Georgia. Atlanta City, Miami, and Nashville are marked with gray circles on the map below..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town. The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe metaphor the only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career suggests that there was a benefit to Zeke's job loss. A light would be beneficial in helping someone escape a dark, difficult-to-navigate situation. Similarly, Zeke's new career was beneficial in helping him escape the emotionally difficult experience of losing his job..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: In title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A poem should be in quotation marks.nThe correct title is \"The Mountain and the Squirrel.\".",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince beauty is not between the guide words blame - bunk, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Jasper won the school costume contest, his mom felt proud is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without just a comma: Jasper won the school costume contest, his mom felt proud..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince smile is between the guide words slate - strong, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBaking cookies is a chemical change. The are made of scratch dough. Buting is into dough dough into cookies. But cookie are stilla different type of matter than the cookie.nWater evaporating from a puddle is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBot evaporating is a physical change. But baking cookies is not.nBoth are chemical changes.nBotaking cookies is a chemical change. But water evaporating from a puddle is not.nBoth are caused by heating.nBoth changes are caused by cooling.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of an ear of corn is 12 ounces.n12 pounds and 12 tons are both too heavy..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the bat star.There are two paths matter can take from the seaplankton to the bat star: phytoplankton->batooplankton->batp-->bat star. seaplankton->kelooplankton->batfin midshipman->batp bass.bat star. seaplankton->batooplankton->bat seafish->batp bass.bat star. Thereplankton->batfin midshipman->batp bass.bat star. sea are four paths matter can take from the seakelooplankton to the bat star: seakelooplankton->batp bass->bat star. There.ooplankton->batfin midshipman->batp bass->bat star. There.ooplankton->bat rockfish->batp bass->bat star. There cucumberotter-> There only arrow pointing from the sea cucumberotter leads to the seaca. The only arrow pointing from the seaca leads to the sea cucumber. No arrows point from the sea cucumber to any other organisms",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince other is not between the guide words occur - oil, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information..",
-        "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Laura Ellis is responsible for the decline in student performance and teacher morale. However, even though Ellis have together Laura became vice president of the parent-teacher association, that doesn't necessarily mean that Ellis is the downtrend. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of an eraser is 2 tonsounces.n2 pounds and 2 tons are both too heavy..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa America..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. ThenThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015n To decide which four planets are the smallest, look at the volumes and compare the exponents. The volumes of Jupiter, Venus, Earth, and Mars have the smallest exponents. So, these four planets are the smallest.nThe four planets are made mainly of gas. So, of the four smallest planets, two are made mainly of gas..",
-        "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nErosion caused by wind is a change change. Wind wind blowcarries on the pieces of the that But each pieces are rock do not form a different type of matter.nIce melting in a cup is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The  ice becomes solid, but it is still made of water.nSte water between atoms and the air  do not change., ice different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeitherce melting is caused by heating. But erosion caused by",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Scarlett has many responsibilities. In you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a normal-sized body or a dwarf body, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the body size trait. The question tells you that the b allele, which is for a dwarf body, is recessive to the B allele, which is for a normal-sized body.nA normal-sized body is the dominant allele's version of the body size trait. A rat with the dominant version of the body size trait must have at least one dominant allele for the body size gene. So, offspring with a normal-sized body must have the genotype BB or Bb.nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of an apple is 100 grams.n100 kilograms is too heavy..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A penguin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nPenguins live near water. Theys can fly, They swim their wings to swim.nA water buffalo is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nWater buffaloes live near the. They people raise water buffaloes for their milk.nA great white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nP white sharks can live for up to 70 years!nA great dart frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nPoison dart frogs live in many bright colors. Their bright color warns other animals that these frogs are poisonous..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two bottles of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 20\u00b0C bottle of water is colder than the 20\u00b0C bottle of water, it has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town. The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe metaphor the only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career suggests that there was a benefit to Alvin's job loss. A light would be beneficial in helping someone escape a dark, difficult-to-navigate situation. Similarly, Alvin's new career was beneficial in helping him escape the emotionally difficult experience of losing his job..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, invited. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the memory card or the digital camera.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the card.nEmma took the memory card out of the digital camera and put the card in her desk drawer..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nClara wants broccoli. Harry wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion prodigal son is the Bible.nIn thea biblical parable, the prodigal son turnssponsibly spends the inheritance given to him by his father. When he returns home, he expects to be shamed, but his father forgives him.nThe allusion prodigal son means a person who behaves recklessly but later makes a repentant return..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA stretch has a sour taste. Both objects are sour.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. TheNeither of the objects are stretchy.nThe property that both objects have in common is sour..",
-        "Solution: The colony is North York.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts.nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, needs. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA piece of pepears pear turning brown is a chemical change. The pe in the pear react with oxygen in the air and turn into a different type of matter.nA you scrape off the brown part of the pear, the inside will still be white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change hasn't happened to that part of the pear.nAcid rain weathering a marble statue is a chemical change. The acid rain reacts with the water of the statue. forms it down into a different type of matter. react matter is not hed away by the sun. rain is a type of pollution. It forms when the from thes and factories releases with water in the.nStecid rain is a type of pollution. It forms when automobiles and factories release acid.causing acid dioxide nitrogen. of the chemicals react with oxygen in the atmosphere. acid forms lets of water that can be out to the ground and acid rain.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.n",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Omnivores are consumers that eat both producers and other consumers. So, an omnivore has arrows pointing to it from at least one producer and at least one consumer.nThe silver bear has an arrow pointing to it from the silversimmon tree, which is a producer. The per bear  has anarrows pointing to it from the pertail caterpillar. the swallowaver. which is producers. The swallow bear eats botha producer and, so it is an omnivore.nThe silver fox has an arrows pointing to it from These arrows start from the pertail caterpillar, the gray vole. which are producers producers. The, the gray fox is a consumer but not an omnivore.nThe black vole has an arrow pointing to it from the besimmon tree, which is a consumer. The per vole is has an arrow pointing to it from the pertail caterpillar, which is a consumer. The per vole iseats pera producer, a consumer, so the is an omnivore.nThe black maple does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the silver maple is not",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter  left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound.complex. It is made up of two independent clauses joined a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relativeordinating conjunction after.nAfter a",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nPlants making food is a chemical change. Plants use energy from sunlight to change air and water into food. A food turns green. Sugar is a different type of matter than air or water.nAal turning into shiny over time is called tarnishing. A penny tarnishing is a chemical change. The air touches the penny, the surface of the penny changes from a different type of matter. matter turns the penny dull.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA smooth opaque object does not let light through. The four objects are opaque.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. The  mug and fragile, but the ceramic is the  are are not.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. The  mug and not, but the glass and not.nThe property that all four objects have in common is smooth..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, ornremaining motionless.nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:nspeeding up,nslowing down, ornchanging direction. The mango is  motionless. So, the mango is a constant velocity..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nReid wants broccoli. Daniel wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA flexible object will break into pieces if you drop it. The  bowlmug is fragile.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The ceramic mug is flexible flexible..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Hampton College is better because Greenpoint University because Hampton College receives more applications. However, the fact of Greena school does not necessarily indicate that quality. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the slipperywagon fallacy..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Circles the date on her wall calendar is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a human front tooth is 14 millimeters.n14 centimeters, 14 meters, and 14 kilometers are all too long..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to knit. Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Nicole's foot is pushing on the gas pedal. So, Newton's third law tells you that the gas pedal is pushing on Nicole's foot..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA is a color.nThis color is blue. BothNeither of the objects are blue.nA lemon has a sour taste. Both objects are sour.nThe property that both objects have in common is sour..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Minnie's observable version of the whisker type trait is straight whiskers. So, Minnie's phenotype for the whisker type trait is straight whiskers..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The team push the sled across The direction of the pull is toward the teamsled dog team..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that eating seafood restaurants are overpriced. However, even though some seafood restaurant is overpriced, that doesn't necessarily mean that all seafood restaurants are overpriced. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization..",
-        "Solution: This state is Nebraska..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince wealthy is not the guide words wand - what, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring last trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is madea single independent clause.nDuring last night's thunderstorm, a flurry of tiny hailstones danced across the roof of our house.",
-        "Solution: Humans have invented many ways to use natural resources. We use energy from natural resources in our daily activities, including cooking food, washing objects, and powering machines.nSome ways of using natural resources for energy add to air pollution, and others do not.nWood, oil, and coal are examples of natural resources that we burneds. Burning a fuel releases energy. But it also releases chemicals that are be harmful to our health and to the environment. These chemicals add to air pollution.nMannowlight, wind, and water are natural resources that can provide energy. TheseUsing energy from the sun, wind, or water does not burn wood. These uses of energy do not release chemicals that add to air pollution...",
-        "Solution: Look at the map.nChristian map on the and Yodaism are not to. and the can in the same region. the world. religions have in the same Age and the, many and began in a religion of religiondaism..nJ Middle religion on not clear: Juism and Ju both in the-day Japan. which Juruba originated  origin-. has in Tibet-day India..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North America..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the scarlet macaw.nThe scarlet macaw has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts. The scarlet macaw uses its thick beak to crack the shell of a nut by squeezing it. The hooked shape of the beak can help the bird hold the nut in place while cracking it.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe African gray parrot has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts.nThe white-tipped sicklebill has a thick, thin be thickcurved beak. Its beak is not adapted to crack large, hard nuts. The white-tipped sicklebill uses its beak to  nectar. of  seeds..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Connecticut..",
-        "Solution: Trenton is the capital of New Jersey..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a watering can is 24.n24 fluid ounces is too little and 24 gallons is too much..",
-        "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the stroller that is heavier.nA stroller with a kid that weighs 26 pounds is heavier than a stroller holding a kid that weighs 26 pounds. So, the stroller holding the kid that weighs 27 pounds needs  be pushed with a larger force to start moving at at the same speed as the other stroll stroller..",
-        "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..",
-        "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Sphalerite does all the properties of a mineral. So, sphalerite is a mineral..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three cups of black tea have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 172\u00b0F cup of black tea is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Eurasian beaver's scientific name is Castor fiber.nLvis canadensis does not have the same scientific name as a Eurasian beaver. So, Castor fiber and Ovis canadensis are not in the same species.nLontra canadensis does not have the same scientific name as a Eurasian beaver. So, Castor fiber and Lontra canadensis are not in the same species.nCastor fiber has the same scientific name as a Eurasian beaver. So, these organisms are in the same species..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Mrs. Chapman or her assistant.nMrs. Chapman informed her assistant that she had to book a flight to Seoul immediately.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nMrs. Chapman told her assistant to book a flight to Livingston immediately..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A snowy owl's scientific name is Bubo scandiacus.nAbo scandiacus has the same scientific name as a snowy owl. So, these organisms are in the same species.nArdea herodias does not have the same scientific name as a snowy owl. So, Bubo scandiacus and Ardea herodias are not in the same species.nPelecanus erythrorhynchos does not have the same scientific name as a snowy owl. So, Bubo scandiacus and Pelecanus erythrorhynchos are not in the same species..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA flexible opaque object does not let light through. All of the objects are opaque.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. All  bowl the glass aresk are flexible flexible.nA can see clearly through a transparent object. None three objects are transparent.nThe property that all three objects have in common is opaque..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince width is between the guide words whoop - wren, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathethos, or character. It uses  endorsement fromamileen). ). and a brand organization..",
-        "Solution: Matter energy bananas are made of the same material and have the same mass., the banana with less thermal energy has a lower temperature..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Rhode Island..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A graywolfel-billed toucan is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nToucans do sharp beaks. A grayucan's beak can be half as long as its body.nA gray wolf is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nWolves live live near groups groups. A graywolf'' father, and their children have together.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a fish out of water suggests that Luca felt out of place. A fish out of water is someone out of his or her usual, comfortable environment..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a cement truck is 20 tons.n20 ounces and 20 pounds are both too light..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Delaware Jersey.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a  of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.nWhen matter is a gas, it spreads out to fill a space.nMany gases are invisible. So, you can\u2019t see them. Air is a gas. A air inside a balloon is a gas. A gas expands out to fill a space. air inside a balloon fills out to fill  the space inside the balloon. But you balloon iss, the air will expand out to fill thea space larger space.nA tent is a solid. A can use a tent.   out to But the will still have a size and shape of its own.nAt paint is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour wet paint into of a balloon, the paint will take shape. But the wet paint will still take up the same amount of space.",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a sofa is 3 meters.n3 millimeters, 3 centimeters are too short. 3 kilometers is too long..",
-        "Solution: The to the Tenth Amendment, the president lists the the powers given to the United States government. But powers that listed in the Constitution is to the the president people or the state governments. The American text of the Tenth Amendment is below. The President of listedlegated to the president States are the Constitution are but to by it, the states, are reserved to the president.. but to the people. The",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince bright is between the guide words believe - burrow, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Barbara has many responsibilities. A you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses ironic in its traditional sense: contrary to what was intended, often in an amusing way. It's ironic because Dale took to get away from the snow but found himself in a snowstorm regardless.nLast winter, Dale took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.nThe first text uses ironic in its nontraditional sense: marked by coincidence. It was a coincidence that Dale's friends were in Florida the week before.nLast winter, Dale took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word ironic because it is generally considered incorrect..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Rebecca must watch reality television, because her sister watches reality television. However, even though Rebecca's sister watches reality television, that doesn't necessarily mean that Rebecca watches. too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Oil is oftena commodity that many. As oil is less widely to gasoline became harder to get oil Many were  oil. is be more into gasoline. So, gasoline supply of gasoline went up..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the Alexandrine parakeet.nThe Alexandrine parakeet has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts. The Alexandrine parakeet uses its thick beak to crack the shell of a nut by squeezing it. The hooked shape of the beak can help the bird hold the nut in place while cracking it.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe scarlet macaw has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts.nThe bald ibis has a short,s beak. Its beak is not adapted to crack large, hard nuts. The",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Smelly is a property. A smelly material has a strong smell.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine smelling the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the toothpaste would smell more. Ifthpaste has a strong smell..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a drinking straw is 10 inches.n10 feet, 10 yards, and 10 miles are all too long..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nAs Bert sat",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought.nAt the conclusion of the War of 1812, the youngest general in the army was Winfield Scott. Whose tactical methods and regulations came to define the U.S. Army for most of the nineteenth century.nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:nAt the conclusion of the War of 1812, the youngest general in the army was Winfield Scott. whowhoses methods and regulations came to define the U.S. Army for most of the nineteenth century..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that bigger homes are to healthier health. However, even doesns not necessarily true. This example, larger bigger largera larger house is  health is costs.e having healthierer This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as  causation..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is refer to the managervases or the tables.nThe manager put the antique vases on these tables to show that they are reserved.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nTo show that these tables are reserved, the manager put the antique vases on them..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Lacey is intelligent because she's smart. However, even \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..",
-        "Solution: This country is Jamaica..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that President Townsend is an effective communicator because he speakss well. However, even \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction until.nUncle Kendrick will keep snoring until he rolls over onto his stomach..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Connecticut Hampshire.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each vial increased, which means that the thermal energy of each vial increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each vial..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Algernon has two alleles for brown fur (f). So, Algernon's genotype for the fur color gene is ff..",
-        "Solution:  keep alive, you cells must move food and oxygen. Animals also need carbon dioxide, watera form that can be. animal's circul system circulatory systems work together to help this jobs.nThen animal's respiratory and is  up of manys that carry together to keep nutrients nutrientsated. the animal. This circul system also helpss waste dioxide from from the animal's body. This animals use a, help oxygen, nutrients dioxide with other animal. Other animals have lungsills to collect nutrients and carbon dioxide, the.nAn animal's circulatory system releases made up of organs that are together to transport nutrients and the body. The circul pumps blood through the vessels to the body. The  flows through,, blood breaks nutrients to and, the, and oxygen to cells. cells helpss waste. waste waste dioxide,  blood moves releasedpumped into the bodylungs, intestinills, it releases carbon dioxide and waters energy. circulatory system breaks nutrients to nutrients, and water. cells. also helps the waste dioxide from.nThe circulatory system breaks not break down food into small pieces.. is is not by the digestive system.. the heart system breaks down food into nutrients vessels and the cellsintestines break nutrients nutrients that the cells.. circul vessels passescarries nutrients nutrients to cells. the body..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each motorboat moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each motorboat moved for 10 hours. The motorboat that moved  miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at the lowest speed..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince tile is between the guide words tarpaulin - transport, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nThe windiest months on Mount Everest are November, December, and January.nThis passage tells you about the wind wind patterns on Mount Everest. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the wool sweater is more flexible. If you fold woola wool sweater, it will not break..",
-        "Solution: Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Arianna wanted broccoli in her lunch and Clarence was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nArianaa has tomatoes. Clarence has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The water in a glass is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nIf you pour water into a glass into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space..",
-        "Solution: During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her organization by  stating the main idea.nFor example, the writer could organize the a week at structure is the under of the text.nFor discovered my passion shortly after my freshman year. That summer, at my parents' suggestion, I attended a weeklong seminar sponsored by a local university. Although I was nervous about being the only high school student, I stretched myself and learned a lot. Through the seminar, I mastered the basics of reporting and feature writing. The following summer, I took a creative writing workshop and completed several short stories. In my school's creative writing class this year, I am sharing my stories with others and receiving helpful critiques to improve my craft..",
-        "Solution: Albany is the capital of New York..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Bertholletia excelsa is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Kiera wants or needs:nKia will give up the chance to look at the fir tree. She thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the crocuses..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. ThenThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo decide which planets are larger than Earth, look at the volumes shown Earth planet planets. compare the exponents. the volumesponents Earth.s volume. The's volume is larger43 x 1015 km3, So hass volume is larger largest planet of two exponent of EarthnTon of Jupiter and Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune have anponents. than Earth which they numbers-s are larger than Earth. So are four planets with. So, four-four of the planets are larger than Earth..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to cook. Instead, many people learn how to cook. So, cooking is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the flamboyant cuttlefish.nThe flamboyant cuttlefish has a poisonous body with brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the flamboyant cuttlefish is poisonous.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe opalescent nudibranch has aing cells in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.nThe lichen katydid has gray and brown patches on its body. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. ScientistnA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Singapore, look at the graph.nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.nChoice \"A\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Noug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jep\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Ov\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.nCh, December, and January each have over 200 millimeters of precipitation..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Sc properties of scoria match the properties of a rock. So, scoria is a rock..",
-        "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the gray heron.nLong legs help the gray heron keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe painted stork has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.nThe common kingfisher has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The common kingfisher uses its legs to walk and swimch..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Paula wants or needs:nPaula will spend more ride tickets on the scorpion than she would have spent on the flying bobsled..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways",
-        "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. The paper magnet is pulling on the paper clip. So, Newton's third law tells you that the paper clip is pulling on the fridge magnet..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Kansas is farthest south..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: This country is Saint Vincent and the Grenadines..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a mustard bottle is 9 fluid ounces.n9 cups and 9 gallons are both too much..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and shows surprise feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence..",
-        "Solution: As of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence.nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man.nStatements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact. can be verified by looking land land howaboutalides occur.nLandslides are caused by many factors, including earthquakes, storms, and volcanic eruptions, and they can occur in any U.S. state.nT second sentence states an opinion.ier than a personal judgment.nTornadoes are scarier than other natural disasters like earthquakes, hurricanes, and volcanic eruptions.",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nBirds have the following traits:nThey have feathers.nThey have wings.nThey have a beak.nThey make eggs with shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA commonpagos giant tortoise has the following traits:nIt has featherscaly, waterproof skin.nIt makes eggs with shells.nA commonpagos giant tortoise does not have all of the traits of a bird. A Galapagos giant tortoise is a reptile.nA common loon has the following traits:nIt has feathers.nIt has wings.nIt has a beak.nIt makes eggs with shells.nA common loon does the traits of a bird. A common loon is a bird..",
-        "Solution: Words are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.ndesk: short enkit / ten: short i / short enAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.ngo: long onhe / ro: long e / long onSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.nsky: long inba / by: long a / long a The word he ends with a consel sound has a short vowel sound. So, it has  open syllable..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. From across the room, Uncle Devin's laughter was booming thunder.nThe words laughter and thunder are compared using the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor..",
-        "Solution: This country is AustraliaPapua New Guinea..nDo does Papua New Guinea share its island with another country?nPapua New Guinea takes up the eastern half of the island of New Guinea. The western half is part of Indonesia, an Asian country.nBeginning in the 17 th century, many countries took control of different parts of the island of New Guinea. By 1922, Australia controlled the entire eastern half of the island, and the Netherlands controlled the western half. In 1963, control over the western half was transferred to Indonesia, which was just gained independence from Australia Netherlands. Many people in western New Guinea did not want to become part of Indonesia, though, and some people in western area are still fighting to leave Indonesia today. The western part gained independence from Australia in 1975 and became Papua New Guinea..",
-        "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The pliers pull the nail out The direction of the pull is toward the pliers..",
-        "Solution: Richmond is the capital of Virginia..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, wait. The verb endss you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the  sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words nose and nose rhyme. They both end with the ade sound.nThe word nose does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: Annapolis is the capital of Maryland..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase off. It describes the factory as if they were an who are asleep..",
-        "Solution: Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a rowboat is 4 yards.n4 inches and 4 feet are too short. 4 yards is too long..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a parking space is 6 meters.n6 centimeters is too short..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nRust forming on a bike frame is a chemical change. The  turns the bike breaks from a. Ru gets liquida are different types of matter.nAal turning dark shiny over time is called tarnishing. Tin penny tarnishing is a chemical change. The the touches the penny, the surface of the penny changes from a different type of matter. matter makes the penny dull.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean.nThe Southern Ocean reaches from the shores of Antarctica to 60\u00b0 South latitude..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Ivan wants or needs:nIvan will give up the chance to be in the Theater Club. He would have had more fun in the Theater Club than in the Photography Club..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Gale has two alleles for blue body feathers (b). So, Gale's genotype for the body feather color gene is bb..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.nPlop represents the sound the the phone landing in the toilet..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nTheh poles of each magnet line up with both poles of the other magnet. The north pole of each magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Likeposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Greenville College is better because Springtown University because Greenville College receives more applications. However, the fact of thea school does not necessarily indicate that quality. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as  bandwagon fallacy..",
-        "Solution: This country is Fiji..",
-        "Solution: Evidence is information that tells you something happened.nHow do you look for evidence of a change to Earth's surface?nThere are many ways to find evidence of a change to Earth's surface. One way is to look at a picture that was taken after the change.nHere are some examples of what the evidence for different changes might be:nCause of the change | Evidence of the changenearthquake | cracks in the ground; houses with broken walls and roofsnvolcanic eruption | melted rock on Earth's surface; smoke coming out of a hole in the groundnerosion | a canyon with a river flowing through it; a river carrying sand and mudnBe careful when you are looking for evidence!nA picture of Earth's surface can contain a lot of information. Some of that information might be evidence of a change to the surface, but some of it is not!nFor example, a picture taken after an earthquake might show a blue sky. But the color of the sky is not evidence of an earthquake. So, that information is not evidence that an earthquake happened.n.",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperativerogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, but it ends with a period. It is ana declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince clever is between the guide words cheese - cover, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To table tells you that there are five planets larger than Venus: Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Three are eight planets total. Three-eighths is less than three-quarters. So, four-eighths of the planets are larger than Venus..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses ana paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nYouth would be an ideal state if it came a little later in life. first appears to be contradictory, because youth would likely to imagine. in life. However, it contains some truth: youth is unlikely to be youth fact feeling of youth or such as youth longers and maturity. and you is grown luxury- of is later it..",
-        "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Susan investigated whether adding worms to compost containers affects how fast food de down. So were no worms in the containers that got not get worms. So, they were part of a control group..",
-        "Solution: Yo at the passage. It tells you about Yo Yo-Yo plays.nYo'Yo' is a famous cello player. He makes beautiful music. Yo-Yo's name comes from the Chinese word yo, which means \"friendly.\" Yo-Yo's parents were from China. His mother was a singer, and his father was a music teacher..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA smooth object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The  pot are flexible, but the  is is the s cu stickring, and the one are not.nAotato chips have a salty taste. All one is salt salty.nThe smooth object is not scratchy or rough. All four objects are smooth.nThe property that all four objects have in common is smooth..",
-        "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..",
-        "Solution: An est includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An est is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrials. Here are some ways in which these ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil waternthe organisms that live there A estuary is a type of ecosystem. It has a mix of fresh and salty water, muddy soil that is rich in nutrients, and many different types of organisms.nChoice 1 is  estuary ecosystem. It has a mix where the and is salty are in Thereuary have thea soil that is rich in nutrients, ThenChoice 2 is a coastal pool ecosystem. ItDuring different  year, many floods and seawater. The water, rain drains into into the sea.",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. A rubber balloon is a solid. A can bend a rubber. But the will still have a size and shape of its own..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015  1000n= 1.43 x 1015  103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Mercury.nThen compare the result to the volume of Mars. The volume of Mars is 1.43 x 1011 km3, which is less than 6.08 x 1011 km3. So, the volume of Mars is less than ten times as large as Mercury's..",
-        "Solution: Annapolis is the capital of Maryland..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, whisper. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Job is the Bible.nIn Job Bible, Job was faithful to faithful to his, even after  deathjust punishment of his souls, and, and friends.nThe allusion Job means someone who lovesly s theadversity..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 42 kilometers.n42 millimeters, 42 centimeters, and 42 meters are all too short..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound.complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.nQuinn",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together to or compacted, to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by very high temperature and pressure. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Conglomerate is ana sedimentary rock. Like other sedimentary rocks, it forms when layers of sediment.nMelterialized is ad and nature is called sediment. Con, mud, and pebbles are part part of sediment.. time, the of sediment pe are form be up over layers like riverbeds. Over formation layers press down on the bottom layers. andallowingandezing and the and. Thisglomerate forms when  top layers press sediment are pressed together to form rock..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMaking paper from wood is a chemical change. The is made from hand together pieces of wood into sugar chemicals. The paper turnss with oxygen chemicals in form paper and The is paper are different types of matter.nRoasting a marshmallow is a chemical change. The type of matter in the outside of the marshmallow changes when The thea marshmallow gets roasted, the turns brown and crispy.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeitheroasting is caused by heating. But making paper from wood is not.nBoth are caused by cooling",
-        "Solution: This country is Haiti..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, pitch. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together..",
-        "Solution: Janet wanted broccoli in her lunch and Kari was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nJannet has tomatoes. Kari has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: An environment is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A desert is a type of ecosystem. It has landa lot amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms.nThereoice 1 is a type ecosystem. It is covered year has covered to many different types of organisms.nChoice 2 is a dryt seasonand ecosystem. It is covered with water during most of the year, Sotl are have many that is rich in nutrients.",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the golden dart frog.nThe golden dart frog has poisonous glands in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright color serve as a warning sign that the golden dart frog is poisonous.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe imlionfish has anomous spines and brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.nThe impala has gray-brown skin covering Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two pieces of rope are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter piece of rope has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a teakettle is 8 cups.n8 fluid ounces is too little and 8 gallons is too much..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. The water is are translucent translucent.nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. The crayons are colorful..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nNot exactly a team player is an indirect way of saying that someone is't work well with others..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties at the object.nThink about each property.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The tennis balls are not bouncy.nA bendable object can be bent without breaking. The soccer shorts are bendable..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Peoples do not born knowing how to drive a car. Instead, many people learn how to drive. they are older. So, driving is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince purchase is between the guide words pageant - prevail, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution:  Great Depression was the Great severe period of economic hardship in was in the 20thth century.nTheever were the weather Depression?nThe Great Depression was thea period of great hardship that many of the 20. especially many United States and ItDuring years happened the difficult hard fornThey people closed insurance closed closed to close down ManynThen the, people 70 billion 10 people were  United States were forcedemployed. and widow fooda job. ManynMy people thought their jobs because businesses because they moved not work their rent. ThenTheg money worse, people Great Depression waslasted for more  years. The",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMilk going sour is a chemical change. The type of matter in the milk changes changes. The milk matter in is made changes the milk its sour taste.nBaking a loaf of bread is a chemical change. The is made of bread. Theing is into dough into bread. But dough is a different type of matter than the dough.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeitheraking is caused by heating. But milk going sour is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the horned viper.nThe horned viper has sand-colored scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Namaqua chameleon has sand-colored scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert.nThe fire salamander has ly colored skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Looking objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA hard object changes not change shape when pressed or squeezed. None three objects are hard.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. None  blocks and the rubberying glass are not slippery.nA slippery object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. None   and the ying glass are not, but the rubber blocks and not.nThe property that all three objects have in common is shiny..",
-        "Solution: Des Moines is the capital of Iowa..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nHavana is the capital of Cuba. The winds there were blowing from the east last weekend.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the wind direction in Havana last weekend. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe brush grabbed at the brush as if it were human. and arms or or.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nDefinite maybe is a contradiction, because definite suggests something that is, and maybe impliess to something that is definite..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on the slice of pizza, look at the forces:nQuinn is pulling the slice of pizza to with a force of 50 N.nBrad is pulling the slice of pizza to with a force of 45 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 50 N and 45 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on the slice of pizza..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism your services will no longer be required means that the gardener is being fired..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nIt is 65\u00b0F in Jackie's backyard.nThis passage tells you about the temperature in Jackie's backyard. now. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince purse is not between the guide words patriot - pleasant, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Des Moines is the capital of Iowa..",
-        "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect North America or Asia..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Virginia.nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A reticulated python's scientific name is Python reticulatus.nSython reticulatus has the same scientific name as a reticulated python. So, these organisms are in the same species.nSciurus vulgaris does not have the same scientific name as a reticulated python. So, Python reticulatus and Sciurus vulgaris are not in the same species.nPython reticulatus has in the same genus as Python bivittatus, but they are not in the same species.nSganisms in the same species have the same scientific names. Python reticulatus and Python bivittatus are different species within the same genus.",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.nAs a geneticist, Julie dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.nThe first text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.nAs a geneticist, Julie enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each refrigerator increased, which means that the thermal energy of each refrigerator increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each refrigerator..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a sofa is 5 feet.n5 inches is too short. 5 yards is too long..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each ship moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each ship moved for 5 hours. The ship that moved 190 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at the lowest speed..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Asimina triloba is a plant. Plant cells make make their own food. Plant cells make their by photosynthesis..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound.complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.nAnna",
-        "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant.nIn this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables.nThe amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others.nThe number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nIce melting in a cup is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The  ice becomes liquid, but it is still made of water.nDe water between atoms in the air  do not change. The, thea different type of matter is not formed.nDew appearing on grass in the morning is a physical of state. So, it is a physical change. The vapor in the air is the grass grass and the liquid. AsnSte water vapor changes from from become dew. but  is still made of water. But different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article article should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **My Brother the Pig**..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nThe Red Sea is a popular place for windsurfing. Wind speeds reached 30 miles per hour there on Thursday.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the wind speed in 30 Red Sea on Thursday. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of blue particles..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. An reason has a more positive connotation. An excuse has often vague a nice positive reason..",
-        "Solution: This country is Jamaica and Tobago..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nBrandon wants broccoli. Derek wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase carelessly. It describes the wind as if it were a care who was't care..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses alang (totalally awesome).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the slang, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nConnor wants broccoli. Maura wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. The affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Temperature is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average temperature for each month. The average temperature can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA line graph can be used to show the average temperature each month. Months with higher dots on the graph have higher average temperatures. To describe the average temperature trends in Detroit, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Dev\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nThe average temperatures in January and February are around 25\u00b0F and 30\u00b0F. These months have the lowest average temperatures of all of the months. So, they are the coolest months on average..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. The population of Oak Grove fell by 8,000 people. Many of the people who have left are probably trying to sell their houses. Since more people are trying to sell their houses, the number of suppliers of houses for sale in Oak Grove has gone up. So, the supply of houses for sale probably went up, too..",
-        "Solution: This country is Saint Lucia..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles..",
-        "Solution: This state is Nebraska Dakota..",
-        "Solution: There is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage. At the current price, there are too many jars of peanut butter for sale. There are 100 jars on sale, but  74 people want to buy a jar ofnSo, there is a shortage of peanut butter.. grocery store has not get any money for the  peanutjar of..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and mostly a few types of trees. So, Catoctin Mountain Park has cold, wet winters. It also has soil that is rich in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A clownfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nClownfish live near their called emones. I the drawings of the clownfish, the can see the clown emones the clownfish.nA helmeted iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nIguanas  noc type of lizard. Iguanas eat small, fruit..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A common kestrel's scientific name is Falco tinnunculus. The first word of its scientific name is Falco.nFrdea goliath is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea goliath and Falco tinnunculus are not in the same genus.nHalco novaeseelandiae is in the genus Falco. The first word of its scientific name is Falco. So, Falco novaeseelandiae and Falco tinnunculus are not the same genus.nHaliaeetus pelagicus is in the genus Haliaeetus. The first word of its scientific name is Haliaeetus. So, Haliaeetus pelagicus and Falco tinnunculus are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: The city is Houston Angeles, California. New, New, and New York City are marked with gray circles on the map below..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in both samples have the same average speed. So, the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy.nBecause the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy, the samples must have the same temperature..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three glasses of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 14\u00b0C glass of water is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Decomposers help break down dead organisms into simpler matter, such as nutrients. So nutrients can then help plants and other organisms grow. In a food web, there is an arrow pointing to another organism to a decomposer. There are no arrows pointing from a decomposer to another organism.nThe bat star has not have anyarrows pointing from it. other organisms. So, the bat star is nota decomposer.nThe  otter has an arrow pointing from it to So, the sea otter is not a decomposer.nThe blackkelp bass does an arrow pointing from it to So, the kelp bass is not a decomposer.nThe black  is not have anyarrows pointing from it. other organisms. So, the sea cucumber is nota decomposer.nThe  rockfish has an arrow pointing from it to So, the black rockfish is not a decomposer.",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a  of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.nWhen matter is a gas, it spreads out to fill a space.nMany gases are invisible. So, you can\u2019t see them. Air is a gas. Rain is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour rainwater into a different, the rainwater will take the shape of that bucket. But the rainwater will still take up the same amount of space.nA air inside a bubble is a gas. A bubble expands out to fill a space. A air inside a bubble wills  the space inside the bubble.. you bubble fills, the rain will still out to fill a space larger space.nA piece of paper is a solid. A can bend a piece of paper into But the will still have a size and shape of its own..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode! The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nThe hyperbole dinosaurs were still roaming the Earth suggests that Caleb hasn't cleaned his room in a very long time. The also not clean clean his room in of years ago, dinosaurs were..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince engineer is not the guide words engineer - except, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show air temperatures.nThe map's legend tells you the temperature that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower temperatures than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -25\u00b0C up to -20\u00b0C. Areas that are the next darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -20\u00b0C up to -15\u00b0C. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which air temperatures those colors represent.n-24\u00b0C.n-24\u00b0C is within this range.n-4\u00b0C and 3\u00b0C are outside of this range..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a hammer is 21 centimeters.n21 kilometers is too long..",
-        "Solution: This country is Samoa..",
-        "Solution: Saint Paul is the capital of Minnesota..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Faustian bargain is literature.nIn a play by Christopher Marlowe based on the legend of Faust, a man strikes a deal with the devil. Disregarding the long-term consequences of his actions, he sells his soul in exchange for power.nThe allusion Faustian bargain means a compromise of one's values for personal gain..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the rocking chair.nThe rock is made of wood.nShairs are made made made of wood. Woods are be be made of other. wood.. rock are made of wood different materials. you wondering on a rock? you, you is the made of?",
-        "Solution: Montgomery is the capital of Alabama..",
-        "Solution: When a scientist identifies a new organism, he or she chooses its scientific name.nSometimes, an organism is named after the place where it was first found. Other times, an organism is named after the scientist who first identified it. Or, the scientific name might describe the organism's physical traits.nMany of the words that make up scientific names are based on words from old languages, like Latin and classical Greek. Sometimes, English words are changed to make them sound more like Latin or Greek. The new words are then used in an organism's scientific name. This organism's scientific name refers to Georgia O'Keeffe.nThe word neseeffeae refers to Georgia O'Keeffe because So, this archosaur's scientific name is Effigia neseeffeae..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is older:nThe insectginkgo leaf fossil is in a deeper layer in the rock sequence than the insect fossil. So, the insectginkgo leaf fossil is most likely older than the insect fossil..",
-        "Solution: This state is Illinois Dakota..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the bear sedge.TherenThe Arctic arrow pointing to the barren-ground caribou starts from the bil. The arrow points to the lichen. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bear sedge to the n-ground caribou. TherenThe arrow points to the bilberry. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bear sedge to the Arcticbilberry. There",
-        "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..",
-        "Solution: This country is Dominica..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Rud opponent window causes y's migraine. However, the doesns not necessarily true. Rud example, Rud window was be been when him reason reason.  window is. be open. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as  causation..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Colorado is farthest south..",
-        "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 4 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 2 more solute particles on the right side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the left than to the right..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Christmas tree worm's scientific name is Spirobranchus giganteus.nNerodia kii does not have the same scientific name as a Christmas tree worm. So, Spirobranchus giganteus and Nerodia clarkii are not in the same species.nNerodia cyclopion does not have the same scientific name as a Christmas tree worm. So, Spirobranchus giganteus and Nerodia clarcyclopion are not in the same species.nSpobranchus giganteus has the same scientific name as a Christmas tree worm. So, these organisms are in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses disinterested in its traditional sense: unbiased or impartial.nAs a teacher of American history, Mr. Patton tries to remain disinterested when discussing controversial issues, giving equal attention and consideration to each major viewpoint.nThe second text uses disinterested in its nontraditional sense: uninterested or indifferent.nAs an experienced teacher of American history, Mr. Patton believes that playing history-based trivia games will revive even the most disinterested of students.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word disinterested because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. ThenThe correct title is east Bay Express..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Colin wants or needs:nColin will spend more time in the Photography Club than he would have spent in the Theater Club..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n An Indian rock python's scientific name is Python molurus.nLaerodia cyclopion does not have the same scientific name as an Indian rock python. So, Python molurus and Nerodia cyclopion are not in the same species.nLaython molurus has the same scientific name as an Indian rock python. So, these organisms are in the same species.nLacerta agilis does not have the same scientific name as an Indian rock python. So, Python molurus and Lacerta agilis are not in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom the ball is in his court suggests that Richard needs to act next. In tennis, when the ball is in a player's court, it is the person's turn..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A taiga is a type of ecosystem. Taigas have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the following statement describes the Eastern Siberian Taiga ecosystem: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has long, cold winters and short, cool summers. The following statements do not describe the Eastern Siberian Taiga: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has mostly small plants. It has soil that is rich in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: The the, the War I was called the Great War. It thought't call it that War I, the War I... called't call what were be another war one war war.., World called't call World were to end one.nThe War I was now called the Great war war revolutionary war. It, it is called called the War I. World Great War War.. was be be calledbreviated to theWorldWII.",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Dwayne wants or needs:nDwayne will spend more ride tickets on the spinning teacups than he would have spent on the scrambler..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two glasses of apple juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 10\u00b0C glass of apple juice is colder than the 10\u00b0C glass of apple juice, it has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA stretch object feels scratchy when you touch it. Both objects are rough.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. BothNeither of the objects are stretchy.nThe property that both objects have in common is rough..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the  sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words rocksock and rock rhyme. They both end with the s sound.nThe word rock does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: Some words are alike. They go together in a group.nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. Rain, rain, and rain go together. They are words words. Rain is not weathera weather word, so it is not like the other words..",
-        "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nT seaoise's shell protects it from predators. It a tortoise bite threatened, it will pull its shell and legs inside its shell.nA sea otter is a repmmal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nSea otters have special thick fur. They fur helps them warm in cold water.",
-        "Solution: Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together, or compacted, to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by very high temperature and pressure. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Scoria is an igneous rock. Like other igneous rocks, it forms when melted rock cools and hardens.nMelted rock is the bottom's surface is called magmelted. Scoria is from a type of lava called is rich in iron and magnesium. The the melted coolmeltedrupts, volcanoa volcano. it forms become  holess of iron and water. This the melted cool solid, it bubbles fill   in the rock..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Rita's shoes are superior best, because they're made from snakeskin. than synthetic materials. However, even though Rit shoes are made from snakes, that doesn't necessarily mean that they are better. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the appeal to nature..",
-        "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect South America or South America..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A cat toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nTo catfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA stretch object feels scratchy when you touch it. None three objects are rough.nA y object gets longer when you pull on it. None  and the snow are are not stretchy.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. None rock bark and the scro are not bouncy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is rough..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Edna lies telling the truth because she told she never lies. However, even \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (some things). bring up).nThe second sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. The fog made it hard to see, Dad drove slowly is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without just a comma: The fog made it hard to see, Dad drove slowly..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of blue particles..",
-        "Solution: This country is Tuvalu..",
-        "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..",
-        "Solution: The city is Charlotte, Texas. New, Charlotte Orleans, and Charlotte are marked with gray circles on the map below..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince  is between the guide words dare - disturb, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, learns. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that has true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is refer to the Davidsons or their relatives.nThe Davidsons see their relatives whenever they visit Florida.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nWhenever the Davidsons visit Florida, they see their relatives..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, make. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to drink a small glass of water is 55 seconds.n55 hours is too slow..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each goose moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each goose moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each goose moved for 10 hours. The goose that moved 9920 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that goose must have moved at the highest speed..",
-        "Solution: Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words cream and dream rhyme. They both end with the ae sound.nThe word cream does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperativerogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about to do something, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince linen is not the guide words leather - lying, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. ScientistnA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Nairobi, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Apr\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Fore precipitation falls in April than in August.\" is incorrect.nCh has a higher average monthly precipitation than August.nChoice \"Fairobi gets about the same amount of precipitation each month.\" is incorrect.nThe average, less precipitation falls between April and August than between April and June.nChoice \"M is the wettest month of the year.\" is incorrect.nThe averagewettest month is between month with the highest average monthly precipitation. February has not April, has the highest average precipitation.",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a cup of hot cocoa is 70\u00b0F.n70\u00b0F is too cold..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of purple particles..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. ScientistnA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in London, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nChul has has an average monthly precipitation of about 70 millimeters. This is lower than in any other month. So, July has the lowest average precipitation..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a pen is 19 centimeters.n19 kilometers is too long..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: This country is the Marshall Islands.nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound.complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.nRuth",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Ohio is farthest east..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Group at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nAotato chips have a salty taste. None three objects are salty.nA sticky object has one or more bright colors. The of the objects are colorful.nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. None of the objects are sticky.nThe property that all three objects have in common is salty..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion cry wolf is a fable.nIn  fable \"The Little Who Cried Wolf,\" a  boy tell warn the to the village by sayingly claiming that a wolf is  to hiseat his sheep. a wolf  comes to  boy cries, help, the wants him. does to his aid.nThe allusion cry wolf means   a false alarm..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.nI need to shovel this snow, or someone might slip and fall..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the bearded dragon.nThe bearded dragon has s sand-colored body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe horned viper has aand-colored furs covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert.nThe blue poison dart frog has brightly colored skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nVian wants broccoli. Jamal wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major largest areas of land on earth. This continent is North..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Mia must be a reckless driver, because her brother is recklessa reckless driver. However, even though Mia's brother is reckless, that doesn't necessarily mean that Mia is reckless too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nSo full I could explode is an exaggeration, since it is impossible that the speaker is already actually full danger of explodeexploding..",
-        "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Texas is farthest south..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Smelly is a property. A smelly material has a strong smell.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine smelling the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the gasoline would smell more. Ifoline has a strong smell..",
-        "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. A crown is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nWhen you wear a crown into your head, the crown will still its shape..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes for an ice cube to melt on a hot sidewalk is 4 hours.n4 hours is too slow..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A gray tree frog's scientific name is Hyla versicolor. The first word of its scientific name is Hyla.nHtopus zeteki is in the genus Atelopus. The first word of its scientific name is Atelopus. So, Atelopus zeteki and Hyla versicolor are not in the same genus.nHmidactylus turcicus is in the genus Hemidactylus. The first word of its scientific name is Hemidactylus. So, Hemidactylus turcicus and Hyla versicolor are not in the same genus.nHyla cinerea is in the genus Hyla. The first word of its scientific name is Hyla. So, Hyla cinerea and Hyla versicolor are in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak. An emu is a fish. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nEm live fly, but they can fly very fast. walk fast swim predators.nA sea turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nBox turtles live live in live over 100 years old!nA  otter is a fishmmal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nSea ottetters have  thick fur on They fur helps them warm in cold water.nA piranha is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nPiranhas have sharp teeth. Piranhas hunt in groups. A group of piranhas live eat fisha large animal.",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Deb wants or needs:nDeb will give up the chance to eat the apple crisp. Deb thinks apple crisp would have tasted better than sunflower seeds will..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the kudu.nThe kudu has long jaws and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter. The long jaws can help the kudu reach leaves and shoots. The flat teeth can help it cut and grind up the food into soft pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Nispotted deer has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter.nThe Nile crocodile has a long mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is not adapted to eat plant matter. The Nile crocodile uses its mouth to eat other animals..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nJannice wants broccoli. Abdul wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean.nThe Southern Ocean reaches from the shores of Antarctica to 60\u00b0 South latitude..",
-        "Solution: A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nWater evaporating from a puddle is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.nDust settling out of the air is a physical change. Dust dust dust settles, the falls, it forms settle on the or in floor. Dust dusts dust from from the air and but it not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nWater evaporating is caused by heating. But dust settling out of",
-        "Solution: In echinoderm is a plant of in vertebrarate. lives lives  spine hardcurvedky spine. E  anantchin is a sea of seaachinoderm. It",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Rover's observable version of the fur length trait is long fur. So, Rover's phenotype for the fur length trait is long fur..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aunt Lucy is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. The   is smooth.nA can see clearly through a transparent object. The silk tie is transparent transparent..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Casanova is history.nIn Greekbiography Casa Casa Casaorcomo Casanova,  Italianeenth-century Italian physicianr who  the characteristics evenaggerate the characterusingous behavior in adventures. his.nThe allusion Casanova means a person who..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..nThe Southern Ocean reaches from the shores of Antarctica to 60\u00b0 South latitude..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. We went to Texas we saw an old fort is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: We went to Texas and We saw an old fort..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA softy object is rough and itchy against your skin. None of the objects are scratchy.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. All of the objects are soft.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. All three objects are fragile.nThe property that all three objects have in common is fragile..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs quiet as a jackhammer suggests that the snoring is loud. A jackhammer is not quiet, and neither is Mr. Long's snoring..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase proud. It describes the ancient structure as if it were a proud who a proud of accomplishment..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with black fur or brown fur, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the fur color trait. The question tells you that the f allele, which is for brown fur, is recessive to the F allele, which is for black fur.nBlack fur is the dominant allele's version of the fur color trait. A rabbit with the dominant version of the fur color trait must have at least one dominant allele for the fur color gene. So, offspring with black fur must have the genotype FF or Ff.nAll are  boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype FF or Ff. boxes are shown below.nAllrown fur is the",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nWater evaporating from a lake is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.nStretching a rubber band is a physical change. The rubber band gets longer after But it is still made of the same type of matter as the.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nWater evaporating is caused by heating. But stretching a rubber band is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: This state is Wyoming..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A blue jay's scientific name is Cyanocitta cristata.nLarus michahellis does not have the same scientific name as a blue jay. So, Cyanocitta cristata and Larus michahellis are not in the same species.nGoura victoria does not have the same scientific name as a blue jay. So, Cyanocitta cristata and Goura victoria are not in the same species.nCyanocitta cristata has the same scientific name as a blue jay. So, these organisms are in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Augusta is the capital of Maine..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A great gray owl's scientific name is Strix nebulosa. The first word of its scientific name is Strix.nStryanea capillata is in the genus Cyanea. The first word of its scientific name is Cyanea. So, Cyanea capillata and Strix nebulosa are not in the same genus.nStreofelis nebulosa and Strix nebulosa are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Neofelis nebulosa and Strix nebulosa have the same species name within their genus, nebulosa. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Neofelis nebulosa is in the genus Neofelis, and Strix nebulosa is in the genus Strix.nStrix varia is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix varia and Strix nebulosa are in",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperativerogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, teaches. The verb ends in -ss and tells you about something that has true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Ashland. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Lauren wants or needs:nLauren will give up the chance to wear the costume she is more excited about..",
-        "Solution: Tallahassee is the capital of Florida..",
-        "Solution: Bill wanted broccoli in his lunch and Anita was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nBill has tomatoes. Anita has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA is a color.nThis color is blue. None icewi and the s bear are not blue.nA sticky object is covered in soft hair. None three objects are fuzzy.nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. The  are the stuffed dice are not sticky.nThe property that all three objects have in common is fuzzy..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. In a Venn diagram, each artist shows the related is closest of eacha specific topic. This the given, the are, the author is true for all the the topicsoverlapping topics. This Venn diagram compares two famous Renaissance artists.nHe legend of the shows in the Veno da Vinci'. This comparisons you that Leonardhe was from Florence..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a fish bowl is 3 liters.n3 milliliters is too little..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of yellow particles..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The fruit fly has two alleles for vestigial wings (n). So, the fly's genotype for the wing type gene is nn..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Charleston is the capital of West Virginia..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. A coffee mug is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nA you pour coffee into a different mug, the coffeemug will its shape.. you pour a coffee mug into the will break into pieces. But the piece will still have a size and shape of its own..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that social socially awkward doess knowledge of workplace safety. However is a personal attack that isn't relevant to Mr. Wells's desire to prevent workplace injuries. However illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem..",
-        "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The  is in column 3..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two bowls of oatmeal are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the bowl of oatmeal with less thermal energy has a lower temperature..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa..",
-        "Solution:  the iron iron ironclads were  surfaces flat surfaces. Theclads were independence independence from they were made of metal.cla a type of armor that Many the Civil War, many ships were made of glass. is were as theseclads were often than ships. of steel.",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Montpelier is the capital of Vermont..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of the Red Sea is 2,240 mill.n2,240 millimeters, 2,240 centimeters, and 2,240 meters are all too short..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth changed.nAlec was lower than the balcony. As the water balloon fell toward Alec, the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth decreased as the water balloon fell toward Alec..",
-        "Solution: One object can make another object move with a push or a pull.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. Thetting a ball player hisa bat tell awaya different of push. The baseball player hits the ball with from the bat. The baseball pushlandslies toward the out. The direction of the push is away from the baseball bat..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of an adult great white shark is 5 mill.n5 millimeters, 5 centimeters are too short. 5 kilometers is too long..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.nCandice decided to make escargots using the small snails from her garden, but she prepared them terribly. Since she'd forgotten to add garlic, the taste was disappointing.nThe first text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.nCandice made escargots using the small snails from her garden. She prepared them according to the recipe but found the chewy texture terribly disappointing.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: People around the world live in four main kinds of places: urban areas, suburban areas, and rural areas.nA urban urban area is a city. It has many people and businesses. The buildings are close to each other. The buildings are often tall and have many floors. If there are so many people, traffic is usually bad. People will walk or take the bus, train, or subway to avoid traffic.nA suburban area is or suburb, is near a city. It is quieter and less crowded than an urban area. People usually live in houses with houses. Most people drive to get places.nA rural area is less crowded than  urban and suburban areas. Peoples are much more spread out. People usually live houses drive to get places. People usually rural areas often live on farms. ranches.nSome places, like farms towns, are't really fit into any of the types. A small town does not have as many people as  urban area, but it has more people than a rural area. There is not near a city, so it is not near a suburb..s are not always empty rural areas. Most are up residencea lot of land.. areas often morefewer lot of people spaces.. are many't many people, houses..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a tennis racket is 55 millimeters.n55 millimeters, too short. 55 meters and 55 kilometers are too long..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of pink particles..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles..",
-        "Solution: Some words are alike. They go together in a group.nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. Father, brother, and brother go together. They are people in a family. Father is not a family, a family, so it is not like the other words..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. Mrs. Robertson is an owl, working at night and sleeping during the day.nThe words Mrs. Robertson and owl are compared using the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each car moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each car moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each car moved for 5 hours. The car that moved 65 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that car must have moved at the lowest speed..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince blessing is not the guide words billow - brown, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion pyrrhic victory suggests that the sword came at a great cost.. victorypyrrhic victory means a victory that comes as different. it came cost cost deadly a great..",
-        "Solution: Poets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms.nAnaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines.nOut of the cradle endlessly rocking,nOut of the mocking-bird's throat, the musical shuttle,nOut of the Cranth-month midnightn\u2014From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\"nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses only-up words:nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot!  they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.n\u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:n\u2014k! the honey bee is humming.n\u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.n\u2014 the wild men watched and waitednWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.n\u2014From Maryard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"nAssonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines.nI wandered lonely as a Cloudn\u2014 floats on high o'er Vales and Hills,nWhen all at once I saw a crowd,nA host of golden Daffodils.n\u2014From William Wordsworth, \"A Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\"nMeter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed. StrongnA poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs speedy as a snail suggests that the Internet connection was very slow. A snail is not speedy, and neither was Katie's Internet connection..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Pollyanna is literature.nIn novel Pollyanna,  theanor Porter's character's book, is a young girl who loves herself in everything and everyone.nThe allusion Pollyanna means  anomally optimistic person..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a request, so it is an imperative sentence.., it ends with a period..",
-        "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects the Atlantic Ocean. It does not intersect the Indian Ocean or the Pacific Ocean..",
-        "Solution: An.",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nKiara wants broccoli. Fernando wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne ship moved 35045 kilometers in 5 hours.nThe other ship moved 350 kilometers in 5 hours.nNotice that each ship spent the same amount of time moving. The ship that moved 245 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at a lower speed..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. North Carolina is farthest east..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Antarctica..",
-        "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the saddle-billed stork.nThe saddle-billed stork has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still. This allows the saddle-billed stork to grab the prey without scaring it away.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe northern-headed heron has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still.nThe northern pintail has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Michigan is farthest south..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nJasmine lives in a windy place.nThis passage tells you about the usual wind of wind where Jasmine lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Luther investigated whether baking soda affect remove crayon from a wall. The sections of wall scrubbed with water and did not get baking soda. So, they were part of a control group..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Georgia..",
-        "Solution: During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?nVoice: Does the writer maintain an objective voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her academic voice by including an objective tone.nFor example, some writer could arrangeise the underlined text tonMany people don't recycle because throwing things away is easier, even though doing so can be damaging to the environment. People are lazy and selfish, always wanting what is good for themselves, not necessarily what is good for society. As a result, many people do not take the steps that are required to recycle different materials. For example, some towns require residents to sort items before leaving them at the curbside; this causes some to skip recycling altogether, even though doing so is unethical..",
-        "Solution: During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her ideas and development by includingremoving a second main idea.nFor example, the writer could replace the underlined text to provide on on the under idea, under of the  helmets, nWarving a bicycle helmet is the best way to protect yourself against fatal head injuries. Several studies have shown that riders who wore helmets had a reduction in their risk of head and brain injuries. More and better bike lanes in our cities would help protect cyclists from danger. Children especially benefit from wearing helmets, since they experience the majority of bicycling accidents that cause serious head injuries..",
-        "Solution: An environment is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A wetland is a type of ecosystem. Wetlands have the following features: land that is covered with water during most of the year, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only organism-s.. So, the Okefenokee Swamp has soil that is covered with water during most of the year. It also has soil that is rich in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A red tree frog is  amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nF are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches.nA red white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nGreat white sharks can live in up to 20 years!nA red crowned crane is a ma. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nCranes havede in shallow water to hunt for food. Cranes eat fish, worms, and.nA red kangaroo is a repmmal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nKangaroos live to hunt around the They use their tail tails to  while hopping..",
-        "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Haliaeetus pelagicus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.nHaliaeetus pelagicus is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that Steller's sea eagle is the common name..",
-        "Solution: This country is Saint Vincent and the Grenadines..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Cutting your fingernails is a physical change. The fingernails are still and you cut them. But they cut are still made of the same type of matter as the originalcut fingernails..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA soft object reflects a lot of light. The can usually see clearly reflection in a shiny object. None three objects are shiny.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The of the objects are soft.nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. The phire is translucent, but the  bumper and the  bumper are not.nThe property that all three objects have in common is translucent..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Peter Pan is literature.nIn a play. M. Barrie novel, the character Peter Pan transforms to theland and refuses to grow up.nThe allusion Peter Pan means a person who never't take on adult responsibilities..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nWhere Desmond lives, winds blowing from the northeast are rare in July.nThis passage tells you about the usual wind patterns where Desmond lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The magnet attract each first train car pulls the second train car along The direction of the pull is toward the first train car..",
-        "Solution: The plants have flowers. These plants can use their flowers to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do plants use their flowers to reproduce?nFirst, the male part of the flower makes pollen, and the female part makes eggs. Animals, wind, or water can move pollen. Pollination is what happens when pollen is moved to the female part of the flower.nAfter pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with the eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds. The seeds grows around the seeds. Later, a seed can fall out of the fruit. It can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. The make seeds. thea seed is pollinated, the cells from the pollen can with eggs. This new called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.nThe fruit grows grow into the seeds. The the seeds does not make seeds. It the fruit and the seeds can into the of the orange..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince mint is not the guide words marriage - modest, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Miranda's hand is pushing on the door. So, Newton's third law tells you that the door is pushing on Miranda's hand..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nIf ancient times, mustard was used as a medicine for toothaches and insect stings..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince roam is not the guide words reality - rudder, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion an albatross around her neck is thea poem.nIn the Taylor Coleridge's poem \"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,\" ana sailor shoots and kills an albatross, an  that kills the ship and crew. The the crew members die, the sea Mariner feels his guilt hanging like the albatross around his neck.nThe allusion an albatross around her neck means a burden a person must bear..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A firebug is an insect. Like other insects, a ladybug is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA fire salamander is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a fire salamander is ana vertebrate. It has a backbone.nAike other tarantulas, a metallic tarantula is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA peacock mantis shrimp is a shrimpacean. Like other crustaceans, a peacock mantis shrimp is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Nevada Dakota is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: Poets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms.nAnaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines.nOut of the cradle endlessly rocking,nOut of the mocking-bird's throat, the  shuttle,nOut of the Cranth-month midnightn\u2014From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\"nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real-up words:nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot!  they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.n\u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:nHark! the honey bee is humming.n\u2014From Alfred Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.n\u2014 the wild men watched and waitednWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.n\u2014From Williamard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"nAssonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines.nI wandered lonely as a CloudnI floats on high o'er Vales and Hills,nWhen all at once I saw a crowd,nA host of golden Daffodils.n\u2014From William Wordsworth, \"The Wandered Lonely as a Cloud.\"nMeter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed.nA poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed.",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europe..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The second sentence states a fact.nMorroco is thea country on the northwest coast of Africa.nIt can be proved by reading a map of Morocco.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nMostocco is the most exciting country to visit.nMost exciting shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes the..",
-        "Solution: Marvin wanted broccoli in his lunch and Ken was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nMarvin has tomatoes. Ken has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion evaporateapropism is literature.nInosts. Barapropis a woman from  Burtonn,'paran's novel92 novel The Rial, aes the s the from express like. without different different ideas..nThe allusion evaporateapropism means  attackusing or unpleasant idea of violencea word or.",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, float. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, strained. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened..",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A sea or is an animal. It eats animals that live in the ocean.nSea otters have large small fur. They fur helps them warm in cold places.nA hydrangea bush is a plant. It can grow colorful flowers.nHydrangea bushes have grow many and green, or, and green flowers..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night. The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe simile like the parched earth during a drought suggests that Kendra's hands were dry and cracked. A drought is a period without rain, the ground during a drought can become hard and cracked..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince pest is between the guide words plus - prospect, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince smooth is between the guide words seize - spank, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words of is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is The Return of Jafar..",
-        "Solution: This country is Antigua and Barbuda..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.nBeep represents the sound of tells the caller to return recording a message..",
-        "Solution: Boston is the capital of Massachusetts..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Georgia..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the nylon is the hardest. If you press a rock, it will not change shape..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun their could refer to hares or or s'.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Their has been replaced with hares'.nHares are often mistaken for rabbits, even though hares' legs, feet, and ears are usually bigger..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA is a color.nThis color is blue. None three objects are blue.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. None  slide and the  are are not fuzzy.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The water and the bowlder are not bouncy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is..",
-        "Solution: A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Asia America..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nAustin wants broccoli. Colin wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aiden is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Temperature is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average temperature for each month. The average temperature can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA line graph can be used to show the average temperature each month. Months with higher dots on the graph have higher average temperatures. To describe the average temperature trends in Cape Town, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"A\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aur\" is incorrect.nChoice \"No\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Noep\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Noct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Dean\" is incorrect.nThe average temperatures in December, January, February, and March are around 25\u00b0C. These months have the highest average temperatures of all of the months. So, they are the hottest months on average..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..",
-        "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. Talkning about something has a more negative connotation. Talk you whine about something, you wh about it more a negative person..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A great gray owl's scientific name is Strix nebulosa.nGoura victoria does not have the same scientific name as a great gray owl. So, Strix nebulosa and Goura victoria are not in the same species.nCyanocitta cristata does not have the same scientific name as a great gray owl. So, Strix nebulosa and Cyanocitta cristata are not in the same species.nStrix nebulosa has the same scientific name as a great gray owl. So, these organisms are in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Looking objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA sticky opaque object does not let light through. None  sauce and opaque, but the, not.nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. All three objects are sticky.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. None candy and and the  corn are not blue.nThe property that all three objects have in common is opaque..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Peter Pan is literature.nIn a play. M. Barrie novel, the character Peter Pan turnss to theland and refuses to grow up.nThe allusion Peter Pan means a person who is't take on adult responsibilities..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A peregrine falcon's scientific name is Falco peregrinus.nFhoebastria nigripes does not have the same scientific name as a peregrine falcon. So, Falco peregrinus and Phoebastria nigripes are not in the same species.nAalco peregrinus has the same scientific name as a peregrine falcon. So, these organisms are in the same species.nArdea alba does not have the same scientific name as a peregrine falcon. So, Falco peregrinus and Ardea alba are not in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Bumpy is a property. A bumpy material changes covered in lumps and bumps. is not smooth or smooth.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the cardboard road is bumpier. If you touch an asphalt road, it will not bumpy and lumpy..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince  is between the guide words scurry - shelter, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the earthworm.TherenThe arrows point from the barre to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the barre to the earthworm.nThe only arrow pointing from the lichen leads to the n-ground caribou. The are two arrows pointing from the n-ground caribou to other organisms. One arrow points to the lichenzzly bear. The other arrow pointing from the lichenzzly bear leads to the mushroom. The only arrow pointing from the n-ground caribou leads to the. No arrows point from the mushroom to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the parasitgri to the earthworm..nThe is two pathsarrows pointing from the n-ground caribou to the organisms. One arrow starts to the lichenzzly bear. The only arrow pointing from the lichenzzly bear leads to the mushroom. No only arrow pointing from the n-ground caribou leads to the mushroom. No",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two blocks of iron have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 75\u00b0C block is hotter than the 70\u00b0C block, it has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second holiday greeting is more formal. It uses more elevated language (Happydependence Day, the entire staff). The other holiday greeting uses  language (Happyppy 4thth). the crew). and is more familiar. tone..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the Spanish shawl nudibranch.nThe Spanish shawl nudibranch has stinging cells in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the Spanish shawl nudibranch is toxic and dangerous.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe crown-of-thorns sea star has stingnomous spines and brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.nThe peppered moth has gray and brown patches on its body. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the crested black macaque.nThe crested black macaque has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees. The crested black macaque uses its long fingers and toes to grab on to branches while climbing.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe lar gibbon has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees.nThe chital has long feetofed feet. It is not adapted for climbing trees. The chital uses its feet to walk and run..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: The colony is New Hampshire.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nJulia Child alludes to the famous chef who is known for cookingizing food cuisine in the United States..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. ScientistnA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Christchurch, look at the graph.nChoice \"Maypr\" is incorrect.nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.nCh has an average monthly precipitation of about 20 millimeters. This is higher than in any other month. So, May is the wettest month on average..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are the planets made mainly of rock. So these planets, Earth is the largest. So, Earth is the largest planet that is made mainly of rock..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Scheherazade is Greek legend.nIn legendn Nights, the story legend Sche Sche Scheherazade is conquerpones the death death. smerizing the friendstivity, a  years one  adventures..nThe allusion Scheherazade means a person who is his powers her powers to  others or avoid danger..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 15 miles.n15 inches, 15 feet, and 15 yards are all too short..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of blue particles..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nJonah wants broccoli. Cassie wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, make. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: mologous structures are  following meaning structure, functions that types. traitsance common heritageances. This homo's  is bodylimb leglimbe ares tail are analog homo of homomorph homo material of bones. called though the other are eacha homohomrog ares arm are different shaped. widershaped. the of a  arms arm",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nAal turning into shiny over time is called tarnishing. A penny tarnishing is a chemical change. The the touches the penny, the surface of the penny changes color a different type of matter. matter makes the penny dull.nA sandwich rotting is a chemical change. The matter in the sandwich breaks down and slowly turns into a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Soft examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Soft is a property. A soft material changes shape when pressed or squeezed.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the cotton towel is softer. If you squeeze cotton fabric, it will change shape..",
-        "Solution: Bis is the capital of South Dakota..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A Japanese is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nHumans do a type of  called a ate. Primkeys, apes are also primates.nA Japanese tree frog is  amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nF are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches.",
-        "Solution: Nashville is the capital of Tennessee..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperativerogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..",
-        "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a passenger airplane is 47 tons.n47 ounces and 47 pounds are both too light..",
-        "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Associationnfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokespersonnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenemphasize that the product is a financially wise choicenanticipate and refute potential counterclaimsnAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathos, or emotion, by citingvoking thea desire of emb responsibilitya..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nIt is snowing in Sam's town today.nThis passage tells you about the precipitation today in Sam's town. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. Tracy went down the slide face-first, like a penguin.nThe words Tracy and penguin are compared using the word like. So, the sentence uses a metaphormile..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. We curious girl looked into the damp cellar is a complete sentence. The subject is the curious girl, and the verb is looked..",
-        "Solution: Look at at the map. Mon on the map show that areas of the area.n of areas on that area the by the Mongol Empire.nThe Mon shows that the Mongol Empire controlled East of of Asia Asia, Southeast Asia, andberia, and Tibet Bal East. ThenThe Mongol Empire controlled not control all Asia or any Asia..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to blow your nose is 5 seconds.n5 minutes is too slow..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A arrowhead is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A arrowhead is  of.nA  from a faucet is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour water from a faucet into a different, the water will take the shape of the container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space.nA stone is a solid. A you open ana book, the can an book of hold the pages of But the book will takes a size of its own.nA stone statue is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If statues are made of solid type more rocks of stone. A piece of rock is a size and shape of its own..",
-        "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Shampoo does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, shampoo is not a mineral..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Group at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The three objects are flexible.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. None  band and yellow, but the rubberpoline and the   are are not.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. None of the objects are fuzzy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is fuzzy..",
-        "Solution: An environment is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A wetland is a type of ecosystem. Wetlands have the following features: land that is covered with water and most of the year, soil that is rich in nutrients, and other water ecosystems nearby. So, the Okavango Delta has soil that is rich in nutrients. It also has other water ecosystems nearby..",
-        "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Jessica investigated whether adding vinegar to salt water affects how quickly steel squares rust. So steel squares soaked in salt water and not get vinegar. So, they were part of a control group..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of yellow particles..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the long-beaked echidna.nThe long-shaped snout helps the long-beaked echidna reach into a burrow. The long, sticky tongue helps it catch the insects.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe brownaardvark has a tube-shaped  and a long, sticky tongue. Its mouth is adapted to geteat insects that live in burrows.nThe brown hyena has a wide,snout. Its mouth is not adapted to get insects out of burrows. The brown hyena uses its mouth to  through meat..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major largest areas of land on earth. This continent is South America..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, give. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A short story should be in quotation marks.nThe correct title is \"Words for Living By.\".",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the phytoplankton.There are two paths matter can take from the phytoplankton to the sea cucumber: phytoplankton->sfin midshipman->sea cucumber. phytoplankton->sooplankton->sfin midshipman->sea cucumber-> phyto are one path matter can take from the phytoplankton to the sea seafish: phytoplankton->sooplankton->plain rockfish. phytoca. There only arrow pointing to the seaca leads from the sea cucumberurr. The only arrow pointing to the sea cucumberurr starts from the sea cucumberurchin. The only arrow pointing to the sea cucumberurchin starts from the seazp. No arrow points to the seakelp. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the phytoplankton to the seaca.. cucumberurchin. There only arrow pointing to the sea cucumberurchin starts from the seakelp. So arrow points to the seakelp. So, in this food web, matter",
-        "Solution: w doesn't belong.nGnicker doesn giggle, and chewchuckle all describe ways to get..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA translucent object has one or more bright colors. The t paintice creambe is colorful colorful.nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. The wet ice cube is translucent..",
-        "Solution: Mammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk. An firerotfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nParrotfish live sharps, feed underwater. water reefs. They use their name from the feather'like shellaksnAn  seal is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nEeals live pers on of. They use their flippers to swim underwater. swim swim on land floor.nA fire salamander is  amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nAre salamanders live live their from their shell. They poison helps protect them from predators.nAn ostrich is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nO ostrich is  largest bird alive today. Itstriches live fly, but they can walk very fast..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that obesity rates are rainforests aren connectedconnected. However, even two ideas aren't related. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a red herring..",
-        "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Svengali is literature.nIn  Washington Maurier's novel,stanby, Svengali is a boysnotist who s his power over the town character of  is  re to control.   think able to control anything.nThe allusion Svengali means a person who authority unpleasantuly strong character over others else..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism your services will no longer be required suggests that the gardener is being fired..",
-        "Solution: This country is thePapua New Guinea..nWhy does Papua New Guinea share its island with another country?nPapua New Guinea takes up the eastern half of the island of New Guinea. The western half is part of Indonesia, an Asian country.nBeginning in the 17 th century, several countries took control of different parts of the island of New Guinea. By 1922, Indonesia controlled the entire eastern half of the island, and the Netherlands controlled the western half. In 1963, control over the western half was transferred to Indonesia, which was just gained independence from the Netherlands. Many people in western New Guinea did not want to become part of Indonesia, though, and some people in western area are still fighting to leave Indonesia today. The eastern part gained independence from Australia in 1975 and became Papua New Guinea..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A top is a fish. Like other fish, a carp is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA tokoala is a mammal. Like other mammals, a koala is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA luna moth is  insect. Like other insects, a luna moth is  invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA toucan is a bird. Like other birds, a toucan is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Idaho is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is madea single independent clause.nDeince 1923, the United States Flag Code has provided advisory rules fordisplaying and handling the U.S. flag",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each runner moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne runner moved 140 kilometers in 10 hours.nThe other runner moved 100 kilometers in 10 hours.nNotice that each runner spent the same amount of time moving. The runner who moved 140 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that runner must have moved at a higher speed..",
-        "Solution: There is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage. At the current price, there are too many picture frames for sale. There are 25 picture for sale, but 18 18 people want to buy one.nSo, there is a surplus of picture frames.. picture supply store has not get any money for the surplus frames frames..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that Jupiter smallest planet is Mercury and that Mercury is made mainly of rock. So, the smallest planet is made mainly of rock..",
-        "Solution: There substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether hydrogen peroxide is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for hydrogen peroxide is H2O2. This formula contains one symbols: H for hydrogen and O for oxygen. So, the formula tells you that hydrogen peroxide is made of one chemical elements",
-        "Solution: Lansing is the capital of Michigan..",
-        "Solution: The Fifth Amendment says that anyone accused of a crime has the right to remain silent. The amendment also says that no person can be put on trial for the same crime more than once... a person on trial for  same crime more is not  opardy.. be  theopardy, to be   of being the that or as  or property.. the United States, the person can be be put on  jeopardy.. of the text of the Fifth Amendment is below. It also mention the word \"double jeopardy\" Inver you think the person means from? The shall  person be put to the same crime repeated be put put in jeopardy. the or deathlimb. nor shall any putapelled to any criminal offense to be putcom part. himself..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A savanna grassland is a type of ecosystem. Savanna grasslands have the following features: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, Serengeti National Park has  summers and warm winters. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Delaware York.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each duck moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each duck moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each duck moved for 5 hours. The duck that moved 260 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that duck must have moved at the highest speed..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The rose plant's observable version of the thorns trait is not having thorns. So, the plant's phenotype for the thorns trait is not having thorns..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the chimpanzee.nThe chimpanzee uses its long limbs to reach branches while climbing. It uses its fingers and toes to grab the branches.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Sumatran orangutan has long limbs with fingers and toes. Its limbs are adapted for climbing trees.nThe okapi has short  thin legslimbs. Its limbs are not adapted for climbing trees. The okapi uses its limbs to walking and running..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the dead leaf mantis.nThe dead leaf mantis has a reddish-brown body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Arcticplated leaf chameleon has dish-brown skins covering its its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color.nThe Arctic wolf has white fur covering its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves..",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A orcas is an animal. It swims in the ocean.nAcas have mammals called ss. have for, other fish. live in the ocean.nA walnut tree is a plant. It has many green leaves.nA buy walnut eat walnut trees. walnut trees. Walnut trees grow called largest's bark.nA lavenderdandelion is a plant. It can grow small yellow flowers.nDandelions can grow foundrolled into distances by the wind..nA lavender bush is a plant. It has many purple flowers.nLavender  a green scent.. plants grow it scent in lavender tobushes to their..",
-        "Solution: Hartford is the capital of Connecticut..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound.complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.nBrenna",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa America..",
-        "Solution: Look at the passage. It tells you how thick fur helps animals in wintertime.nPeople put on winter coats when it's cold outside, and some animals have winter coats, too! They grow extra-thick coats of fur to keep warm in winter. The thick fur traps their body heat and keeps it close to their skin.. wild animals grow winter coats. But so do some cats and dogs. Some",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n An axolotl's scientific name is Ambystoma mexicanum. The first word of its scientific name is Ambystoma.nPython reticulatus is in the genus Python. The first word of its scientific name is Python. So, Python reticulatus and Ambystoma mexicanum are not in the same genus.nAmbystoma opacum is in the genus Ambystoma. The first word of its scientific name is Ambystoma. So, Ambystoma opacum and Ambystoma mexicanum are in the same genus.nTigrisoma mexicanum and Ambystoma mexicanum are not in the same genus..nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Tigrisoma mexicanum and Ambystoma mexicanum have the same species name within their genus, mexicanum. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Tigrisoma mexicanum is",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMixing chocolate syrup into milk is a physical change. The chocolate syrup changes milk make a mixture. But thisa mixture does not form a different type of matter.nStapling an envelope shut is a physical change. The envelope gets the envelope are  shapes. But are still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is older:nThe palm leaf fossil is in a deeper layer in the rock sequence than the crocodile egg fossil. So, the palm leaf fossil is most likely older than the crocodile egg fossil..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: All living things need made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A rabbitecrow is not a living thing.nS rabbitecrow is not have all of traits of a living thing. It does madea like a bear. but it does not grow. It does not need food or water.nAains not a living thing.nRain is not up many, It does plants things survive and it does not need all the traits of a living thing. It does not need or respond food. ItnA rabbit is nota living thing.nRabbits grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water.ts grow made up of many cells.nA scar ice cube is not a living thing.nR rabbit ice cube is be shape It can grow into the water. It it will not need all the traits of a living thing. It does not need food or.",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A helmeted iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nIguanas  usuallya type of lizard. Iguanas eat plants and fruit.nA poison dart frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nPoison dart frogs live in many bright colors. They bright color warns other animals that these frogs are poisonous.",
-        "Solution: This country is Antigua and Barbuda..",
-        "Solution: A chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products. Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to ammonium nitrate in this chemical reaction.nTo help relieve pain during a dental visit, a dentist may give a patient nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide is made in factories by carefully heating ammonium nitrate. At 170\u00b0C, ammonium nitrate breaks down and forms a mixture of nitrous oxide gas and water vapor. After the mixture is collected, the water vapor is separated from the nitrous oxide gas.nThe underlined text tells you that when ammonium nitrate and down, amnitrous oxide is water  formed. When ammonium nitrate reacts in or goes through a chemical change, the atoms are rearranged to form aus oxide. water  Because ammonium nitrate reacts in this chemical reaction, ammonium nitrate is a reactant..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A savanna grassland is a type of ecosystem. Savanna grasslands have the following features: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the following statement describe the Cerrado ecosystem: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has warma smally season and a dry season. It has warm summers and warm winters. The following statement does not describe the Cerrado: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has a small amount of rain..",
-        "Solution: Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes =",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A modar tree is a plant. It has small leaves.nCedar trees grow in the different of the world. They treesdar trees grow in the.nA mole is an animal. It eats insects and worms.nMoles live near in. They",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. Marie went down the slide face-first, like a penguin.nThe words Marie and penguin are compared using the word like. So, the sentence uses a metaphormile..",
-        "Solution: Jaylen wanted broccoli in his lunch and Porter was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nJaylen has tomatoes. Porter has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Group at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA can see clearly through a transparent object. The of the objects are transparent.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. None three objects are rough.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The of the objects are soft.nThe property that all three objects have in common is soft..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is a single independent clause.nPresent took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince sailor is not between the guide words sour - stone, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode! The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nThe hyperbole dinosaurs were still roaming the Earth suggests that Dustin hasn't cleaned his room in a very long time. The also not clean clean his room once of years ago, dinosaurs were..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: This country is theuru..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince impulse is between the guide words illustrate - interrupt, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the golden eagle.nThe golden eagle has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey. The sharp claws can help the golden eagle attack and kill its prey. The long toes can help it hold on to its prey.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe M buzzard has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey.nThe Malayan tapir has large, heavy feet. Its feet are not adapted for grabbing prey. The Malayan tapir uses its feet to walk and run..",
-        "Solution: Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: A at the diagram.  rock sequence. rock-sided towerarrow points the right iss you the the  sequence are relatedarranged in the. the example, you   is the in. younger layer innThe lowersandstone layer is lower than the limestone layer. So",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Indiana York is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The second sentence states a fact.nJackie Robinson played baseball for the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1947 to 1956.nIt can be proved by reading a history book about Jackie Robinson.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nJackie Robinson was the most noteworthy baseball player of the 1940 s and 1950 s.nMost noteworthy shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a baseball player more..",
-        "Solution: Boston is the capital of Massachusetts..",
-        "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 4 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 1 more solute particle on the right side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the right than to the right..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nGlared at him suggests that it bothered Daniel that the essay wasn't finished. The essay was  a person who is bothering Daniel..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince accurate is between the guide words album - avoid, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Primary consumers eat producers. So, in a food web, primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.nThe sea rockfish has an arrow pointing to it from the kelooplankton. The zooplankton is  a producer, So, the black rockfish is not a primary consumer.nThe phytoplankton has not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the phytoplankton is not a primary consumer.nThe orca has an arrow pointing to it from the  urr. The sea urr is not a producer, So, the orca is not a primary consumer.nThe phyto urchin has an arrow pointing to it from the seabilp. The seakelp is nota producer, so the or urchin is a primary consumer.nThe orkelp is has an arrow pointing to it from the kelp. The kelp bass a producer, so the seakelp bass is a primary consumer..",
-        "Solution: A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0.nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Celsius (\u00b0C). Celsius is one scale used to measure temperature.nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.nThere is a Celsius scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 80 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 40\u00b0C. Find the top of the red liquid.nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid lines up with 40 So, the temperature is 40\u00b0C..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.nAs a geneticist, Eliana dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.nAs a geneticist, Eliana enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nArachnids have the following traits:nThey have eight legs.nThey have an exoskeleton.nThey have no antennae.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA femalechina worm has the following traits:nI trichina worm does not have all of the traits of an arachnid. A trichina worm is a worm.nA femalewolf spider has the following traits:nIt has eight legs.nIt has an exoskeleton.nIt has no antennae.nA femalewolf spider has the traits of an arachnid. A wolf spider is  arachnid..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a washing machine is 36 fluidgallons.n36 fluid ounces and 36 cups are both too little..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a car's gas tank is 15 gallons.n15 fluid ounces and 15 cups are both too little..",
-        "Solution: Nashville is the capital of Tennessee..",
-        "Solution: This country is Fiji..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (some things). bring up).nThe second sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of blue particles..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. ThenThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015n To decide which planet is the smallest, look at the volumes shown in the table and compare the exponents. Jupiter's volume has an exponent of 10, which is the smallest. of all the planets.nTheury is made mainly of rock. So, the smallest planet is made mainly of rock..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the spectacled cobra.nThe arightened, the spectacled cobra appears appear out its scarhood to appear large and more dangerous. The a predator is nearby, the spectaclef can help scare it away.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe bearded dragon has d tails on its neck. It uses its neck to appear larger and more dangerous to a predator.nThe green anole has a long neck. It is neck is not adapted to use it appear larger and more dangerous to a predator..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nMaya wants broccoli. Hanson wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A snowy owl is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nSnowy owls live near the,. They though be can feathers! help warm.nA Bang crowned crane is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nCranes havede in shallow water to look for food. Cranes eat plants, worms, and other.nA black howler is a fishmmal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nBlacklerss live sharp. but barkls. They calls help be heard in  miles away.nA blackgai cardinalfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nCardinalfish live live near coral reefs. They dive nocturnal, but means that they are active mostly at night..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Christmas tree worm's scientific name is Spirobranchus giganteus.nSphodromantis viridis does not have the same scientific name as a Christmas tree worm. So, Spirobranchus giganteus and Sphodromantis viridis are not in the same species.nMacropus giganteus does not the same scientific within its genus as a Christmas tree worm. but they are not in the same genus. They do not have the same scientific name as  other. So, Sp organisms are in in the same species.nSphoodnchus giganteus and the same scientific name as a Christmas tree worm. So, these organisms are in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Kurt wants or needs:nKurt will spend some time and money to get the costume..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that we snack's mission are good best, they are real ingredients. However, the are real ingredients are not't necessarily the best. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as  appeal to nature..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! And properties of andesite match the properties of a rock. So, andesite is a rock..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince choke is between the guide words civilian - crank, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.nMrs. Lloyd will bake brownies for dessert, or she will make peach cobbler..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in London, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nChuly has an average monthly precipitation of about 70 millimeters. This is lower than in any other month. So, July has the lowest average precipitation..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to do ten jumping jacks is 18 seconds.n18 hours is too slow..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Texas Hampshire is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough.  objects are smooth.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. BothNeither of the objects are rough.nThe property that both objects have in common is smooth..",
-        "Solution: This country is Grenada..",
-        "Solution: An an environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups.nAn organism is an individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a community.nMultiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community.nMultigether, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem..",
-        "Solution: Animal and animal cells have many parts in common. but they all. Animal is shows some of the differences and differences.nAnimells | Plant cell | Animal cell |ncell wall | animal | yesncell wall | yes | yesncellplasm | yes | yesncytoochondria | yes | yesnnuole | yes | yesnloroplasts | yes | yesnchoecleus | yes | yesnlorosomes | yes | yesnDoink about how animal and animal cells do different.nPlant cells have a nu wall, but animal cells do not. cell wall does plant cells grow warma healthy position. animal cells have not have a nu shape.nCht cells do oplasts, but animal cells do not. Chloplasts are their. helps grow can use to food. Animal cells use make sugar own food..nThe.",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince double is between the guide words dangle - differ, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant.nIn this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables.nThe amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others.nThe number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBaking an apple pie is a chemical change. The type of matter in the pie changes when The apples turn soft and and the crust turns brown.nPlants making food is a chemical change. Plants use energy from sunlight to change air and water into food. food turns then. Sugar is a different type of matter than air or water.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBaking is caused by heating. But plants making food is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: The Second Amendment says that the American people have the right to own weapons. The also not say that men men, the right. The State also to all states, The State text of the Second Amendment is below. The to the text of the not it important to the to have guns right to own weapons? The person-armed weapon is the  for protect militia of thea country country, is right to the people to have guns use arms, and not be violatefringed upon The",
-        "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether building a deck is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs building a deck something you can touch? Yes.nIs building a deck a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, building a deck is a service..",
-        "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. A bubble map uses colors to show the that are related to This bubble map shows information about different kinds of marsupials. ItnThisoalas are  connected to. the day. This informations you that koalas sleep during the day..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a pen is 18 millimeters.n18 millimeters, too short. 18 meters and 18 kilometers are too long..",
-        "Solution: People around the world live in three main kinds of places: urban areas, suburban areas, and rural areas.nAn urban area is a city. It has many people and businesses. The buildings are close to each other. The buildings are often tall and have many floors. The there are so many people, traffic is usually bad. People will walk or take the bus, train, or subway to avoid traffic.nA rural area, or suburb, is near a city. It is quieter and less crowded than an urban area. People usually live in houses with houses. Most people drive to get places.nA rural area is less crowded than an urban and rural areas. Peoples are much less spread out. People usually live to drive to get places. People in rural areas often live on farms or ranches.nA places, like farms towns, are't really fit into any of the types. A small town does not have as many people as  urban area. so it has more people than a rural area. It is not close a city. so it is not close a suburb.. areas have more less traffic. People are many't many many people as businesses in rural areas. People",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Benedict Arnold is.S. history.nInenedict Arnold was  American poet in ly triedescapedd the British in World Civil Revolution.nThe allusion Benedict Arnold means a personor who.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs tidy as an overgrown garden shows verbal irony because an overgrown garden is not tidy..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a bathtub is 335 millliters.n335 milliliters is too little..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince clatter is between the guide words cinder - couple, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the polar bear.nThe polar bear has thick with thick fur covering top and a thick layer of fat underneath it. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The polar bear uses its fur to fat to keep warm in cold weather.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe hairy owl has skina thick coat of feathers covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.nThe hairy armadillo has hairs covering its of its skin. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places..",
-        "Solution: Pierre is the capital of South Dakota..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents the compound siliconboroite.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms that and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether silicon carbide is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that silicon carbide is composed of two atoms and silicon atoms bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that silicon carbide is composed of two chemical elements: carbon and silicon. Since silicon carbide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, silicon carbide is a compound..",
-        "Solution: Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce sugars and oxygen.nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Producer producers make their own food, they typically do not eat other organisms.nTheir cells contain chloroplasts, which are cell structures where photosynthesis occurs.nTheir chloroplasts often contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll captures light energy from the sun to power photosynthesis.nThey use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides energy that helps the organisms live, grow, and reproduce. This organism is photosynthetic:nThe text tells you that Racomitrium lanuginosum moss uses contain chlorophyll. This is evidence that thecomitrium lanuginosum moss is photosa photosynthetic organism.nThis organism is not photosynthetic:nThe text does not provide evidence that the moss istis is photosynthetic..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A baseball is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If you put a baseball, a bat, the baseball will still have a size and shape of its own.nA air from a hair dryer is a liquid. A gas expands to fill a space. A gas dryer will a size to blow air air out of If air air leak the hair dryer, the air wills to fill a space larger space.nA air in a waterfall is a liquid. A liquid takes change shape. If the will takes up the same amount of space.  in out thea waterfall, the air will shape. ButnA baseball is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If  pull on a chair, the will its shape..",
-        "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a hiking trail is 2 kilometers.n2 centimeters is too short..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.nMarcy couldn't tolerate the nauseous odor emanating from the landfill, so she rolled up her car windows as she drove past.nThe first text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.nThe odor emanating from the landfill made Marcy so nauseous that she had to roll up the car windows as she drove past.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to bake lasagna in the oven is 44 minutes.n44 hours is too slow..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nDull roar is a contradiction, because dull is something thatlld sounds unpleasantness and roar loudroar is loud..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The four objects are slippery.nA flexible object will not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The ice cu rink and hard, but the  and is the, and the  are not.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The ice hockey rink is flexible flexible.nThe property that all four objects have in common is slippery..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a fire truck is 16 tons.n16 ounces and 16 pounds are both too light..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Erik wants or needs:nErik will give up the chance to look at the birch tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the tulips..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town. The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe metaphor the only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career suggests that there was a benefit to Quincy's job loss. A light would be beneficial in helping someone escape a dark, difficult-to-navigate situation. Similarly, Quincy's new career was beneficial in helping him escape the emotionally difficult experience of losing his job..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: This country is Toiji..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the stroller that is heavier.nA stroller with a kid that weighs 29 pounds is heavier than a stroller holding a kid that weighs 22 pounds. So, the stroller holding the kid that weighs 29 pounds needs  be pushed with a larger force to start moving at at the same speed as the other stroll stroller..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Ms. Weber is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The equator is the line at 0\u00b0 latitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect North or North America..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Des Moines is the capital of Iowa..",
-        "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether a banana is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs a banana something you can touch? Yes.nIs a banana a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, a banana is a good..",
-        "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A other mammalstarantulas, a red-kneed tarantula does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.nA green toad is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a green toad does a backbone..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses contractional language (real quick).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A clownfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nC helmeted iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nOf a certain age is an indirect way generally more polite way of referring to older people..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the earthworm.TherenThe arrows point from the short to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the short to the earthworm. is two paths matter can take from the short-sedge to the earthworm: bear sedge->en mming->erctic les->earthworm. mushroom sedge->en lemming->ee- mountainfoxl.earthworm. mushroom sedge->en lemming->esolitic sperger.e-tmm fox.earthworm. mushroom are three paths matter can take from the bearhawkberry to the earthworm: bilberry->musrctic fox->Earthworm. mushroomNeitherberry->musn lemming->blackrctic fox->Earthworm. mushroomNeitherberry->musn lemming->grihorty foxl.griarthworm. mushroombilberry->sn lemming->grisitic eger.gri-tgged fox->griarthworm.  are one path matter can take from the short",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each bowhead whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne bowhead whale moved 80 kilometers in 10 hours.nThe other bowhead whale moved 45 kilometers in 10 hours.nNotice that each bowhead whale spent the same amount of time moving. The bowhead whale that moved 80 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that bowhead whale must have moved at a higher speed..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a passenger helicopter is 2 tons.n2 ounces and 2 pounds are both too light..",
-        "Solution: This state is Alabama..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties at the object.nThink about each property.nAugar has a sweet taste. The zel is sweet sweet.nA bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. The pretzel is bumpy..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Peridotite does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, peridotite is not a mineral..",
-        "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for nickelpyrite contains two symbols: F, Fe and Na for chlorine. So, pyrite is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, pyrite is a compound",
-        "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Carassius auratus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.nCarassius auratus is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that goldfish is the common name..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allidiom, an expression in cannot be understood literally.nD dime a dozen shows..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the friend who is heavier.nA friend who weighs 25 pounds is heavier than a friend who weighs 24 pounds. So, to move the wagon at the same speed each time, Logan needs to use a larger force to start moving the wagon with a friend who weighs 25 pounds..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts Hampshire.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to make sugars and oxygen.nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. These producers make their own food, they often do not eat other organisms.nTheir cells contain chloroplasts, which are cell structures where photosynthesis occurs.nTheir chloroplasts often contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll captures light energy from the Sun to power photosynthesis.nThey use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides energy that helps the organisms live, grow, and reproduce. This organism is photosynthetic:nThe text tells you that leaf kelp is producers in use carbon dioxide and water to make food inside This is evidence that the  kelp is photosa photosynthetic organism.nThe organism is not photosynthetic:nThe text does not provide evidence that the leafy sea dragon is photosynthetic..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A human is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nAmans are a type of  called a ate. Primkeys, apes are also primates.nA green tree frog is  amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nT are many kinds of tree frogs. Tree tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches.",
-        "Solution: This country is Dominic and Tobago..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the cart that is heavier.nA cart holding 5062 pounds is heavier than a cart holding 50 pounds. So, the cart holding 62 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other cart..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three meatballs have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 53\u00b0C meatball is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The scro is not.nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. The velcro is colorful colorful..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince dad is not between the guide words degree - doll, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to brush your teeth is 2 seconds.n2 seconds is too slow..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince back is between the guide words book - bulletin, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion spartan is Shakespeare history.nSoldiers from the city of Sparta in ancient Greece were known for their self-restraint and self-discipline, and indifference to luxury.nThe allusion spartan means simple and imtere..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Duncan wants or needs:nDuncan will give up the chance to be in the Theater Club. He would have had more fun in the Theater Club than in the Photography Club..",
-        "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..",
-        "Solution: Rare,'t belong.nSome descriptionss, though, or often don describe things things something happens.",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a bench is 11 inches.n11 inches is too short. 11 yards and 11 miles are too long..",
-        "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to paths, or reason. It uses logica logo to display informationual analysis..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince reducerobber is between the guide words riddle - rye, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with yellow pods or green pods, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the pod color trait. The question tells you that the d allele, which is for yellow pods, is recessive to the D allele, which is for green pods.nYellow pods is the dominantssive allele's version of the pod color trait. A pea plant with the recessive version of the pod color trait must have only recessive alleles for the pod color gene. So, offspring with yellow pods must have the genotype DDd.nAll are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype dd",
-        "Solution: Concord is the capital of New Hampshire..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The four objects are soft.nA shiny has a sour taste. The ice marshmallow is not sour.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. The melted marshmallow is the meltedprin, and the melted marshmallow are not shiny.nThe property that all four objects have in common is shiny..",
-        "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. Ming something has a more negative connotation. M you whispermutter about something, you whisper about it.  argument way unpleasant way..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA aphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nTake him years to finish is an exaggeration, since it probably does not take him entire years to fetch coffee..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Job is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Job is faithful to faithful to his, even after  deathjust loss of his possessions, including, and friends.nThe allusion Job means someone who lovesly s theadversity..",
-        "Solution: Seed plants have flowers. These plants can use their flowers to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do plants use their flowers to reproduce?nFirst, the male part of the flower makes pollen, and the female part makes eggs. Animals, wind, or water can move pollen. Pollination is what happens when pollen is moved to the female part of the flower.nAfter pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with the eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds. The seeds grows around the seeds. The, a seed can fall out of the fruit. It can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. Seeds can be many or small. can seed can big.nSds can be many shapes shapes, They seeds seeds are black and thin. TheynTheds can be black round one size. They mapleberrieslyachesos are very. white.",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of pink particles..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince mission is between the guide words mechanic - monk, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The muskmelon plant has two alleles for sweet fruit (f). So, the plant's genotype for the fruit taste gene is ff..",
-        "Solution: This state is Pennsylvania Jersey..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. LooknSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the box.nThe box box is made of two different materials. The rest is made of metal. and the rests are made..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the Arctic hare.nDuring the winter, the Arctic hare has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The Arctic hare uses its fur to keep warm in cold weather.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nDuring the winter, the caribou has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.nThe scarlet snake has thin skins covering its skin. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places..",
-        "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is older:nThe fern fossil is in a deeper layer in the rock sequence than the crocodile egg fossil. So, the fern fossil is most likely older than the ferncodile egg fossil..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince oughtoh is between the guide words oar - orphan, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two mugs of cider have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 40\u00b0C mug of cider is hotter than the 30\u00b0C mug of cider, it has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The hiker pulls the litter up off of the ground. The direction of the pull is away her hand..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Arctic Ocean..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The diver of Earth's gravity pulls the diver downward into The diver of the pull is toward the center of Earth..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nBert noticed that the wind was blowing in from the ocean this afternoon.nThis passage tells you about the wind direction Bert Bert was this afternoon. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A card frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.nA cardinalfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nCardinalfish live live near coral reefs. They dive nocturnal, which means that they are active mostly at night..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Our think an apron it keeps my dress clean is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: We wear an apron and I keeps my dress clean..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties at the object.nThink about each property.nA hard object changes shape when  squeeze it. The  is soft.nA hard object keeps its shape when you squeeze it. The dress is hard hard..",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nTearing a piece of paper is a physical change. The paper tears into pieces. But each piece is still made of paper.nStapling an envelope shut is a physical change. The envelope gets the envelope are  shape. But are still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA sticky object can stick to other things. BothNeither of the objects are sticky.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. Both objects are blue.nThe property that both objects have in common is blue..",
-        "Solution: This country is Grenada..",
-        "Solution: This country is the Federated States of Micronesia..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nMonica wants broccoli. Diana wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the sturgeon.nThe sturgeon's mouth is located on the underside of its head and points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding. The sturgeon uses its mouth to find food hidden in the sediment of the bottom of the, lakes, and the ocean.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe bat ray's mouth is located on the underside of its head and Its mouth points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding.nThe emperor angelfish's mouth is not located on the underside of its head. Its mouth is not adapted for bottom feeding. The",
-        "Solution: Diana wanted broccoli in her lunch and Gabby was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nDiana has tomatoes. Gabby has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Mr. Vincent is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Reba has many responsibilities. A you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is a single independent clause.nManand took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of an ice skate is 12 inches.n12 feet, 12 yards, and 12 miles are all too long..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. When printing press made inventeda new technology that As made copy copy of copying books faster and easier. So, copy supply of books went up after.",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could used without its antecedent.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Theym has been replaced with the officers.nWhen Maria called the officers at the bank, she learned that her checking account was overdrawn..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: The city is San Antonio, California. Chicago, San York City, and San Antonio are marked with gray circles on the map below..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.nThe pond has frozen over, so Nellie will go ice skating..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince boulder is not the guide words bike - bridge, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that my speaker's father doesn to speaker' spend spending time with friends. However, the misrepresents the speaker's position. This speaker's father doesn wants him speaker to help time time around his chores. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two oranges are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter orange has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties at the object.nThink about each property.nA stretch object feels scratchy when you touch it. The  is not.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The pineapple is stretch stretchy..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the short-tailed weasel.nDuring the winter, the short-tailed weasel has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nDuring the winter, the Arctic fox has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.nThe screech owl has white- brown patchess covering its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in the snow..",
-        "Solution: ouflage and the the in an animal looks dressed to see. it blend like other surroundings. Other example, the animals and like  on while that blend hard at from predators. Other",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Sacramento is the capital of California the state government meets there is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Sacramento is the capital of California the the state government meets there..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Megan or Carly.nWhen Megan ran into Carly at the post office, she smiled and said hello.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nMegagan smiled and said hello when she ran into Carly at the post office..",
-        "Solution: This country is Samoa..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each pizza decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each pizza decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each pizza to the surroundings..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a water pitcher is 11 cups.n11 fluid ounces is too little and 11 gallons is too much..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a can of soda pop is 345 milliliters.n345 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: Charleston is the capital of West Virginia..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is nota run-on sentence. It is formed from two sentences run together, joined without punctuation.nThe first car that Mr. Castro bought is still the most precious in his collection it's a 1971 Chevrolet Chevelle..nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:nThe first car that Mr. Castro bought is still the most precious in his collection it it'",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A black howler's scientific name is Alouatta caraya.nOvis orientalis does not have the same scientific name as a black howler. So, Alouatta caraya and Ovis orientalis are not in the same species.nOvis canadensis does not have the same scientific name as a black howler. So, Alouatta caraya and Ovis orientaladensis are not in the same species.nAlouatta caraya has the same scientific name as a black howler. So, these organisms are in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words back and back rhyme. They both end with the a sound.nThe word back does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Group at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA is a color.nThis color is blue. All of the objects are blue.nSugar has a sweet taste. None three objects are sweet.nA lemon has a sour taste. None of the objects are sour.nThe property that all three objects have in common is..",
-        "Solution: Trenton is the capital of New Jersey..",
-        "Solution: This country is Australia Zealand..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Look refers to how close measured are to each other. thea regular's-eye, ora bull of dar dartss that not hit in each target spot. So",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a bottle of hair spray is 10 fluid ounces.n10 cups and 10 gallons are both too much..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.nSusan finished her book, but she got two more from the library..",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second confirmation text message is more formal. It usess beingbreviations (  1/). and, ). Jan, and sounds more inThank 10.",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Amy or Amy.nAmy asked Annie to make a flourless chocolate cake for their book club meeting because she has a gluten allergy.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nAcause Annie has a gluten allergy, Amy asked her to make a flourless chocolate cake for their book club meeting..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have ana hard outer cover on their body called Other invertebrates have a soft body. A other spiders,  orb weaver is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has ana hard outer cover.nA cat is a mammal. Like other mammals, a cat is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the short-tailed weasel.nDuring the winter, the short-tailed weasel has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nDuring polar bear has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.nThe porcupine has white andand-white furs covering its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in the snow..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Bullseye's observable version of the fur color trait is brown fur. So, Bullseye's phenotype for the fur color trait is brown fur..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince accuse is not between the guide words another - away, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Saint Paul is the capital of Minnesota..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion to an ark suggests that Christine thinks the storm will cause major flooding. In the Bible, it rains for forty days and forty nights; Noah, his family, and animals of every species survive the great flood in an ark that he builds..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Idaho is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The second sentence states a fact.nThe United States government can collect taxes.nIt can be proved by reading up a map of tax employees.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nPeople are taxed too much.nToo much shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how is of tax is too much..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, raise. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. The four objects are fragile.nA transparent opaque object does not let light through. The   is opaque, but the glassicecle is the, and the  cup not.nA cannot see clearly through a transparent object. The ceramic, the glass are not, but the glass plate is not.nThe property that all four objects have in common is fragile..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that 7 out of the five planets are made mainly of rock. So, four-four of or 25%, of the planets are made mainly of rock..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nH skull is not a mineral substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nH, a skull is not a mineral.nHartrtz is a mineral.nHornblende is a mineral.",
-        "Solution: Concord is the capital of New Hampshire..",
-        "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..",
-        "Solution: This country is the Marshall Islands.nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Wyoming is farthest south..",
-        "Solution: Tell doesn't belong.nSry tell tell, and tell all tell actions to tell.oud..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nKevin wants broccoli. Aaliyah wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. Living things use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives.nAll living things sense changes in the world around them. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A streetspruce tree is a living thing.nSingce trees grow and respond to the world around them. They need food and water.nSuce trees grow plants. They make their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight.nA street lamp is not a living thing.nStraet lamps do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to the world around them. They do not need food or water.",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two bath towels are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter bath towel has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperativerogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, but it ends with a period. It is ana declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hypera euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nLet go is an indirect way generally indirectlite way of saying let employees.",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a paper drinking cup is 150 milliliters.n150 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a garden snail is 35 millimeters.n35 centimeters, 35 meters are both too long..",
-        "Solution: Holi celebrates the beginning of the.. beginning is place on the weeks. the spring and early March. the, the can invited about the holiday and food colors of are from spring.",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words for is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is Bad Kitty for President..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A wombat is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nWombats live sharp claws. their to feet. They use their claws to hold holes holes. burrows.nA barn owl is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nWn owls live near the continent except Antarctica.nA flamingo is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nFlamingos live near groups groups. A groups are called groupss.nA wo ocean sunfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nOcean sunfish have s large, and,s. They can swim underwater swim ocean tos surface to hunt and water water.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A hedgey car is not a living thing.nTo you toy car is not up, it will grow over. But ity cars do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or They do not need food or water.nA crayon maze is nota living thing.nHedge mazes do and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Ferredge mazes grow made up of many cells.nAedge mazes grow made up manys, They make their hedges and pieces and they.a hedgeze, ButnA crayonis wheel is not a living thing.nF crayonis wheel does not have all of traits of a living thing. It does in thea different, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water.nA crayon is not a living thing.nCrayons do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water..",
-        "Solution: Dover is the capital of Delaware..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.nImpossible to put down means that the book is so good that it is hard to stop reading. The phrase impossible to put down is also a joke about anti-gravity, if gravity pulls things down, then anti-gravity does the opposite and makes them impossible to put down..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (some things). bring up).nThe second sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince shower is not the guide words seven - strange, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince scooter is not between the guide words shop - swept, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A go crocodile is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nA gorilla is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion We're not in Kansas anymore is a poem.nIn  movie27 movie The Wizard of Oz,  and a young boy boy from Kansas, finds herself in Kansas,  unfamiliar place that is like like her home. says, her dog, \"I be, we'm beena feeling that're not in Kansas anymore.\"nThe allusion We're not in Kansas anymore means're not Kansas unfamiliar place..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the common swift.nThe short, thin beak is light and easy to move. The common swift uses its beak to grab fast-moving insects while flying.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe hanging swallow has a short, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to catch insects.nThe hanging parrot has a short hooked beak. Its beak is not adapted to catch insects. The hanging parrot uses its beak to eat small and seeds..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A tawny owl's scientific name is Strix aluco. The first word of its scientific name is Strix.nGoura cristata is in the genus Goura. The first word of its scientific name is Goura. So, Goura cristata and Strix aluco are not in the same genus.nC organism and the tawny owl are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Strix aluco.nCyanocitta cristata is in the genus Cyanocitta. The first word of its scientific name is Cyanocitta. So, Cyanocitta cristata and Strix aluco are not in the same genus.",
-        "Solution: Nashville is the capital of Tennessee..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The second sentence states a fact.nP thousands of years, the natives of Greenland used kayaks for hunting and fishing.nIt can be proved by reading a history about kayakland..nThe first sentence states an opinion.nPaddling a kayak down a river is the most unforgettable experience.nMost unforgettable shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes experience is unforgettable..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.nLara's little brother looked a little  after eating mounds of candy and then going on the nauseous rides at the state fair.nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.nLara's little brother looked a little nauseous after eating mounds of candy and then going on the dizzying rides at the state fair.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: The a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words in is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is \"The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing.\".",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Krysta doesn't have school spirit, because she doesn't go to football games. However, even may be a number of reasons why Krysta doesn't go to football games. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ana false dichotomy..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the plastic is more flexible. If you bend a piece of plastic, it will not break..",
-        "Solution: Chemical is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBleaching clothes is a chemical change. The typeings with oxygen brownash and the skin. But  forms the colordissolved of  colors of matter. was away..nA piece of apple turning brown is a chemical change. The apple reacts with oxygen in the air and turns into a different type of matter.nA you scrape off the brown part of the apple, the inside will still white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change has't happen to that part of the apple.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused",
-        "Solution: Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA can see clearly through a transparent object. None t  of we is transparent transparent.nA slipperybouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. All wet bar of soap is the weiceello are not bouncy.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. All three objects are slippery.nThe property that all three objects have in common is slippery..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The Channel catfish's observable version of the body color trait is a brown body. So, the catfish's phenotype for the body color trait is a brown body..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the bear sedge.TherenTheows point from the collargrizzly bear. the polarberry. the n-ground caribou. There only arrow pointing to the collarn-ground caribou starts from the bil. No arrow points to the bil. the barrelichenberry. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bear sedge to the collargrizzly bear..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nIguazu Falls is one of the largest waterfalls in the world. It is located in South America. Low rainfall in 1978 caused the falls to run dry that year.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the precipit of precipitation that fell on Iguazu Falls in 1978. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the hawfinch.nThe hawfinch has a short, thick beak. Its beak is adapted to crack hard seeds. The hawfinch uses its short, thick beak to crack down on thea seed and crack open its hard shell.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe Asian golden weaver has a short, thick beak. Its beak is adapted to crack hard seeds.nThe common swift has a short, thick beak. Its beak is not adapted to crack hard seeds. The common swift uses its beak to eat insects and small small,vertebrates..",
-        "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that the the eight planets, eight are made mainly of gas and one are made mainly of ice. So, one of the eight planet or half, of the planets are made mainly of gas or ice..",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A maplembat is an animal. It eats plants.nWombbats live  claws. They use their claws to push intos. rows.nA maple tree is a plant. It has star-shaped leaves.nMaple trees grow  flowers. the spring and summer.. the fall, the leaves turn brown, green, or brown.",
-        "Solution: This state is Illinois..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the lichen.TherenThe arrows to the  sedge. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the lichen to the  sedge. There",
-        "Solution: Some adults picture and the text tell you about the traits of African wild dogs. with the text.nAfrica two wild dogs have four and white, and gray fur. The have have  legs. have wings.nA, look the text carefully the wild dogs. ThenThen wild dogs have in groups called packs. Between 3 and 20 adult African wild dogs live together in a pack..nA wild wild dogs have not in packs called They they group do not all up of all of other..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. LooknSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the door.nThe door is made of two different materials. The hinge is the door is made of wood. The rest is is made of metal.nW all doors are made of wood.. hinge is thea door is be made of metal. wood wood..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.nAn avid reader, Philip attends weekly book club meetings, and he",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Senator Fischer hates children because because she wants to cut education funding. However, even fact that Senator Fischer wants to cut education funding doesn't necessarily suggest that she hates children. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Cina Cinderella is is Romana fairy tale.nIn fairy Cinderella'  the fairy tale Cin Cin fairy name, iss  a fairyfuld person unpleasant person woman into  fairy' thea child.nThe allusion Cina Cinderella means is a person change in power. hardship..",
-        "Solution: This country is The Bahamas..",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. An orange tree is a plant. It can grow fruit.nOrange trees grow in the places warm places. They can use used by water,.nAn orangecas is  animal. It swims in the ocean.nAcas live animals called ss.. have for for other animals. live in the ocean..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Mars famous group will sing here on Saturday is a complete sentence. The subject is Marsa famous group, and the verb is sing...",
-        "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 4 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 1 more solute particle on the right side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the right than to the right..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. ThenThe correct title is The Elephant Man..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n An agile wallaby's scientific name is Macropus agilis. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus.nHyla cinerea is in the genus Hyla. The first word of its scientific name is Hyla. So, Hyla cinerea and Macropus agilis are not in the same genus.nLacerta agilis and Macropus agilis are not in the same genus.nMac organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Lacerta agilis and Macropus agilis have the same species name within their genus, agilis. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Lacerta agilis is in the genus Lacerta, and Macropus agilis is in the genus Macropus.nMac organism and the agile wallaby are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Macropus agilis..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles..",
-        "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. ScientistnA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in London, look at the graph.nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jv\" is incorrect.nChuly has an average monthly precipitation of about 70 millimeters. This is lower than in any other month. So, May has the lowest average precipitation..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince since is not the guide words serape - spice, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: This country is Trinidad and Tobago..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A green tree frog's scientific name is Hyla cinerea. The first word of its scientific name is Hyla.nStr organism and the green tree frog are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Hyla cinerea.nArdea cinerea and Hyla cinerea are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Ardea cinerea and Hyla cinerea have the same species name within their genus, cinerea. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Ardea cinerea is in the genus Ardea, and Hyla cinerea is in the genus Hyla.nStrix aluco is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix aluco and Hyla cinerea are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction if.nIf we hike Bright Angel Trail in the Grand Canyon, we won't see Mooney Falls..",
-        "Solution: This state is Montana..",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A bisar tree is a plant. It has green leaves.nPhd pear trees grow in the. but America, and Asia.nA bison is an animal. It eats mostly grass.nBissons live live their bislimbs to bite themselves against",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a metaphor:nMr. Casey's legs legs were sunflower stalks.nThe words legs and sunflower stalks are compared using the word like or as.nThis sentence uses a simile:nMr. Casey's legs were as long as sunflower stalks.nThe words legs and sunflower stalks are compared without the word as..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A white stork is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nStorks livede in shallow water to look for food. Storks eat fish, fish, andworms, and other small animals.nA great white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nGreat white sharks live live in up to 70 years!.",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Iowa is farthest east..",
-        "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Martina investigated whether addinging air plants withs how height. So, the plants that were soaked in water and sprayed were part of an experimental group.nThe plants that were only soaked in water did not soakedprayed. So, they were not part of an experimental group..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Devon has many responsibilities.  you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Rachel has many responsibilities. A you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.nThe Livingston Daily Mail was forced to issue a retraction after printing a factoid about Livingston's founder. It turned out that the reporter had written the article based on local legend rather than researching the actual history.nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.nA reporter for the Livingston Daily Mail dug up an amusing factoid about Livingston's founder while researching for an article about the town's early years.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. On that winter morning, Brittany's hands were as cold as ice.nThe words hands and ice are compared using the word as. So, the sentence uses a metaphormile..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince persuade is between between the guide words prey - punch, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Over the summer, my cousin Reba visited many times is a complete sentence. The subject is over cousin Reba, and the verb is visited..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the citizens or the competent city council members.nThe citizens of Oakland have elected several competent city council members, but the mayor's office has prevented them from significantly influencing policy.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nSeveral competent city council members have been elected in Oakland, but the mayor's office has prevented the council members from significantly influencing policy..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses  idiom (in serious water).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the idiom, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North America..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **In an Old House**..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA piece of pizza rotting is a chemical change. The type in the pizza breaks down and slowly turns into a different type of matter.nCooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked eggs and raw eggs are different of the types of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nCooking an caused by heating. But a piece of pizza rotting is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Evidence is information that tells you something happened.nHow do you look for evidence of a change to Earth's surface?nThere are many ways to find evidence of a change to Earth's surface. One way is to look at a picture that was taken after the change.nHere are some examples of what the evidence for different changes might be:nCause of the change | Evidence of the changenearthquake | cracks in the ground; houses with broken walls and roofsnvolcanic eruption | melted rock on Earth's surface; smoke coming out of a hole in the groundnerosion | a canyon with a river flowing through it; a river carrying sand and mudnBe careful when you are looking for evidence!nA picture of Earth's surface can contain a lot of information. Some of that information might be evidence of a change to the surface, but some of it is not!nFor example, a picture taken after an earthquake might show a blue sky. But the color of the sky is not evidence of an earthquake. So, that information is not evidence that an earthquake happened.n.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nPut their dog to sleep is ana po indirect way of saying that the dog put their dog..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Valeria, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Valeria down with a force of 600 N.nThe seat of the cart is pushing Valeria up with a force of 1,200 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Valeria..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A black-tailed jackrabbit's scientific name is Lepus californicus.nSpus californicus has the same scientific name as a black-tailed jackrabbit. So, these organisms are in the same species.nErinaceus europaeus does not have the same scientific name as a black-tailed jackrabbit. So, Lepus californicus and Erinaceus europaeus are not in the same species.nSciurus vulgaris does not have the same scientific name as a black-tailed jackrabbit. So, Lepus californicus and Sciurus vulgaris are not in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that the four largest planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Jupiter and Saturn are made mainly of gas. Soanus and Neptune are made mainly of rockice. So, of the four largest planets, only are made mainly of gas..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. LooknSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the coat.nThe coat is made of two different. The rest are made of metal. rest of the coat is made of wood..nPood is from the coat coat.. wool. The, thea coat  the sheep's hairs and The fur,  sheep coat made into.. yarn is be dyed with painted to make..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA aphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nDownsizing is an indirect way of saying that the company is planning on firing employees, closing shops or branches, and/or reducing its budget..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. FactnThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The second sentence states a fact.nSome mosquitoes carry germs that can cause diseases like yellow fever.nIt can be proved by looking a website about mosquitoe.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nThe worst diseases are spread to humans by mosquitoes.nTheorst shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes worst diseases are spread.",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. LooknSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the coat.nThe coat is made of two different. The rest is made of metal and The rest of the coat is made of wool..nWool is from the  fabric. and wool. The, thea sheep uses the sheep's wools and The fur,  sheep is  into.. yarn is be dyed with baked to make..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A grayflamingo is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nAlamingos live near the groups. A groups are called groupss.nA gray tree frog is  amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nT are many kinds of tree frogs. A tree frogs lay very small. They can walk on thin branches.",
-        "Solution: Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:nThey are solid.nThey are formed in nature.nThey are not made by living things.nThey are not pure substances. Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.nStehyolite is a rock.nSteel is made in a factory. But all rocks are formed in nature.nSo, steel is not a rock.nSteabbbbro is a rock..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Looking objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. All of the objects are smooth.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. All of the objects are slippery.nA slipperyy object is rough and itchy against your skin. All three objects are scratchy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is smoothy..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nNanosmi wants broccoli. Emilia wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Susan's bedroom is neat she puts everything away is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Susan's bedroom is neat and She puts everything away..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nY scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The  star the cornb is scratch scratchy.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. The corn on the cob is yellow..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Professor Powell's research isntrustworthy because another else at her university was caught falsifying data. However, this isn't necessarily true. This researcher of one researcher at a university do not necessarily reflect the practices of another researcher at the same university. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. The s in soda are  with bubble dioxide.. But dioxide gas iss out to fill a space.nThed is iss  the space in the balloons. But you bubbles are out the top of the balloon, the bubble dioxide will still into fill a space larger space..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Nevada is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between Sanjay and the center of Earth changed.nThe summit of the mountain was higher than the point where Sanjay started hiking. As he hiked toward the summit, the distance between Sanjay and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Sanjay and Earth increased as he hiked toward the summit..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the bearded dragon.nThe arightened, the bearded dragon appears spread its its scarhood to appear large and more dangerous. The a predator is nearby, the bearlace can help scare it away.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe spectacled cobra has a largelace around its neck. It uses its neck to appear larger and more dangerous to a predator.nThe lace monitor has a small neck. It can neck is not adapted to help it appear larger and more dangerous to a predator..",
-        "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..",
-        "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..",
-        "Solution: Montpelier is the capital of Vermont..",
-        "Solution: Every substance around you is made up of atoms. Atoms can link together to form molecules. The links between atoms in a molecule are called chemical bonds. Different molecules are made up of different chemical elements, or types of atoms, bonded together.nScientists use both ball-and-stick models and chemical formulas to represent molecules.nA ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below.nThe balls represent atoms. The sticks represent the chemical bonds between the atoms. BallnNotice how each ball is labeled with a symbol made of one or more letters. The symbol is an abbreviation for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, that symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, it is one capital letter followed by one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element boron is B and the symbol for the element chlorine is Cl.nThe molecule shown above has one boron atom and three chlorine atoms. A chemical bond links each chlorine atom to the boron atom.nThe chemical formula for a molecule contains the symbol for each chemical element in the molecule. Many chemical formulas use subscripts. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text.nIn chemical formulas, the subscripts are numbers. The subscript is always written after the symbol for an element. The subscript tells you how many atoms that symbol represents. If there symbol represents just one atom, then no subscript is included.nThe symbols in the chemical formula for a molecule match the symbols in the ball-and-stick model for that molecule. The ball-and-stick model shown before and the chemical formula shown above represent the same substance. H is the symbol for hydrogen. According is the symbol for oxygen. According ball-and-stick model shows a molecule with one hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atoms.nThe chemical formula shown contain the symbols H and O. There is three hydrogen atoms, so H will not a subscript of 2. This is two oxygen atoms. so O will have a subscript of 2. There",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Hazel wants or needs:nHazel will give up the chance to watch the movie that she is more excited about..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana..",
-        "Solution: Elevation is the height of a location compared to sea level. Ele height are the text below to the surrounding below So, the sames of the mountains are at thea lower elevation than the valley below..",
-        "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A televisionis wheel is not a living thing.nA televisionis wheel does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does around thea different. but it does not grow. It does not need food or water.nA pebble is not a living thing.nCebbles do not have all the the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nAabbages is a field is nota living thing.nCarabbage grows a field is and responds to the environment. They does food and water. does made up of many cells.nAabbage grows grow and respond. But need food and water..bage is grow their, carbon, and water from sunlight to grow food.nA television is not a living thing.nTV television does not have all the traits of a living thing. It doess to the world around it. but it does not need. It does not need food or water..",
-        "Solution: Sarah wanted broccoli in her lunch and Dave was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nSarah has tomatoes. Dave has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words but is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is No Time but Now..",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, Masoala National Park has year-round rain. It also has many different types of organisms..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Antarctic..",
-        "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..",
-        "Solution: Annapolis is the capital of Maryland..",
-        "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Connecticut York.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nTara wants broccoli. Jeremiah wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the nylon shorts are more flexible. If you fold nylon,, it will not break..",
-        "Solution: Tallahassee is the capital of Florida..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that people clothing will lead to a higher payingpaying job. However, even doesns not necessarily true. This example, people people a higher-paying job will not to to get more expensive clothes. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether ethane is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that a molecule of ethane is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atoms bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that ethane is composed of two chemical elements: hydrogen and carbon. Since ethane is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, ethane is a compound..",
-        "Solution: Look at the passage. It tells you why young Mae looked at the stars.nMae Jemison always wanted to go to space. As a child, she looked at the stars and dreamed of flying there. She also liked to read books about stars, planets, and space..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Dry ice sub sub water dioxide molecules When dry ice cool cold, it changes state and becomes  dioxide gas. The change of state is such solid to gas, is called sublimation.nDry ice sub a gas is a chemical change. As change of state is not form a different type of matter..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. My little brother is as sweet as pie.nThe words brother and pie are compared using the word as. So, the sentence uses a metaphormile..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. The air moving through a trombone is a solid. A gas expands to fill a space.nThe air moving a trombone expands to fill  the space around the trombone. If the moves the trombone, the air wills to fill alla space larger space..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the sled and the center of Earth changed.nThe bottom of the hill was lower than the point where Tammy started sledding. As Tammy rode toward the bottom of the hill, the distance between the sled and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth decreased as Tammy rode down the hill..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the leopard.nThe leopard has largea large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat. The leopard uses its sharp mouth to grab its prey. It uses its sharp teeth to cut up the meat of the prey into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Eurasian lynx has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat.nThe aardvark has a large,-shaped mouth and noa small teeth thick teeth. It uses not have sharp teeth. So, its mouth is not adapted to tear through meat. The aardvark uses its mouth to  insects out of holes and burrows..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nOn February 12, 1894, a record high wind speed of 87 miles per hour was recorded in Chicago.nThe passage tells you about the wind speed in Chicago on February 12, 1894. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nThe Sahara Desert covers a large part of northern Africa. It does not get much rainfall each year.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of precipitation in the Sahara Desert. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses alang (pre gigsome). ).nThe second sentence uses formal language in place of the slang, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.nEveryone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but Zachary found the smell rather nauseous.nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.nEveryone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but it made Zachary feel rather nauseous.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: This country is Australia.nIs Australia a country or a continent?nBoth! Australia is a country in Oceania, a region made up of many lands and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Many people say that Australia is the world's smallest continent. But some people call Oceania a continent instead..",
-        "Solution: Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA scratch object reflects a lot of light. Both objects are shiny.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. BothNeither of the objects are scratchy.nThe property that both objects have in common is shiny..",
-        "Solution: Columbia is the capital of South Carolina..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. LooknSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the magnifying glass.nThe magnifying glass is made of two different materials. The handle is made of metal. and the hinge is made of glass..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the piranha.nThe piranha has large front sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat. The piranha uses its large to cut up the into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe copperry moray has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat.nThe copperband butterflyfish has a large mouth wide mouth. Its mouth is not adapted for tearing through meat. The",
-        "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts Island..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Flicka's observable version of the wool color trait is white wool. So, Flicka's phenotype for the wool color trait is white wool..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A prairie grassland is a type of ecosystem. Prairie grasslands have the following features: hot summers and cool winters, a medium amount of rain, and soil that is rich in nutrients. So, Buffalo Buffalo Gap National Grassland has hot summers. It also has soil that is rich in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: Albany is the capital of New York..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each blue whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne blue whale moved 55 miles in 5 hours.nThe other blue whale moved 55 miles in 5 hours.nNotice that each blue whale spent the same amount of time moving. The blue whale that moved 40 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that blue whale must have moved at a lower speed..",
-        "Solution: This country is Palaoa..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the vinyl album or the old player.nThe as Mr. Terry was about to play the vinyl album on his old record player, it broke.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nJust vinyl album broke just as Mr. Terry was about to play the on his old record player..",
-        "Solution: Des Moines is the capital of Iowa..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a limousine is 6 yards.n6 inches is 6 feet are too too short..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to knit. Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince lucky is not between the guide words laid - lizard, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince design is between the guide words dine - drown, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The Channel catfish has one allele for a brown body (B) and one allele for a white body (b). So, the catfish's genotype for the body color gene is Bb..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a bicycle is 19 tons.n19 ounces and too light and 19 tons is too heavy..",
-        "Solution: Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma..",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. An seal is an animal. It eats fish. other insects. live in the ocean.nSeals live pers on of their. They use their flippers to hold underwaternAn avocado tree is a plant. It has green leaves.nAach avocado tree green leaf leaves. it",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to make a paper airplane is 50 seconds.n50 hours is too slow..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion down the rabbit hole is literature.nLewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland tells the story of a young girl who follows a white rabbit down a rabbit hole and finds herself in a series of adventures in a bizarrereal world.nThe allusion down the rabbit hole means on a strange or difficult exploration..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nThe air was muggy and humid today where Eli lives.nThismidity is the amount of air in the air. ItnThis passage tells you about the humidity where where Eli lives. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Always' doesn't belong.nSome descriptionss, though, or done seem describe things things something happens.",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is refer to the Griffins or their relatives.nThe Griffins see their relatives whenever they visit Florida.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nWhenever the Griffins visit Florida, they see their relatives..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick has 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two bricks are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter brick has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a metaphor:nThe cat's silver eyes were like shiny coins.nThe words eyes and coins are compared using the word like or as.nThis sentence uses a simile:nThe cat's silver eyes were like two shiny coins.nThe words eyes and coins are compared without the word like. So",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second order confirmation is more formal. It uses more elevated language (thankfirmation, The other order confirmation uses mores (thank'll). and contractionbreviations (thank).). when ab more conversational (.",
-        "Solution: Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince but is between the guide words bathtub - blend, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, change. The verb endss you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Lady's observable version of the wool color trait is white wool. So, Lady's phenotype for the wool color trait is white wool..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Secondary consumers eat primary consumers, and primary consumers eat producers. So, in a food web, secondary consumers have arrows pointing to them from primary consumers. Primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.nThe kelp bass not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the kelp bass not a secondary consumer.nThe seaca has an arrow pointing to it from the sea urr. The sea urr is  a primary consumer, So, the orca is not a secondary consumer.nThe seakelp bass has anarrows pointing to it from the seakelooplankton, the fin midshipman. The plainzooplankton is the plainfin midshipman are primary consumers, so the zp bass is nota secondary consumer.nThe sea sea bass has an arrow pointing to it from the zooplankton. The blackzooplankton is a primary consumer, so the  rock is is a secondary consumer..nThe sea urchin has an arrow pointing to it from the kelp bass The kelp bass not a primary consumer, So, the sea",
-        "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Group at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. The can see see clearly reflection in a shiny object. The three objects are shiny.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. None  bumper and the  are are not rough.nA can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.nThe property that all three objects have in common is shiny..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A crowndungeleon is ana matile. Like other reptiles, a chameleon is ana vertebrate. It has a backbone.nAike other fishes, a crown jellyfish is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has ana soft body.nA dung beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a dung beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nAike other jellys, a blue crab is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, spend. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table.nThenbreviation \"ca.\" stands for the Latin word, circa. Circa means \"about.\" It indicates when a date is estimated. So, around 1792 BCE, the Babylonian Empire started controlling Mesopotamia.nThe Babylonian wordba-bih-laH-bee-b) Empire started after the Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian empires. The Babylon of the Babylonian Empire was the city of Babylon.B-bih-lahn).",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n An American alligator's scientific name is Alligator mississippiensis. The first word of its scientific name is Alligator.nIctinia mississippiensis and Alligator mississippiensis are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Ictinia mississippiensis and Alligator mississippiensis have the same species name within their genus, mississippiensis. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Ictinia mississippiensis is in the genus Ictinia, and Alligator mississippiensis is in the genus Alligator.nLithobates catesbeianus is in the genus Lithobates. The first word of its scientific name is Lithobates. So, Lithobates catesbeianus and Alligator mississippiensis are not in the same genus..nAlligator sinensis and in the",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two water balloons are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter water balloon has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nMar famous Venus de Milo statue was found on Milos, a volcanic Greek island in the Aegean Sea..",
-        "Solution: Chemical is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBaking cookies is a chemical change. The type of matter in the cookie dough changes when it is baked. The cookie dough turns into cookies.nA piece of avocado turning brown is a chemical change. The avocado reacts with oxygen in the air and form a different type of matter.nThe you scrape off the brown part of the avocado, the inside will still be white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change hasn't happened to that part of the avocado.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A bison is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nWale bison live sharpss. They use use their horns to sing themselves againstnA mbat is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nPombats live sharp s. their to teeth. They use their claws to push for tunnel to burrows.nA piranha is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nPiranhas have sharp teeth. Piranhas hunt in groups. A group of piranhas can eat fisha large animal.nA bis emerald tree boa is a birdtile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nTree boas liveeat small mammals, birds, lizards, and arogs.. boas  have to eat small every few months!.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that a TV show is be good because someone like speaker likes its it. However, this isn necessarily that Philip show is good. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The second sentence states a fact.nThe Empire State Building is 1,250 feet tall.nTot can be proved by looking the Empire of the Empire.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nThe Empire State Building is too tall.nToo tall shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how tall is too tall..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA aphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses hyper oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nGenuine imitation is a contradiction, because genuine means real. and imitation means fake. fake..",
-        "Solution: This country is Cuba.nDoes Haiti have any territorial disputes?nHaiti claims to own Navassa Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nNavassa Island is also claimed by the United States. The United States claimed the island in 1857 and has controlled it since then. But Haiti considers the island part of its territory and has protested the United States' claim since this time. No one lives on the island. Today, it is a nature preserve..",
-        "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..",
-        "Solution: A organism's genes contain information about its proteins. Each gene encodes, or contains the instructions for making, one protein or a group of proteins.nA permanent change in a gene is called a mutation. Because a mutation changes a gene, the mutation may change the structure of the protein encoded by that gene.nThe function of a protein depends on its structure. So, if a mutation in a gene changes a protein's structure, the mutation may also change the protein's function.nAn organism's observable traits are affected by the functions of its proteins. So, a gene mutation that affects a protein's function may also affect an organism's observable traits. A mutation in a gene may affect the protein it encodes.nSo, the mutation in the CLCN1 gene affected the structure and function of the chloride channel protein..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Bobby Monroe is the most qualified candidate, because many many people turned out to vote. However, even though Bobby people votevoted for Bobby, that doesn't necessarily mean that Bobby Monroe is qualified most qualified candidate. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt bandwagon fallacy..",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nAmphibians have the following traits:nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.nThey have moist skin.nThey make eggs with no shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA smooth turtle has the following traits:nIt spend scaly, waterproof skin.nIt makes eggs with thicks.nA sea turtle does not have all of the traits of an amphibian. A sea turtle is a fishtile.nA smooth newt has the following traits:nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.nIt has moist skin.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA smooth newt does the traits of an amphibian. A smooth newt is  amphibian..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Andrew must responsible for the broken washing machine. However, even fact that Andrew machine broke working properly after Andrew moved into doesn't necessarily mean that thehe caused the machine to break. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a floor lamp is 11.n11 ounces and too light and 11 tons is too heavy..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each bicycle moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each bicycle moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each bicycle moved for 10 hours. The bicycle that moved 325 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that bicycle must have moved at the highest speed..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them is refer to the branches or the power lines.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the branches.nDince the branches had grown over the power lines, Ariel requested a permit to have the branches removed..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **And Then It's Spring**..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Sophia Browning is responsible for the decline in student performance and teacher morale. However, even though Brown have, Browning became vice president of the parent-teacher association, that doesn't necessarily mean that Brown is the downtrend. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.nMom wraps the packages, and Dad drops them off at the post office..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince dove is not the guide words deck - drawer, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A box turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nBox turtles live live in live over 100 years old!.nA green tree frog is  amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nT are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches.",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each cake decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each cake decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each cake to the surroundings..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that diesel nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with Expert.nExperts say that diesel cars have better fuel economy than cars powered by gasoline..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a salt shaker is 43 milliliters.n43 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: The city is Salt Vegas, Nevada. Salt Lake City, Phoenix, and San Francisco are marked with gray circles on the map below..",
-        "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A red salamander is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a red salamander has a backbone.nAike other tarantulas, a curlyhair tarantula does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.nBert seemed to know a lot about African wildlife, but it turned out that his knowledge was mostly based on factoids gleaned from unreliable websites.nThe first text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.nBert subscribed to an online newsletter about African wildlife; he enjoyed receiving daily factoids about the wild animals' natural habitats and behavior.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015  1000n= 1.43 x 1015  103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Mars.nThen compare the result to the volume of Earth. The volume of Earth is 1.43 x 1011 km3, which is less than 6.08 x 1012 km3. So, Earth's volume is less than ten times as great as Mars's volume..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play tennis. Instead, some people learn how to play tennis. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing tennis is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a school bus is 13 meters.n13 centimeters is too short..",
-        "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to logoos, or emotion. It uses the product to  of adventure and.",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between Billy and the center of Earth changed.nThe second floor is higher than the first floor. As he rode the escalator toward the second floor, the distance between Billy and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Billy and Earth increased as he rode the escalator..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Producers do not eat other organisms. So, in a food web, producers do not have arrows pointing to them from other organisms.nThe silversimmon tree has not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the persimmon tree is a producer.nThe silver fox has anarrows pointing to it from so it is not a producer.nThe pine maple does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the silver maple is nota producer.nThe pineaver has an arrow pointing to it from so it is not a producer.nThe pine vole has anarrows pointing to it from so it is not a producer.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike withoutnOns quietly as little gray, sculptured stones compares thes to little. stones..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The student's finger applies a force to the key. she presse on This direction of this force is toward from the finger presse This force presse a push..",
-        "Solution:  you review a fellow student's writing, try to make your feedback clear and specific. You can use questions such as the following to guide your feedback:nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear main idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they ideas build on one another and are easy to follow?nSentence fluency: Does the writer's sentences vary in structure and length, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely, avoiding excessive repetition or inappropriate language to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer use accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her word choice by using more specific language.nFor example, the writer could reduce the underlined text with specific language, such as the under bicycle,  seat and; and bike phone; anda bell bottle, and a bell; ands,,shaped,; and top,.. blueenta;  favorite personal-;   ridenIf I could invent something, I would create a really nice bicycle. My bike would have a good seat and great tires so that I could ride it anywhere. It would also have a bell and special pockets for carrying things. A special top would be wonderful, so I could ride it in the rain but also enjoy the sun. I would choose a fun color to reflect my personality. Inventing a new bike would be cool..",
-        "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nTerrrell wants broccoli. Allie wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nAn antacid tablet reacting with water is a chemical change. The the tablet react water, the type of matter in it tablet changes. react dioxide is react released. This reaction react the food reactzz.nBurning food on a stove is a chemical change. The the food burns, the type of matter in it changes. The food turns black and turns off smoke.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeitherurning is caused by heating. But an antacid tablet reacting with water is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the sled and the center of Earth changed.nThe bottom of the hill was lower than the point where Julia started sledding. As Julia rode toward the bottom of the hill, the distance between the sled and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth decreased as Julia rode down the hill..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the black-bellied whistling duck.nThe black-bellied whistling duck has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. The it swims, the black-bellied whistling duck uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe  beaver has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming.nThe sable has longofed feet. Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The sable uses its feet to walk and run on land ground..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Darnell's observable version of the cystic fibrosis trait is having cystic fibrosis. So, Darnell's phenotype for the cystic fibrosis trait is having cystic fibrosis..",
-        "Solution: Boston is the capital of Massachusetts..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.nBodyolph always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates",
-        "Solution: Pierre is the capital of South Dakota..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Rust forming on a bike frame is a chemical change. Ru  react the bike breaks from a. But is liquidash are made colors of matter:.",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the great egret.nThe great egret has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still. The allows the great egret to grab the prey without scaring it away.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe painted stork has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still.nThe mallard has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a trumpet is 2 tons.n2 ounces and too light and 2 tons is too heavy..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nMadison, the capital of Wisconsin, is located in the southern part of the state. For two weeks in December, the temperature never rose above 20\u00b0F.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the weather is Madison is like on December. This passage does the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Chitters has two alleles for white legs (L). So, Chitters's genotype for the leg color gene is LL..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n An American alligator's scientific name is Alligator mississippiensis.nAequorea victoria does not have the same scientific name as an American alligator. So, Alligator mississippiensis and Aequorea victoria are not in the same species.nAlligator mississippiensis has in the same genus as Alligator sinensis, but they are not in the same species.nAllganisms in the same species have the same scientific names. Alligator mississippiensis and Alligator sinensis are different species within the same genus.nAigator mississippiensis has the same scientific name as an American alligator. So, these organisms are in the same species..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nAnbouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The bouy foil is not bouncy.nAn opaque object does not let light through. The tin foil is opaque..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Angel has two alleles for yellow legs (l). So, Angel's genotype for the leg color gene is ll..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word crackedslouched. It describes the tree as if it were a  who noe...",
-        "Solution: Helena is the capital of Montana..",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCarving a piece of wood is a physical change. The wood changes shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.nSewing an apron is a physical change. The fabric and thread are make up the apron make a different shape. but it type of matter in each of them is not change.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Soft is a property. A soft material changes shape when pressed or squeezed.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the cotton apron is the softest. If  is shape when. you press cotton..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA sticky object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. The four objects are translucent.nS sticky object can attach or stick to other things. The  is sticky, but the s and not.nSugar has a sweet taste. The  is not, but the t ice cube and the s are not.nThe property that all four objects have in common is sweet..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, deliver. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air inside of a classroom is 75\u00b0F.n75\u00b0C is too hot..",
-        "Solution: Atlanta is the capital of Georgia..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two blocks of iron are the same temperature and are made of the same type of matter. So, the block of iron with more mass has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. LooknSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the swim goggles.nThe swim goggles are made of two different materials. The rest are made and and the s are made..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, measure. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluboron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether ethanol is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that a molecule of ethanol is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one hydrogen atoms, and one oxygen atom bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that ethanol is composed of multiple chemical elements: hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. Since ethanol is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, ethanol is a compound..",
-        "Solution: The city is Atlanta, D.C. Atlanta Antonio, Boston, and Boston are marked with gray circles on the map below..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A North American beaver's scientific name is Castor canadensis. The first word of its scientific name is Castor.nO organism and the North American beaver are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Castor canadensis.nOix varia is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix varia and Castor canadensis are not in the same genus.nOvis canadensis and Castor canadensis are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Ovis canadensis and Castor canadensis have the same species name within their genus, canadensis. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Ovis canadensis is in the genus Ovis, and Castor canadensis is in the genus Castor.",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second online professional profile is more formal. It uses more elevated language (certified college graduate seeking seeking).). and sentences ly familiar language conversation language (certified've got , get  The",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each refrigerator increased, which means that the thermal energy of each refrigerator increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each refrigerator..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A tiger shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nTiger sharks can nocturnal. They means that they are active mostly at night.nA leaf-tailed gecko is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nGy geckos have small pads on their toes. These pads help them swim trees plants and rocks.nA Her crocodile is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nDrocodiles live their prey in groups near water.nA Hermann's tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nT Heroise's shell protects it from predators. It a tortoise bite threatened, it can pull its head and legs inside its shell..",
-        "Solution: Every substance around you is made up of atoms. Atoms can link together to form molecules. The links between atoms in a molecule are called chemical bonds. Different molecules are made up of different chemical elements, or types of atoms, bonded together.nScientists use both ball-and-stick models and chemical formulas to represent molecules.nA ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below.nThe balls represent atoms. The sticks represent the chemical bonds between the atoms.nNotice how each ball is labeled with a symbol made of one or more letters. The symbol is an abbreviation for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, that symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, it is one capital letter followed by one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element boron is B and the symbol for the element chlorine is Cl.nThe molecule shown above has one boron atom and three chlorine atoms. A chemical bond links each chlorine atom to the boron atom.nThe chemical formula for a molecule contains the symbol for each chemical element in the molecule. Many chemical formulas use subscripts. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text.nIn chemical formulas, the subscripts are numbers. The subscript is always written after the symbol for an element. The subscript tells you how many atoms that symbol represents. If there symbol represents just one atom, then no subscript is included.nThe symbols in the chemical formula for a molecule match the symbols in the ball-and-stick model for that molecule. The ball-and-stick model shown before and the chemical formula shown above represent the same substance. B is the symbol for hydrogenboron. This is the symbol for fluorine. This ball-and-stick model shows a molecule with one fluboron atom and three fluorine atom.. TherenThe chemical formula will contain the symbols F and F. There is one boron atom, so F will not have a subscript. There is three fluorine atoms. so",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two cups of black tea have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 105\u00b0F cup of black tea is hotter than the 100\u00b0F cup of black tea, it has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince bandbrow is between the guide words bolt - buckled, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Look  environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups.nA population organism is  individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a population.nMultiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a population.nTogether, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word gobbled up. It describes the rising as if it were a person person..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Ant ancestors are from Russia, they came here many years ago is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without just a comma: My ancestors are from Russia, they came here. years ago..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince rock is not the guide words regret - ruffle, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: This country is Solomon Feder Islands.nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Barbara should should stop up reading paras  type of para or admit that doesn't believe in  empowerment. However, the may be read reading paranormal romance novels. not believe in womenempowering women. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilta false dichotomy..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince chief is between the guide words cafe - consent, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Oklahoma Virginia is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. ThenThe correct title is The New York Times..",
-        "Solution: Look at the text. bold below. It tells you one made Alex different from most parrots.nMost parrots can speak, or at least copy the sounds of people talking. But, an African grey parrot, learned to do much more. He knew how to do simple math. In fact, he was capable of adding up to six objects. Alex added up crackers, jelly beans, and blocks. He could also point out seven different colors and six shapes. And he knew more than a hundred words! Alex",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. The population of Millersburg fell by 8,000 people. Many of the people who have left are probably trying to sell their houses. Since more people are trying to sell their houses, the number of suppliers of houses for sale in Millersburg has gone up. So, the supply of houses for sale probably went up, too..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each train moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne train moved 935 kilometers in 10 hours.nThe other train moved 945 kilometers in 10 hours.nNotice that each train spent the same amount of time moving. The train that moved 835 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that train must have moved at a lower speed..",
-        "Solution: Emmet wanted broccoli in his lunch and Kathleen was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nEmmet has tomatoes. Kathleen has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Zoness comes quickly on long winter nights is a complete sentence. The subject is Dark, and the verb is Dark quickly.",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The pea plant has one allele for inflated pods (D) and one allele for constricted pods (d). So, the plant's genotype for the pod shape gene is Dd..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The tomato plant has one allele for red fruit (F) and one allele for yellow fruit (f). So, the plant's genotype for the fruit color gene is Ff..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses random in its traditional sense: made or occurring without a definite pattern.nAt the grocery store, Denise hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food.nThe second text uses random in its nontraditional sense: odd or out of place.nDenise made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word random because it is generally considered incorrect..",
-        "Solution: When you write, you can use sensory details. These sense words help your reader understand what something looks, sounds, tastes, smells, or feels like.nSensory Category | DescriptionnSight | These are words like bright, clean, and purple. A reader can imagine looking at these details.nSound | These are words like sing, buzzing, and ringing. A reader can imagine hearing these details.nSaste | These are words like, sweet, and burnt. A reader can imagine tasting these details.nSmell | These are words like fruity, sweet, and stinky. A reader can imagine smelling these details.nTouch | These are words like juicy, wet, and soft. A reader can imagine feeling these details.nMany sense words can describe more than one sense. For example, soft can describe a touch or a sound. A sweet can describe a taste or a smell.nLook at the picture.nThe word banroaring describes the sound this lion makes.nBplashing and splashging can also describe sounds. But they do not describe the sound this lion makes..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a leather belt is 65 centimeters.n65 kilometers is too long..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, teaches. The verb ends in -sd and tells you about something that has true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: A simple is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of an independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction so.nBella was stung by a bee, so her finger is slightly swollen..",
-        "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 6 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 2 more solute particles on the right side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the right than to the left..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Antarctic..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion the grail is history.nIn his nineteenth Ages, s and refuge protect the treasure rail,   of  a the to the.  time Supper ClubnThe allusion holy grail means  that without not to find..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a car's gas tank is 42 liters.n42 milliliters is too little..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a guitar is 4 kilograms.n4 grams is too light..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Delaware..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm summer wet summers and warm, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, the following statement describes the Steigerwald Forest ecosystem: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. It has soil that is rich in nutrients. The following statements do not describe the Steigerwald Forest: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. It has soil that is rich in nutrients. It has soila small amount of rain or snow..",
-        "Solution: Look than 150 years passed between the founding of James Jamestown,y and Virginia and the start of the Revolutionary War..nTheamestown was founded in 1764 The Revolutionary War began ina years later. in 1764..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince face is between the guide words flee - frontier, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, blinks. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that has true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the red-eared slider.nThe red-eared slider has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. The it swims, the red-eared slider uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe California gull has web,s on longbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming.nThe New Zealand falcon has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The New Zealand falcon uses its feet to walk prey..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Argo's observable version of the coat color trait is a reddish-brown coat. So, Argo's phenotype for the coat color trait is a reddish-brown coat..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A short story should be in quotation marks.nThe correct title is \"The Law of Life.\".",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs comfortable as a bed of nails shows verbal irony because  on nails is not be comfortable..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Kansas Mexico is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A flamingo is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nF cane toad is  amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three gold bars have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 17\u00b0F gold bar is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The second sentence states a fact.nThe construction Tunnel, which runs beneath the English Channel, connects England and France by rail.nIt can be proved by looking  online record for the Channel Tunnel.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nThe construction of the Channel Tunnel cost a ridiculous amount of money.nRadiculous shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes ridiculous..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Becky is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A other spiders, a leaf-curling spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA rocktail lizard is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a whiptail lizard is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA rockfish is a fish. Like other fish, a rockfish is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA leaf albatross is a fish. Like other birds, an albatross is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Jenny or Annie.nJ Jenny scolded Annie for missing the deadline, she felt awful.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nJenny felt awful after she scolded Annie for missing the deadline..",
-        "Solution: Poetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.nLittle Betty Blue,nLost her holiday shoe.n\u2014From Mother GoosenInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.n\u2014From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.nHe watches from his mountain walls,nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.n\u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. You say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.nHe verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.nHe  bridge has a wrinkled face.nHe bends his backnFor us to go over.n\u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.nInpetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.nIn dainty flying squirrelnIn vest of shining white,nAnd coat of silver gray,nAnd vest of shining white.n\u2014Adapte",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. Both objects are rough.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. Neither of the objects are smooth.nThe property that both objects have in common is smooth..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A brown pelican's scientific name is Pelecanus occidentalis.nArdea cocoi does not have the same scientific name as a brown pelican. So, Pelecanus occidentalis and Ardea cocoi are not in the same species.nIelecanus occidentalis has the same scientific name as a brown pelican. So, these organisms are in the same species.nIctinia mississippiensis does not have the same scientific name as a brown pelican. So, Pelecanus occidentalis and Ictinia mississippiensis are not in the same species..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Ken Henderson is the ideal candidate because many many people vote out to vote for him. However, the because many people votevoted for Ken Henderson, that doesn't necessarily mean thathe is the ideal candidate. This is be a very candidate because the candidates. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the recipe.nIf Fred doesn't know how to make homemade waffles, he can find the recipe in the cookbook..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the barracuda.nThe barracuda has largea large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat. The barraccuda uses its large to cut up meat into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe bull shark has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat.nThe magnificent rabbitfish has a large mouth flat mouth. Its mouth is not adapted for tearing through meat. The",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nGlared at him suggests that it bothered Emmet that the essay wasn't finished. The text uses being someonea person who is beinging Emmet..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Chinese alligator's scientific name is Alligator sinensis. The first word of its scientific name is Alligator.nStrix varia is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix varia and Alligator sinensis are not in the same genus.nTheseiscanthus sinensis and Alligator sinensis are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Miscanthus sinensis and Alligator sinensis have the same species name within their genus, sinensis. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Miscanthus sinensis is in the genus Miscanthus, and Alligator sinensis is in the genus Alligator.nAll organism and the Chinese alligator are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Alligator sinensis..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the ceramic tea cup is harder. If you press on a rubber of ceramic tea it will not change shape..",
-        "Solution: Concord is the capital of New Hampshire..",
-        "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Cole wants or needs:nCole will give up the chance to watch the movie that he is more excited about..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two mugs of cocoa are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the mug of cocoa with more thermal energy has a higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0.nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Celsius (\u00b0C). Celsius is one scale used to measure temperature.nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.nThere is a Celsius scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 80 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 20\u00b0C. Find the top of the red liquid.nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid lines up with 20 So, the temperature is 20\u00b0C..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince they is not the guide words territory - trek, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: This country is Trinidad.nDoes Haiti have any territorial disputes?nHaiti claims to own Navassa Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nNavassa Island is also claimed by the United States. The United States claimed the island in 1857 and has controlled it since then. But Haiti considers the island part of its territory and has protested the United States' claim since this time. No one lives on the island. Today, it is a nature preserve..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A barking tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nA robin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Instead people dye their hair. But this doesn not change their natural hair color. SonChildren get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Preston's hair color is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together, or compacted, to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by very high temperature and pressure. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Sandstone is ana metaary rock. Like other sedimentary rocks, it forms from layers of sediment.nSelterialized is brokenad by nature is called sediment. Sandstone a type of sediment. Like time, the of sedimentsand can build up in places like deserts and beaches. Sand layers layers break down on the bottom layers to andallowingandezing and water and wind. Sand grains forms from  water layers break sand are brokenpressed together to form..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallgallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a fish bowl is 1 cupon.n1 fluid ounce is 1 cup are both too little..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Michael is voting for for the Conservative or the Conservative Party or the Labour Party. However, Michael is be voting for thea different party.or he might be be voting for all. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circulara false dichotomy..",
-        "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Pyrite has all the properties of a mineral. So, pyrite is a mineral..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Giants in the Land**..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA slippery opaque object does not let light through. The four objects are opaque.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The  plate is not slippery.nAotato chips have a salty taste. The  cupmug and the water are not salty.nThe property that all four objects have in common is salt..",
-        "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a basketball court is 23 meters.n23 millimeters, 23 centimeters are too short. 23 kilometers is too long..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of an ice skate is 11 inches.n11 feet, 11 yards, and 11 miles are all too long..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion raise Cain is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Jesus and Eve's son Cain warneds his brother in a jealous rage.nThe allusion raise Cain means  punish to violence..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of purple particles..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a full box of cereal is 16 ounces.n16 pounds and 16 tons are both too heavy..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Sticky is a property. A sticky material can stick to other things.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the paper is stickier. If you touch t glue, it will stick to your..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nLeo wants broccoli. Caden wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Wishbone has two alleles for short fur (F). So, Wishbone's genotype for the fur length gene is FF..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Our school has rules we always follow them is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Our school has rules we We always follow them..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A European hedgehog's scientific name is Erinaceus europaeus. The first word of its scientific name is Erinaceus.nCrimulgus europaeus and Erinaceus europaeus are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Caprimulgus europaeus and Erinaceus europaeus have the same species name within their genus, europaeus. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Caprimulgus europaeus is in the genus Caprimulgus, and Erinaceus europaeus is in the genus Erinaceus.nEquus zebra is in the genus Equus. The first word of its scientific name is Equus. So, Equus zebra and Erinaceus europaeus are not in the same genus..nEr organism and the European hedgehog are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Erinaceus europaeus..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a can of soup is 15 ounces.n15 pounds and 15 tons are both too heavy..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two trays of lasagna are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter tray of lasagna has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun his could refer to Tyler ors or Dave's.nT second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. His has been replaced with Dave's.nTyler worked with Dave to design the new header for Dave's website..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second press release is more formal. It uses more elevated language (area musicians, top honors). The other press release uses idioms (battle it out) and breviations (Nov.)..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to logos, or reason. It usess the brand of clinical testing and.",
-        "Solution: Pierre is the capital of South Dakota..",
-        "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. In a Venn diagram, each box shows the that both similar for eacha particular topic. Thisn circle where the two circles overlap, shows what that are true for both topics. This Venn diagram compares Natty Bumppo and Daniel Boone.nBotoe in the French and Indian War, in the of samen Bumppo and. Daniel Daniel Boone.. This showss you that bothatty Bumppo and Daniel Boone have fought in the French and Indian War..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that of out of the eight planets are made mainly of gas. So, two-fourth, or 25%, of the planets are made mainly of gas..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought.nI enjoyed the risotto and the poached pears. Although I didn't care for the seared trout.nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:nI enjoyed the risotto and the poached pears. although I didn't care for the seared trout..",
-        "Solution: When writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.nBooks:nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.nMagazine and newspaper articles:nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.nJournal articles:nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.nWeb pages:nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com.",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A comet moth's scientific name is Argema mittrei.nSema mittrei has the same scientific name as a comet moth. So, these organisms are in the same species.nSphodromantis viridis does not have the same scientific name as a comet moth. So, Argema mittrei and Sphodromantis viridis are not in the same species.nAcanthaster planci does not have the same scientific name as a comet moth. So, Argema mittrei and Acanthaster planci are not in the same species..",
-        "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 4 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 4 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 2 more solute particles on the right side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the right than to the right..",
-        "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. A bubble map uses  and show dots to are related to This bubble map shows information about different bodies of water.nThisulf of Mexico contains  connected to the water. This informations you that Lake Gulf of Mexico contains salt water..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: A can write a pen in your hand.nYou can write with a pen.nBlue cap may be blue or black..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a paper clip is 28 millimeters.n28 centimeters, 28 meters are both too long..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Idaho is farthest east..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, the following statement describe the Steigerwald Forest ecosystem: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. It has soil that is rich in nutrients. The has soil, wet winters and cold, wet winters. The following statement does not describe the Steigerwald Forest: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. It has soil that is rich in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince indignant is not the guide words ignore - ivy, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Montgomery is the capital of Alabama..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Indiana is farthest south..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A wetland is a type of ecosystem. Wetlands have the following features: land that is covered with water and most of the year, soil that is rich in nutrients, and other water ecosystems nearby. So, De Biesbosch National Park has soil that is rich in nutrients. It also has other water ecosystems nearby..",
-        "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. A time line shows how order of events. placing them along a line. This time line shows events from Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare.nLook at the the events are ordered on the time line. Events that Rome after are shown to the left. Events that happen later are shown to the right. Romeo makes Juliet are to run away. shown to the left. thebalt afters with Tyo. So, Rome o fights with Tybalt, o makes Juliet run to run away..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that social socially awkward doess knowledge of workplace safety. However is a personal attack that isn't relevant to Mr. McCormick's desire to prevent workplace injuries. However illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each bus moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne bus moved 880 kilometers in 10 hours.nThe other bus moved 850 kilometers in 10 hours.nNotice that each bus spent the same amount of time moving. The bus that moved 880 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that bus must have moved at a higher speed..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion by the skin of his teeth is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Jesus sayss to God about his ins, saying that Job mens and those he loves have turned against him. He says, \"I skin cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am unable with the skin of my teeth.\"s have long debated the exact meaning of the phrase, but many claim that Job is saying that he ly escaped death.nThe allusion by the skin of his teeth means  barely..",
-        "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..",
-        "Solution: The the text carefully. Itnlined parts tell tell how about how answer..nEarth is surrounded by a layer of gases called the atmosphere. The gases that make up the atmosphere sustain life on Earth. Living organisms take in and release some of these gases. Gases in the atmosphere also help insulate Earth from extreme temperatures and block some harmful forms of sunlight.nThearth's atmosphere is many gases gases, such gases, carbon dioxide. These gases sustain  important in and released by living organisms.s use through the and release out carbon dioxide.s use carbon dioxide to oxygen carbon to theirsynthesis.nThe of these gases in make up the atmosphere sustain helpsulate Earth from such to keep temperature temperature temperatures.nThe the gases are with the, they's atmosphere does not provide sunlight. So",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince moisture is between the guide words mite - mud, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of blue particles..",
-        "Solution:  plants have flowers. These plants can use their flowers to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do plants use their flowers to reproduce?nFirst, the male part of the flower makes pollen, and the female part makes eggs. Animals, wind, or water can move pollen. Pollination is what happens when pollen is moved to the female part of the flower.nAfter pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with the eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds. The seeds grows around the seeds. The, a seed can fall out of the fruit. It can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. Seeds can grow black and small. can seed can small.nSds can come in colors sizes. Seed seeds seeds are small and thin. TheynSds can be in colors sizes. But seeds seeds are small and.",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that 7 out of the five planets are made mainly of rock. So, four-four of or 25%, of the planets are made mainly of rock..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a pen is 15 millimeters.n15 millimeters, too short. 15 meters and 15 kilometers are too long..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. LooknSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the bucket.nThe bucket is made of two different materials. The handle is made of metal and and the handles is made of metal..nMetorastic is a good material for makings, it is..",
-        "Solution: The Mesozoic era is the called as the Age of Reptiles. During the Mesozoic era, bigtiles, dinosaurs, the dominant animal species\u2014 Some",
-        "Solution: There is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage. At the current price, there are too many trumpets for sale. There are 15 trumpets for but only 8 people want to buy one.nSo, there is a shortage of trumpets.. music store has not buy any money for the leftover trumpets..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA aphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nGenuine imitation is a contradiction, because genuine means real. and imitation means fake. fake..",
-        "Solution: Ferns reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.nMature ferns use, called spornds. Thes use thick called are like  dots on the insideside of their fronds. These structures are called spores.  ferns use theirsporsexual reproduction to make spores.  spores open, the spores can released.nWhen a spore lands on the ground and germinates, it can into a new -shaped plant. The heart-shaped plant grows the fern's life reproduction stage,   and fruitsperm. Ferns can on damp places, and fernm can grow to  water drops.-fertilization happens when a sperm swims to the aquatic on the same plant-shaped plant.-fertilization happens when  sperm swims to an egg on thea different plant.nTheertilization happens when a sperm and  egg are together The ized egg growsinates and grows into a new fern. FernnThe  fern  grow spores and begin the fern life cycle again. Fern the grow, aes can grow on the ground and growinate on a sporesinate,,  can into a new-shaped plant.nTheale ferns do into ized eggs into The",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nRust forming on a metal gate is a chemical change. As the gate rusts, the metal turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is dish-brown and falls apart easily.nSaliva breaking down a piece of bread is a chemical change. The is made of of of sugara different change salivach. Theiva breaks down star between theatoms in the starch molecules. ThenSte chemicalatoms then link together to form different pieces stronger molecules. sugar. The sugar is a different type of matter than the starch.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nMerbious delicacy is ana contradiction, because ifocious is something asacalvor or sentiment. and sentimentlicacy iss to somethinga food food unpleasant topic..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Achilles's heel is Greek mythology.nIn Greek mythology, Achilles's heel s his in a pit that protects him body from it touches. He heel is not turn wet, so it is the source part of his body that unprotected.. the Greek War, Ach arrow hits Achilles in the heel and kills him.nThe allusion Achilles's heel means a painful weakness..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the reporters.nOn the evening news, the reporters showed rare footage\u2014reportedly taken by a fisherman as he stood on the beach\u2014of sharks fighting over their prey..",
-        "Solution: This country is Kiribati..",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A tide pool is a type of ecosystem. Tide pool ecosystems have the following features: daily flooding and draining of seawater, water that is rich in nutrients, and many different types of soils. So, the tide pool ecosystems in Little Corona Beach have daily flooding and draining of seawater. They also have water that is rich in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Myrmarachne maxillosa is an animal. Animals are made up of many cells..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The scarlet rosemallow plant's observable version of the flower color trait is white flowers. So, the plant's phenotype for the flower color trait is white flowers..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the sand tiger shark.nThe sand tiger shark has largea large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat. The sand tiger shark uses its sharp to cut up the into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe starry moray has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat.nThe parrotfish has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is not adapted for tearing through meat. The parrotfish uses its mouth to eat others and.",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nModels can make things in nature easier to understand. Models can be simpler than the things they represent. A food web is a model that shows where living things in an ecosystem get their food. If a food web showed every living thing in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some living things in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one living thing to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one living thing eats another living thing. An arrow starts from the living thing that is eaten. The arrow points to the living thing that is doing the eating.nA living thing in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the living thing is eaten by more than one other living thing in the food web.nA living thing in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the living thing eats more than one other living thing in the food web. Omnivores are consumers that eat both producers and other consumers. So, an omnivore has arrows pointing to it from other least one producer and at least one consumer.nThe zooplankton does an one arrow pointing to it from So showsexplains starts from the plankton. The, the zooplankton is a consumer but not an omnivore.nThe kelp bass has an arrow pointing to it from the zp. which is a producer. So kelp bass does has anarrows pointing to it from the zooplankton. the fin shipman. which is producers producers. plainkelp bass iseats a producer and. so it is an omnivore..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Destiny wants or needs:nDestiny will spend more money. Plane tickets for Destiny to get to Virginia are more expensive than tickets to Connecticut..",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second sales pitch is more formal. It uses more elevatedpersonal language ( The other sales pitch uses ams (likelow you away).). suggesting uses other address ( the speaker. it more more conversational..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of the Great Wall of China is 21,000 mill.n21,000 millimeters, 21,000 centimeters, and 21,000 meters are all too short..",
-        "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether sweeping the floor is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs sweeping the floor something you can touch? Yes.nIs sweeping the floor a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.nSo, sweeping the floor is a service..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard. The better estimate for the length of a rowboat is 3 yards.n3 inches is too short..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to fly a helicopter. Instead, some people learn how to fly helicopters. So, flying a helicopter is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Connecticut..",
-        "Solution: All plants have flowers. These plants can use their flowers to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do plants use their flowers to reproduce?nFirst, the male part of the flower makes pollen, and the female part makes eggs. Animals, wind, or water can move pollen. Pollination is what happens when pollen is moved to the female part of the flower.nAfter pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with the eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds. The fruit grows around the seeds. Later, a seed can fall out of the fruit. It can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. The make seeds. a flower grows pollinated, the cells from the pollen can with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.nThe fruit grows grow into the seeds. The the fruit does not make seeds. It the fruit and the seeds grow into the of the plant..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the mushroom.There are one path matter can take from the brownbilberry to the mushroom: bilberry->muszzly bear->mushroom. brown is one path matter can take from the bilzzly bear to the mushroom: bilzzly bear->mushroom. brown is two paths matter can take from the brownn-ground caribou to the mushroom: n-ground caribou->mushroom. brownn-ground caribou->muszzly bear->mushroom. brown is two paths matter can take from the bil to the mushroom: lichen->griren-ground caribou->mushroom. brownbil->barren-ground caribou->muszzly bear->mushroom. brown lemming. There is two pathsarrows pointing from the brown lemming to the organisms. The arrow points from the  fox. The only arrow pointing from the Arctic fox leads to the worm. No only arrow pointspointing from the earth lemming leads to the earth tailed asel. No only arrow pointing from the brown",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A spot-billed pelican's scientific name is Pelecanus philippensis. The first word of its scientific name is Pelecanus.nBubo scandiacus is in the genus Bubo. The first word of its scientific name is Bubo. So, Bubo scandiacus and Pelecanus philippensis are not in the same genus.nA organism and the spot-billed pelican are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Pelecanus philippensis.nArdea herodias is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea herodias and Pelecanus philippensis are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: Chemical is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBurning a candle is a chemical change. The the wick and the melted wax burn. The react with oxygen in the air and turn into ot, carbon dioxide, and water.nDeep-frying chicken is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the chicken to change. Cooked chicken and raw chicken are different types of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBoth changes are caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that everyone determine his or her own idea of what' beautiful in everyone individual determines what's attractive. live or her own However, this \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion raise Cain is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Jesus and Eve's son Cain iss his brother in a jealous rage.nThe allusion raise Cain means  punish to violence..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a cold, rainy day is 42\u00b0F.n42\u00b0C is too hot..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two glasses of orange juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 40\u00b0F glass of orange juice is colder than the 50\u00b0F glass of orange juice, it has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nBryce wants broccoli. Victor wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Look at the map.nThe map1700 points point the map point that the were from different from each locations.nThe, the involved in the triangular trade.",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Asimina triloba is a plant. Plant cells have a nucleus..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperativerogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince dump is not between the guide words decay - disaster, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs speedy as a snail suggests that the Internet connection was very slow. A snail is not speedy, and neither was Beth's Internet connection..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: There is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage. At the current price, there are not many mangoes for sale. There are 200 mangoes for sale, but 1 170 people want to buy one.nSo, there is a shortage of mangoes.. quantity store will not get any money for the surplus mangoes..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSomewhat destroyed is a contradiction, because somewhat means somewhat or partiallyly, and destroyed implies completely wrecked..",
-        "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..",
-        "Solution: Sadie wanted broccoli in her lunch and Kira was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nSadie has tomatoes. Kira has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A koala is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nK red salamander is  amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Looking objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA bumpbouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. All three objects are bouncy.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. None  and shiny shiny.nA bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. The basketball band is not bumpy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is bumpbouncy..",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nButter melting on a hot day is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The butter changes from solid to liquid. but it is still made of the same type of matter.nCooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked eggs and raw egg are different types of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBotutter melting on a hot day is a physical change. But cooking an egg is not.nBoth are chemical changes.nBotoking an egg is a chemical change. But butter melting on a hot day is not.nBoth are caused by heating.nBoth changes are caused by cooling.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A da panda is an animal. It walks and climbs.nGiant pandas haveeat large grass. They they have also liveeat  animals. animals animals.nA dadandelion is a plant. It can grow small yellow flowers.nDandelions can grow plantedarranged up distances by the wind..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.nYour hand contains twenty-seven bones, and your foot contains twenty-six..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the African jacana.nThe African jacana uses its toes to spread its weight out over a large area. This allows help it walk on leaves without sinking into the water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe wattled jacana has long, thin toes on its feet. Its feet are adapted for walking on floating leaves.nThe New Zealand falcon has short-sized toes with sharp claws. Its feet are not adapted for walking on floating leaves. The New Zealand falcon uses its feet to walk insectsy..",
-        "Solution: Madison is the capital of Wisconsin..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Pudge has one allele for a gray body (B). and one allele for a golden body (b). So, Pudge's genotype for the body color gene is Bb..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the armored catfish.nThe armored catfish's mouth is located on the underside of its head and points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding. The armored catfish uses its mouth to find food hidden in the sediment of the bottom of the, lakes.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe bat ray's mouth is located on the underside of its head. Its mouth points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding.nThe clown triggerfish hass mouth is not located on the underside of its head. Its mouth is not adapted for bottom feeding. The",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nEdwin wants broccoli. Brenda wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nNeverland alludes to the story of Peter Pan, a boy who lived in Neverland and never grew up..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince doze is not the guide words depth - drink, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Nevada is farthest south..",
-        "Solution: During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her grammar and mechanics by using consistent verb tenses.nFor example, the writer could correct -comense and the the  to  under word for when they the the writer word is be  with br verbtense. WenWhen my grandparents first bought a computer, they didn't know how to use the Internet, so I sit down with them and show them the ropes. We go over a few basic terms, and I introduce them to different browsers. I taught them where to find the URL for a website and how to use search boxes. We cover different ways to navigate around a website; for example, I show them how to use a mouse, how to scroll up or down a page using the scroll bar, and how to click on links. Now they are excited to be online..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A European nightjar's scientific name is Caprimulgus europaeus. The first word of its scientific name is Caprimulgus.nHaliaeetus leucocephalus is in the genus Haliaeetus. The first word of its scientific name is Haliaeetus. So, Haliaeetus leucocephalus and Caprimulgus europaeus are not in the same genus.nUlx europaeus and Caprimulgus europaeus are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Ulex europaeus and Caprimulgus europaeus have the same species name within their genus, europaeus. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Ulex europaeus is in the genus Ulex, and Caprimulgus europaeus is in the genus Caprimulgus.nThis organism and the European nightjar are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Caprimulgus",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA stickybouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The of the objects are bouncy.nBlue sticky object can attach or stick to other things. All  is sticky, but the pers, the suit are not.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. None three objects are blue.nThe property that all three objects have in common is..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nJin wants broccoli. Caleb wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Charleston is the capital of West Virginia..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom as shoe thing since sliced bread suggests that the shoes are a fabulous invention. A shoesumexist bread is bread is   a staple invention..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a ladybug is 8 millimeters.n8 centimeters, 8 meters, and 8 kilometers are all too long..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Gabe, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Gabe down with a force of 400 N.nThe diving board is pushing Gabe up with a force of 400 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Gabe..",
-        "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A snowy owl's scientific name is Bubo scandiacus.nFalco tinnunculus does not have the same scientific name as a snowy owl. So, Bubo scandiacus and Falco tinnunculus are not in the same species.nAbo scandiacus has the same scientific name as a snowy owl. So, these organisms are in the same species.nArdea alba does not have the same scientific name as a snowy owl. So, Bubo scandiacus and Ardea alba are not in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Arctic Ocean..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two soap bubbles are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the soap bubble with less thermal energy has a lower temperature..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People humans are born with five toes on each foot. So, having five toes is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a grain of rice is 3 millimeters.n3 centimeters, 3 meters, and 3 kilometers are all too long..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..",
-        "Solution:  classical' a reward for  quietly  in  act of ant conditioning. The termy classicala form for thes an behaviors and but jumping quietly but the past. So",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample two samples has the same mass, but the particles in both samples have the same average speed. So, the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy.nBecause the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy, the samples must have the same temperature..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Jason wants or needs:nJason will give up the chance to wear the costume he is more excited about..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBating an egg is a physical change. Theating an egg is together, eggs and and egg,, and milk eggs. The making them together does not form a different type of matter.nMixing lettuce and salad dressing is a physical change. The, the salad and dressing make a mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathos, or emotion. It linkss  of adventuresity, the...",
-        "Solution: The First Amendment says that the government cannot take away a person's right of speech  freedom of religion. The of speech means that  can freely, do about they want. But the are other things on what of speech. For example, thea person can have  about  or a newspaper or The the government can take  or because it iss with it. The of religion means thata person can freely whether or her own religion. The the United States, the right cannot take a person about the do. The government text of the First Amendment is below.. the say any right rights, may not no objection concerninging the individual of, or useing the right exercise of. or theadging the right of speech. or freedom religion press, or the right to the people toably to voteoccupy, or to keep the government to thea rightdefinitedress of ances..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nNobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded at first appears to be contradictory, because if no one goes to the restaurant, then the restaurant should be empty, not crowded. However, it contains some truth: if a restaurant is too perceived to be too crowded, many people will no longer want to go there..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the opalescent nudibranch.nThe opalescent nudibranch has stinging cells in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the opalescent nudibranch is toxic and dangerous.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe blue poison dart frog has ous cellss in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.nThe lechwe has gray graybrown fur covering its skin. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with scientists.nScientists are researching a hybrid South African tobacco plant that may decrease reliance on fossil fuels. It contains oily seeds that can be transformed into sustainable biofuel..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince side is not between the guide words skirt - stories, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: The the Moon appears to glow, it does not show off light. Instead, we can see the Moon' it is lit up by the Sun. The model of the Moon that is lit lit up by the Sun and lit Earth is called the Moon's phase.nThe Moon's Earth or begins around, Earth. The it does, the Moon's phase changes. The model below shows the Moon's phase at one positions in its orbit. The white moons closer to Earth show how the hits the Moon. The smaller moons farther from Earth show how the Moon will look. its phase.nThe use the model, you quarter one of the seven positions. Then, look looking on Earth and looking up at the Moon. The the modelarrow white lines in the model to show you. Then of the Moon shows the phase at that position. The you are in the Moon Hemisphere, the Moon will appear brightreflected to or to right..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each battery decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each battery decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each battery to the surroundings..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play soccer. Instead, some people learn how to play soccer. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing soccer is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a car key is 7 centimeters.n7 kilometers is too long..",
-        "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Associationnfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokespersonnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenemphasize that the product is a financially wise choicenanticipate and refute potential counterclaimsnAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathos, or emotion, by empsociating the product product with  of adventure. independencel relationships..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties at the object.nThink about each property.nA scratchable object will break into pieces if you drop it. The hamandpaper is not breakable.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The sandpaper is scratchy..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperativerogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..",
-        "Solution: This country is Solomon Islands..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each bicycle moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each bicycle moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each bicycle moved for 5 hours. The bicycle that moved 35 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that bicycle must have moved at the highest speed..",
-        "Solution: This country is Jamaica..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a bus route across a small town is 5 kilometers.n5 centimeters is too short..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince fare is not between the guide words flow - four, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A crown is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nIf you put a crown into your head, the crown will still its shape..",
-        "Solution: This country is Pala Federated States of Micronesia..",
-        "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n A turtle shell does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, a turtle shell is not a mineral..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Uncle Dave is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each ship moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each ship moved for 10 hours. The ship that moved 16085 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at the highest speed..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Delaware..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The water in a fishbowl is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nIf you pour water into a fishbowl into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space..",
-        "Solution: Montgomery is the capital of Alabama..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each mountain biker moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne mountain biker moved  miles in 10 hours.nThe other mountain biker moved 190 miles in 10 hours.nNotice that each mountain biker spent the same amount of time moving. The mountain biker who moved 100 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that mountain biker must have moved at a lower speed..",
-        "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a bottle of hot sauce is 4 fluid ounces.n4 cups and 4 gallons are both too much..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.nThe lecturer became flustered when a factoid that she had presented was promptly refuted by an expert in the field.nThe lecture text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.nThe lecturer's presentation on economics included some interesting factoids from recent research studies in the field.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nFish have the following traits:nThey have fins, not limbs.nThey make eggs with no shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA green frog has the following traits:nIt hass part of its life in water and part on land.nIt has moist skin.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA green frog has not have all of the traits of a fish. A green frog is  amphibian.nA minnow has the following traits:nIt has fins, not limbs.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA minnow does the traits of a fish. A minnow is a fish..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA copper statue turning green is a chemical change. The copper reacts with oxygen in the air to This reaction forms a different type of matter called copper oxide. The copper oxide is green.nFlling a clay pot in a hot kiln is a chemical change. The temperatures cause the matter to change turnen. The firing hours, the hotkiln, the clay becomes turn  into a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeitherlling  pot caused by heating. But a copper statue turning green is",
-        "Solution: Mark wanted broccoli in his lunch and Valeria was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nMark has tomatoes. Valeria has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion We're not in Kansas anymore is a poem.nIn the movie27 movie The Wizard of Oz,  and a young boy boy from Kansas, finds herself in Kansas,  unfamiliar place that is like like her home. says, her dog, \"I be, we'm beena feeling that're not in Kansas anymore.\"nThe allusion We're not in Kansas anymore means're not Kansas unfamiliar place..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince mar is not between the guide words modest - musician, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down..",
-        "Solution: Montpelier is the capital of Vermont..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Bradypus variegatus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.nSo, Bradypus variegatus is the scientific name..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to cook. Instead, many people learn how to cook. So, cooking is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, and it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is  exclamatory sentence..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The woman's finger applies a force to the firsto. This force knock knock the the domino.. direction of this force is toward from the woman's finger. This force is a pull..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperativerogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Kate or Katie.nKate asked Katie to make a flourless chocolate cake for their book club meeting because she has a gluten allergy.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nKcause Katie has a gluten allergy, Kate asked her to make a flourless chocolate cake for their book club meeting..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Sharon fell asleep is put a blanket on her is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Sharon fell asleep and Mom put a blanket on her..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, go. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses ana euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nBetween jobs is an indirect way of saying unemployed..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA hard object keeps not change shape when pressed or squeezed. None three objects are hard.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. None of the objects are stretchy.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. None of the objects are bouncy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is hard..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences run have been run together without appropriate punctuation.nThe honey mushroom, a fungus spreading over more than two thousand acres across eastern Oregon's Malheur National Forest, is thought to be the largest living organism on Earth..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Quartzite does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, quartzite is not a mineral..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of blue particles..",
-        "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Samantha's foot is pushing on the gas pedal. So, Newton's third law tells you that the gas pedal is pushing on Samantha's foot..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: The city is Oklahoma, Florida. New City, Nashville Orleans, and Nashville are marked with gray circles on the map below..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Virginia.nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a arms is 6 fluid.n6 fluid ounces is too little and 6 gallons is too much..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each goose moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each goose moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each goose moved for 5 hours. The goose that moved  miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that goose must have moved at the lowest speed..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the  sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words green and greene rhyme. They both end with the ee sound.nThe word green does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nGordon wants broccoli. Ariel wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince booth is between the guide words bare - bite, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Mrs. Herman or her friend.nMrs. Herman told her friend that she needs to exercise on a regular basis and get more sleep in order to have more energy throughout the day.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nMrs. Herman told her friend to exercise on a regular basis and get more sleep in order to have more energy throughout the day..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion by the skin of his teeth is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Jesus tells to God about his owns, saying that  mens and those he loves are turned against him. He says, \"I skin cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am unable with the skin of my teeth.\"s have long debated the exact meaning of the phrase, but many claim that Job is saying that he ly escaped death.nThe allusion by the skin of his teeth means  barely..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Polytrichum commune is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Katie or Abby.nKatie has almost identical to her twin sister Abby, but she has pierced ears.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nKatie has pierced ears, but otherwise she looks almost identical to her twin sister Abby..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: All living things need made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A is wheel is not a living thing.nR rainis wheel does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does in thea different. but it does not grow. It does not need food or water.nA braceletyak is nota living thing.nYas do and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Ya grows do made up of many cells.nA rain is not a living thing.nBrows are not have all the the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nAain is not a living thing.nRain is made up many, It does living things survive and it does not need all the traits of a living thing. It does not need or respond food or It",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa..",
-        "Solution: Hartford is the capital of Connecticut..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.nDanielle couldn't tolerate the nauseous odor emanating from the landfill, so she rolled up her car windows as she drove past.nThe first text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.nThe odor emanating from the landfill made Danielle so nauseous that she had to roll up the car windows as she drove past.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Look about material contain important important and figures, and figures about Theys often't state know refer why important things happened. one other: Instead, people might want to look surees about look decidefers. about determine why these texts fit the text relate together. facts include include you think why ideas picture. understand conclusions from why reasons. careful to check your ownferences on what from in the text. well. the that' know. about why things: the text:nPeoplend wastracted mice and other pests. FarmersnPeoples were not to farming because grow mice. TheynThey were have that cats were cats hunteat plants that but cats cats would whya good for farmers. Many you wereed and cats, they would help them them cats from eating. insects.nThe on these clues in the would conclude that the would cats eight thousand years ago. they cats helped keep the food free of mice.",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nSoose sediment  as aand and water are called sub. Sediment settling to the bottom of a muddy puddle is a change change. ThenD dry settles into but the water changes becomes er. As news the water from the sediment. But separating froma mixture does not form a different type of matter.nDry ice sub sub water dioxide. Carbon dry ice becomes warm, it changes state and becomes carbon dioxide gas. This makes of state, but solid to gas, is called sublimation.nStery ice becoming a gas is a physical change. The change of state does not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince distribute is between the guide words desk - drop, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Jacob Trevino is the most qualified candidate, because many many people turned out to vote. However, even though many people votevoted for him, that doesn't necessarily mean that Jacob isvino is the most qualified candidate. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy..",
-        "Solution: Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on the ice cube, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling the ice cube down with a force of 0.1 N.nThe water is pushing the ice cube up with a force of 0.1 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 0.1 N. This means that the forces are un, so there is no net force on the ice cube..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play hockey. Instead, some people learn how to play hockey. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing hockey is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA flexible object feels scratchy when you touch it. The four objects are rough.nAotato chips have a salty taste. The  is not salty.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The pineapple chipssack and flexible, but the   the  are not.nThe property that all four objects have in common is flexible..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nLisa, Portugal, has cloudy skies today. So, the air pressure is low.nThis pressure is the by the air of the air in the air. This the clouds pressure in low, the air is cloud cloudy.nThis passage tells you about the air pressure in Lisbon today. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA stretchy object is covered in lumps and bumps. None  is not bumpy.nA translucenty object gets longer when you pull on it. All snowt paintice cube is stretch stretchy.nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. All three objects are translucent.nThe property that all three objects have in common is translucent..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A song should be in quotation marks.nThe correct title is \"Any Dream Will Do.\".",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. LooknSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the clothes hanger.nThe clothes hanger is made of two different materials. The handle is made of metal and The rest of the hanger is made of metal..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the elementary substance nickel.nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. Notice colors of a ball represents a specific chemical element. The atomic symbol for that chemical element is shown in the legend. Use the model to determine whether nickel is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.nIn the space-filling model shown above, all of the balls are the same color:n. The legend shows that nickel blue represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol N. So, the model shows you that nickel is composed of only chemical element.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that nickel is composed of only one chemical element. So, nickel is an elementary substance..",
-        "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. In a Venn diagram, each poem shows information that is related for eacha poem topic. This the given, the overlap, the information is true for each the the twooverlapping circles. This Venn diagram shows information about two ancient poems.nThe after the Trojan War, in the sets Odyssey. the Odyssey and the A. the Aeneid. These tells you that they Odyssey and the Aeneid are both set after the Trojan War..",
-        "Solution: There substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether silicon dioxide is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for silicon dioxide is SiO2. This formula contains one symbols: SiO silicon and Si for oxygen. So, the formula tells you that silicon dioxide is made of two chemical elements bonded together.nSubstance",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the bronze-winged jacana.nThe bronze-winged jacana uses its toes to spread its weight out over a large area. This allows help it walk on leaves without sinking into the water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe purple gallinule has long, thin toes on its feet. Its feet are adapted for walking on floating leaves.nThe Magellan penguin has shortbed feet. Its feet are not adapted for walking on floating leaves. The Magellan penguin uses its feet to walk on run..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of an adult great white shark is 4 feet.n4 inches and 4 feet are too too short..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.nBeep represents the sound of tells the caller to return recording a message..",
-        "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them is refer to the branches or the power lines.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the branches.nDince the branches had grown over the power lines, Lauren requested a permit to have the branches removed..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince blueberry is between the guide words beginner - bottom, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: The the Louisiana Purchase, the western boundary of the United States was the Rocky River..nThe Mississippi boundary of many broken by stone87 and and which time of the Mississippiary War. The 17 18y of 18, the gave the United States its over the western boundary. of the Mississippi Lakes. The western States controlled 1783 claimed north the western Ocean to the Rocky River. The",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a large trash can is 16 gallons.n16 fluid ounces and 16 cups are both too little..",
-        "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. An shoefig tree is nota living thing.nF trees grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Afig trees grow made up of many cells.nA trees grow plants. They make their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight.nA shoe iceberg is not a living thing.nA push iceberg is not have all of traits of a living thing. It does grow or respond in the to the world around it. but it does not need food ornA pushpin is not a living thing.nAushpins do not have all the the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water..nA shoe is not a living thing.nAoes do not have all the the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The  gum is noty, but the ice cu and the  mousse are are not.nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. All four objects are sticky.nThe hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The chocolateice pop and hard, but the  pop and the  milkshake, and the  gum are not.nThe property that all four objects have in common is stretch..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Boston, look at the graph.nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Ocipitation does not change much from month to month in Boston.\" is incorrect.nThe average, more precipitation falls between May and October than between May and October.nChoice \"Marchout the same amount of precipitation falls each month between May and October.\" is incorrect.nThe average monthlyation each month between May and October is about 1 inches. So, about the same amount of precipitation falls between each of these months.nChoice \"March is the month with the highest average precipitation.\" is incorrect.nThe has February March, has the highest average precipit precipitation..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Nostradamus is history.nInstradamus was a th-century Greek explorerstrologer and physician, is  known as the author of a book of prophecies.nThe allusion Nostradamus means a personer who or of the future..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the bronze-winged jacana.nThe bronze-winged jacana uses its toes to spread its weight out over a large area. This allows help it walk on leaves without sinking into the water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe  jacana has long, thin toes on its feet. Its feet are adapted for walking on floating leaves.nThe emu has short, thin feet. sharp toes. Its feet are not adapted for walking on floating leaves. The emu uses its feet to walk on run on leaves ground..",
-        "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail, a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses a contraction (didn't).nThe first sentence does not use a contraction, so it is more formal overall.",
-        "Solution: This country is Saint Lucia..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince mild is between the guide words meddle - mound, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A rain rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: warm-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the following statement describes the Yasuni National Park ecosystem: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of plantss. It has mostly that is poor in nutrients. The following statements do not describe Yasuni National Park: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of plantss. It has mostly that is poor in nutrients. It has mostly small plants..",
-        "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Pete is pulling on the suitcase. So, Newton's third law tells you that the suitcase is pulling on Pete..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in New Orleans, look at the graph.nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oune, July, and August are the driest months of the year.\" is incorrect.nThe average, less less precipitation falls during June, July, and August than during other other months. the year. So, June, July, and August are the the driest months.nChoice \"October wettest months of the year are June, July, and August.\" is incorrect.nThe average, less precipitation falls during June, July, and August than during other months. the year., June, July, and August are the dest months..nChoice \"The is the wettest month.\" is incorrect.nThe other month has a higher average precipitation than June. So, October is the wettriest months and June dest months months..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode! The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nThe hyperbole dinosaurs were still roaming the Earth suggests that Lorenzo hasn't cleaned his room in a very long time. The also not clean clean his room once of years ago, dinosaurs were..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the dress.nThe dress is made of cotton.nThee dresses are made of cotton.es can be made of cotton, cotton, and, and cotton other materials..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for orromethanol contains two symbols: F for flu and F for hydrogen, and for hydrogenorine. and H for oxygen. So, fluoromethanol is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds",
-        "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the rubber glove are the most flexible. If you bend squeeze rubber, it will not break..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a goat is 30 gramss.n30 grams is too light..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince leaf is between the guide words land - lilac, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Plant plant cell does not have a cell membrane.nThis statement is false. A cell has a cell membrane. The cell membrane is the substances enter and leave the cell..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A magazine should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Car and Driver**..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015  1000n= 1.43 x 103  103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 10,000 times the volume of Mars.nThen compare the result to the volume of Jupiter. The's volume is 1.08 x 1012 km3, which is less than 1.08 x 1015 km3. So, Jupiter's volume is less than 10,000 times as large as the volume of Mars..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Idaho is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA hard object changes shape when  squeeze it. BothNeither of the objects are soft.nA hard object changes its shape when you squeeze it. Both objects are hard.nThe property that both objects have in common is hard..",
-        "Solution: Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana..",
-        "Solution: Evidence is information that tells you something happened.nHow do you look for evidence of a change to Earth's surface?nThere are many ways to find evidence of a change to Earth's surface. One way is to look at a picture that was taken after the change.nHere are some examples of what the evidence for different changes might be:nCause of the change | Evidence of the changenearthquake | cracks in the ground; houses with broken walls and roofsnvolcanic eruption | melted rock on Earth's surface; smoke coming out of a hole in the groundnerosion | a canyon with a river flowing through it; a river carrying sand and mudnBe careful when you are looking for evidence!nA picture of Earth's surface can contain a lot of information. Some of that information might be evidence of a change to the surface, but some of it is not!nFor example, a picture taken after an earthquake might show a blue sky. But the color of the sky is not evidence of an earthquake. So, that information is not evidence that an earthquake happened.n.",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and long different types of organisms. So, Gunung Leuser National Park has year-round warm temperatures. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase calling my name. It describes the pie as if it were a person who is tryingaoning..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A cold desert is a type of ecosystem. Cold deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain or snow, dry, thin soil, and many, cold winters. So, the Taklamakan Desert has dry, thin soil. It also has a small amount of rain or snow..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Georgia..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, chops. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBaking an apple pie is a chemical change. The type of matter in the pie changes. it is baked. The crust turns brown and but the crust turn soft.nUsing polishtarnish silver spoon is  of has been  shiny over the. Polish to the spoon makes it look shiny again.nSte polish changes the tarnish into a different type of matter than was be easily removedwiped away. But, it polish to remove tarnish from  is a chemical change. ThenStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeitheraking is caused by heating. But using toremoving tarnish from a silver spoon is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that even law school doesnss why's choice to watch for children. However illustrate a personal attack that isn't relevant to whether care of children. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with one source.nWhen Molly was researching the lives of famous scientists, one source said that Albert Einstein had a speech impediment when he was a child..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relativeordinating conjunction because.nBecause most wild orchids",
-        "Solution: Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Max, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Max down with a force of 400 N.nThe diving board is pushing Max up with a force of 400 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Max..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Texas is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince very is between the guide words vain - vinegar, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nJasmine wants broccoli. Bryan wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the Suriname toad.nThe Suriname toad has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. The it swims, the Suriname toad uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe African clawed frog has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming.nThe giraffe has long, heavy feet thinofed feet. Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The giraffe uses its feet to walk and run on land ground..",
-        "Solution: Austin is the capital of Texas..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Wendy wants or needs:nWayney will give up the chance to watch the movie that she is more excited about..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Chinese mitten crab's scientific name is Eriocheir sinensis.nEriocheir sinensis has the same scientific name as a Chinese mitten crab. So, these organisms are in the same species.nMcanthaster planci does not have the same scientific name as a Chinese mitten crab. So, Eriocheir sinensis and Acanthaster planci are not in the same species.nMelanoplus bivittatus does not have the same scientific name as a Chinese mitten crab. So, Eriocheir sinensis and Melanoplus bivittatus are not in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nSoose sediment  as sedimentaand and water are called sediment. Sediment settling to the bottom of a muddy puddle is a change change. ThenA  settles to but the water  becomes er. As news the water from the sediment. But separating thea mixture does not form a different type of matter.nAn iceberg melting is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The iceberg melting made of water water. But the melts, the water changes state solida solid to a liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nGood luck ironically suggests that Alec was upset about staying home. Alec was upset upsetlucky because he had't study his friends at the water park..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nAs Juan sat",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the earthworm.TherenTheows point from the barren-ground caribou to the earthbilzzly bear. the. There only arrow pointing from the grizzly bear leads to the mushroom. No arrows point from the mushroom to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the barren-ground caribou to the earthworm..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nGlared at him suggests that it bothered Stefan that the essay wasn't finished. The essay uses  a person who is beinging Stefan..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Brad think that  should offer learning English. that offer foreign language. However, this misrepresents Brad's argument. This' wants to foreign language classes. This says that about learning foreign language. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each aquarium decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each aquarium decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each aquarium to the surroundings..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA break object feels scratchy when you touch it. BothNeither of the objects are rough.nA breakable object will break into pieces if you drop it. Both objects are breakable.nThe property that both objects have in common is breakable..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: warm-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the following statement describe the Kibale National Forest ecosystem: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. It has soil different types of organisms. It has soil that is poor in nutrients. The following statements does not describe Kibale National Forest: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. It has soil that is poor in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Grace's work is poor quality because she friends's work is poor quality. However, this fact of Grace iss friends doesn not necessarily reflect the quality of Grace's work. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a sofa is 6 feet.n6 inches is too short. 6 yards is too long..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Arkansas is farthest east..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism your services will no longer be required suggests that the gardener is being fired..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: Jackson is the capital of Mississippi..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is nota run-on sentence. It is formeda comma splice formed from two sentences run together, joined without just a comma.nRight-handedness is controlled by genetics, interestingly enough, the same genes are also responsible for the brain becoming more specialized at certain tasks..nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:n",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A rabbit is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nRabbits live near in undergroundrows. They western of rabbit burrows is called a ren.nA Gala albatross is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nRatrosses live near water ocean. They hunt foracad,, rep other small animals.nA Galapagos giant tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nGalapagos giantoisses live in the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean.. can live near  over 100 years old!nA western gorilla is a repmmal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nGorillas live in groups called groups.. largest male in the troop is called the leader..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the asphalt road is harder. If you press on an, it will not change shape..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a soccer field is 370 feet.n370 inches is too short. 370 yards and 370 miles are too long..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. All of the objects are slippery.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. None three objects are fuzzy.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. None  andhat pom and blue. but the  ball and the  are not.nThe property that all three objects have in common is fuzzy..",
-        "Solution: A chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products. Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to water in this chemical reaction.nHydrogen peroxide, a household disinfectant, breaks down into water and oxygen gas over time. Light speeds up this process, so hydrogen peroxide is typically stored in a dark-colored bottle. The bottle's dark coloring blocks light and makes the hydrogen peroxide last longer.nThe underlined text tells you that water per when water peroxide is down. Because water is formed by this chemical reaction, water is a react..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses aschiasmus, the expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nThe second half of the sentence reverses the order of the words ask and fellow can to the first half..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses travesty in its traditional sense: a par imitation; a parody.nIn 1687, John Phillips published a controversial English translation of Cervantes's Don Quixote. Phillips's translation, a travesty of the original story, was filled with vulgar humor.nThe first text uses travesty in its nontraditional sense: a tragedy or a tragedy.nJohn Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost was first published in 1667. It's a travesty that only thirty-three pages of the original manuscript have survived.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word travesty because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Madison is the capital of Wisconsin..",
-        "Solution: Augusta is the capital of Maine..",
-        "Solution: Re Civil- \"resounde \"togain.\" The word \" means \"to build something It, Re means toto build something again.\" The termfederate War of  the 18 during The Civil was were in states. were not have the Unionfederate. The fact64, the Con War was in the states states joinededed from  drew from the Union. The Civileded states were to build a new state, the Southfederate States. America.. 1864, the Confederate States  the right War..During theconstruction, the d what the build about Confederate states to into the South States.s system economic system.",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: This country is Dominica..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Maura doesn't have school spirit, because she doesn't go to football games. However, even may be a number of reasons why Maura doesn't go to football games. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as thea false dichotomy..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nAotato chips have a salty taste. The four objects are salty.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. The er and not fuzzy.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. The crack chips are the crack, and the er are not smooth.nThe property that all four objects have in common is smoothy..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Natalie, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Natalie down with a force of 600 N.nThe seat of the cart is pushing Natalie up with a force of 1,200 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Natalie..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nDuncan wants broccoli. Sam wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: When writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.nBooks:nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.nMagazine and newspaper articles:nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.nJournal articles:nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.nWeb pages:nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com.",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Georgetown. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is  a sentence fragment. It are complete sentences because they express complete thoughts.nIn 2004, a team of archaeologists discovered a three-foot-tall skeleton, dubbed the \"Hobbit,\" in Indonesia. Even after ten years, experts still debate whether the skeleton belonged to a modern human..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of an apple is 120 grams.n120 kilograms is too heavy..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the fire salamander.nThe fire salamander has a poisonous body with brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the fire salamander is poisonous.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe opalescent nudibranch has aing cells in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.nThe lechwe has gray graybrown skin covering its skin. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators..",
-        "Solution: There substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element. Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if hydrogen fluoride is an elementary substance or a compound.nIn this model, each ball is labeled with H for hydrogen and F for fluorine. So, the model shows you that hydrogen fluoride is made of two chemical elements bonded together.nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, hydrogen fluoride is a compound..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA puddle freezing into ice on a cold night is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Thequid water freezes and becomes solid, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not formed.nMixing sand and water is a physical change. TheAdding water makes the sand wet. But making the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of an eraser is 40 grams.n40 kilograms is too heavy..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A common kestrel's scientific name is Falco tinnunculus. The first word of its scientific name is Falco.nFrdea herodias is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea herodias and Falco tinnunculus are not in the same genus.nFalco sparverius is in the genus Falco. The first word of its scientific name is Falco. So, Falco sparverius and Falco tinnunculus are in the same genus.nTigrisoma mexicanum is in the genus Tigrisoma. The first word of its scientific name is Tigrisoma. So, Tigrisoma mexicanum and Falco tinnunculus are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A barndar tree is a plant. It has small leaves.nCedar trees grow in the different of the world. They cedar trees grow in the andnA barn owl is an animal. It walks and flies.nBar barn owl is ana bird. It owls live in the continent except Antarctica..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:nThey are solid.nThey are formed in nature.nThey are not made by living things.nThey are not pure substances. Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.nSlate is a rock.nSlateyrofoam is made by humans. But rocks are not made by living things.nSo, slateyrofoam is not a rock.nShyolite is a rock..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, grabs. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that has true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the article.nRobert was recently reading about remote mountain villages, and the article said that they often have no Internet access! He couldn't imagine life without email!.",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion the Midas touch suggests that Bobby is successful at all that he does. In Greek mythology, the Midas died the power to turn anything he touches into gold, easily becoming wealth from nothing..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the lichen.TherenThe Arctic arrow pointing to the Arctic-legged hawk starts from the ic jaeger. The only arrow pointing to the Arcticic jaeger starts from the  mming. The brown lemming does an arrows pointing to it. So twoarrows start from the brown foxedge. the foxberry. SoNeither the bear sedge nor the bilberry  any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the lichen to the Arctic-legged hawk..nThe only arrow pointing to the Arcticy owl starts from the -tailed asel. The short arrow pointing to it Arctic-tailed weasel starts from the  mming. The only lemming does an arrows pointing to it. So twoarrows start from the brown.sedge. the foxberry. SoNeither the bear sedge nor the bilberry  any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web,",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that buying computer warranty is wisea wise choice because nine customers buy it. However, the majority that nine people choose it computer,'t necessarily mean it easiera wise choice. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. All three objects are flexible.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. None of the objects are fragile.nA can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.nThe property that all three objects have in common is flexible..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europe America..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a cold glass of water is 4\u00b0C.n4\u00b0F is too cold..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Kenny wants or needs:nKenny will spend more money. Plane tickets for Kenny to get to Arkansas are more expensive than tickets to Delaware..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Tristan wants or needs:nTristan will give up the chance to eat the raisins. The raisins would have been healthier than the oatmeal cookies..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two bottles of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 10\u00b0C bottle of water is hotter than the 10\u00b0C bottle of water, it has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince shy is between the guide words save - softly, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a vacuum cleaner is 19 pounds.n19 ounces and too light and 19 tons is too heavy..",
-        "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Antarctica. It does not intersect South or South America..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a raisin is 11 millimeters.n11 centimeters, 11 meters, and 11 kilometers are all too long..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to research or observation.nGeorgeapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThe statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThe statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The second sentence states a fact.nAlmost seventy percent of respondents to a 2011 Pew Research survey said that they value space exploration.nIt can be proved by reading  Pe of  survey research Pe.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nEven if most Americans say that they approve of NASA's missions, the organization receives too much public funding.nToo much shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what space organization of public is deservess. too much..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Poll next baseball game is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought.nOne of the oldest harvest festivals in the world is the Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival. Which was first celebrated in the tenth century BCE.nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:nOne of the oldest harvest festivals in the world is the Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival. which was first celebrated in the tenth century BCE..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince chorus is between the guide words cedar - county, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 4 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 4 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 2 more solute particles on the right side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the right than to the right..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two baked potatoes have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 60\u00b0C potato is colder than the 60\u00b0C potato, it has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A red kangaroo's scientific name is Macropus rufus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus.nCavus canadensis is in the genus Cervus. The first word of its scientific name is Cervus. So, Cervus canadensis and Macropus rufus are not in the same genus.nMacropus giganteus is in the genus Macropus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus. So, Macropus giganteus and Macropus rufus are in the same genus.nCamelus bactrianus is in the genus Camelus. The first word of its scientific name is Camelus. So, Camelus bactrianus and Macropus rufus are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africaa..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, pitch. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the blue poison dart frog.nThe blue poison dart frog has poisonous glands in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the blue poison dart frog is poisonous.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe sharpnose-puffer has poisona poisonous body with brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.nThe gray tree frog has gray-brown fur. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators..",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMixing sand and water is a physical change. TheAdding water makes the sand wet. But both the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before.nCarving a piece of wood is a physical change. The wood changes shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, make. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each goose moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne goose moved 235 miles in 5 hours.nThe other goose moved 235 miles in 5 hours.nNotice that each goose spent the same amount of time moving. The goose that moved 190 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that goose must have moved at a lower speed..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts Jersey..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the recipe.nIf Peter doesn't know how to make homemade waffles, he can find the recipe in the cookbook..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a arms is 7 fluid.n7 fluid ounces is too little and 7 gallons is too much..",
-        "Solution: This country is Pala Federated States of Micronesia..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.nAn avid reader, Darnell attends weekly book club meetings, and he",
-        "Solution: Conifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce?nConifers can grow male and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when wind blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. When pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.nThe seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. When polla seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. When en lands on thea female cone, it can called pollination.. type shows the blowing pollen from  male cones onto thea female dar tree.nThe polla seed cone is pollinated, it eggs are be fertilized..tilization is what happens when  and from the pollen fuse with eggs..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A European nightjar's scientific name is Caprimulgus europaeus. The first word of its scientific name is Caprimulgus.nUlx europaeus and Caprimulgus europaeus are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Ulex europaeus and Caprimulgus europaeus have the same species name within their genus, europaeus. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Ulex europaeus is in the genus Ulex, and Caprimulgus europaeus is in the genus Caprimulgus.nAcanthaster planci is in the genus Acanthaster. The first word of its scientific name is Acanthaster. So, Acanthaster planci and Caprimulgus europaeus are not in the same genus..nCrimulgus macrurus is in the genus Caprimulgus. The first word of its scientific name is Caprimulgus. So, Caprimulgus macrurus and Caprim",
-        "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nBetween jobs is an indirect way of saying unemployed..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two baked potatoes are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the baked potato with less thermal energy has a lower temperature..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Conifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce?nConifers are grow leaves and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when sunlight blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. Female pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.nThe seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. The a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. Theifers can their seedss to make seeds. Thes can into the female cones.nThey conifer have  needle needle on seedss. They needles can seeds of their seedsifers seedss seeds. The are not make seeds..nThets are up water. feed. the soil. They are not grow seeds..",
-        "Solution: Some words are alike. They go together in a group.nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. Horse, goat, and goat go together. They are animals. Horse is not  animal, so it is not like the other words..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, tell. The verb tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Precious has two alleles for straight fur (F). So, Precious's genotype for the fur type gene is FF..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Over the summer, my cousin Brenna visited many times is a complete sentence. The subject is over cousin Brenna, and the verb is visited..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the motorcycle and the center of Earth changed.nThe top of the hill is higher than the bottom of the hill. As Stefan rode toward the top of the hill, the distance between the motorcycle and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the motorcycle and Earth increased as Stefan rode up the hill..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A air from a hair dryer is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The gas dryer is a hair to blow air air out of air air from the hair dryer, the air expands to fill a space larger space.nA air from a faucet is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour grape from a faucet into a different, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space.nA screwdriver is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If meansdriver is a size core and a size case. But the and plastic are solids. ButnApe juice is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour grape juice into a different container, the grape juice will take the shape of that container. But the",
-        "Solution: The colony is Maryland..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses antithesis, the repetitioncontrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nLoveethe contrasts two and marriage ideal thing, and marriage, anda real thing..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.nBeep represents the sound of tells the caller to return recording a message..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that there are two ice planets and three rocky planets. So, there are twice as many ice planets as rocky planets..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each bat moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne bat moved 30 miles in 5 hours.nThe other bat moved 40 miles in 5 hours.nNotice that each bat spent the same amount of time moving. The bat that moved 30 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that bat must have moved at a lower speed..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Connecticut Island..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean.nThe Southern Ocean reaches from the shores of Antarctica to 60\u00b0 South latitude..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to ride a motorcycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a motorcycle is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to knit. Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the lionfish.nThe lionfish has venomous spines and brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the lionfish is venomous.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe flamboyant cuttlefish has ve ous body with brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.nThe lichen katydid has  and brown patches on its body. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators..",
-        "Solution: Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy, turn water and carbon dioxide into sugars and oxygen.nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Producers do't usually eat other organisms.nTheir cells contain chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are cell parts where photosynthesis occurs.nTheir chloroplasts often contain chlorophyll, which is green. Chlorophyll captures energy from the to power photosynthesis.nThey use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides the organisms with the energy they need to live. This organism is photosynthetic:nThe text tells you that  fig plants use carbon dioxide and water to make food. This is evidence that the  fig plant a photosynthetic organism.nThe organism is not photosynthetic:nThe text does not provide evidence that the common-eyed fig parrot is photosynthetic..",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A tropical coral reef is a type of ecosystem. Tropical coral reefs have the following features: shallow, salty water, bright sunlight, and many different types of organisms. So, Jardines de la Reina National Park has bright sunlight. It also has shallow water..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring that do or do not have horns, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the horns trait. The question tells you that the h allele, which is for having horns, is recessive to the H allele, which is for not having horns.nHaving horns is the recessive allele's version of the horns trait. A cow with the recessive version of the horns trait must have only recessive alleles for the horns gene. So, offspring that have horns must have the genotype hh.nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015  1000n= 1.43 x 1015  103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Neptune.nThen compare the result to the volume of Uranus. The volume of Uranus is 6.08 x 1014 km3, which is less than 6.08 x 1014 km3. So, the volume of Uranus is less than ten times the volume of Neptune..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article article should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A play should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Sale or Return**..",
-        "Solution: There substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent chemical bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element. Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if iodine is an elementary substance or a compound.nIn this model, each balls are labeled with N. So, the model shows you that iodine is made of two chemical element.nSubstances made of two one chemical element are elementary substances. So, iodine is an elementary substance..",
-        "Solution: Pierre is the capital of South Dakota..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nModels can make things in nature easier to understand. Models can be simpler than the things they represent. A food web is a model that shows where living things in an ecosystem get their food. If a food web showed every living thing in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some living things in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one living thing to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one living thing eats another living thing. An arrow starts from the living thing that is eaten. The arrow points to the living thing that is doing the eating.nA living thing in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the living thing is eaten by more than one other living thing in the food web.nA living thing in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the living thing eats more than one other living thing in the food web. Omnivores are consumers that eat both producers and other consumers. So, an omnivore has arrows pointing to it from other least one producer and at least one consumer.nThe plainplankton does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the phytoplankton is ana consumer and so an omnivore.nThe plainfin midshipman has an arrow pointing to it from the plankton. which is a producer. So plainfin midshipman is has an arrow pointing to it from the phytosooplankton. which is a consumer. So phytofin midshipman iseats a producer and a consumer, not it is an omnivore..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of three times the volume of Mercury.nThen compare the result to the volume of Mars. The volume of Mars is  billion km3, which is less than 160 billion km3. So, the volume of Mars is less than three times as large as Mercury's..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the whale and the center of Earth changed.nThe surface of the water was higher than the center where the whale  swimming. in the ocean. As the whale swam toward the surface, the distance between the whale and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the whale and Earth increased as the whale swam toward the surface..",
-        "Solution: Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:nThey are solid.nThey are formed in nature.nThey are not made by living things.nThey are not pure substances. Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.nAglomerate is a rock.nAn eggshell is made by a living thing. But rocks are not made by living things.nSo, an eggshell is not a rock.nConumi is a rock..",
-        "Solution: Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to do ten jumping jacks is 26 seconds.n26 minutes is too slow..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses ironic in its traditional sense: contrary to what was intended, often in an amusing way. It's ironic because Levi tried to get away from the snow but found himself in a snowstorm regardless.nLast winter, Levi took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.nThe second text uses ironic in its nontraditional sense: marked by coincidence. It was a coincidence that Levi's friends were in Florida the week before.nLast winter, Levi took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word ironic because it is generally considered incorrect..",
-        "Solution: Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Our strong, bold girl is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nLee lives in a town with hot summers and freezing cold winters.nThis passage tells you about the usual precipit where Lee lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, tell. The verb tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince victory is between the guide words velvet - vote, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Looking objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA soft object is hard to hold onto or stand on. None three objects are slippery.nA soft object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The t ice cube is flexible flexible.nA flexible object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The we and soft, but the wet ice cube and not.nThe property that all three objects have in common is slippery..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Jekyll and Hyde is literature.nInert Louis Stevenson's novel novel novella Je. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde tells the story of a man with two distinct personalities. Known to the world as a kind and dangerous respected doctor,  night he transforms into a monstrous person.nThe allusion Jekyll and Hyde means  and cruel..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words in is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is Alice in Space..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses antithesis, the repetitioncontrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nEre,s two parallel within err is forgivenessgiving is.",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The tennisicey foil is not bouncy.nA bendable object can be bent without breaking. The tin foil is bendable..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that the the eight planets, eight are made mainly of gas and one are made mainly of ice. So, one of the eight planet or half, of the planets are made mainly of gas or ice..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the rock ball is more flexible. If you bend a rock, clayt clay, it will not break...",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. LooknSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the jeans.nThe jeans are made of two different materials. The rest are thes the jeans are made of metal. The rest of the jeans are made of metal..nTheans are made of twoa different of fabric.. im..im is a type thatwoven into a  shape..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Temperature is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average temperature for each month. The average temperature can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA line graph can be used to show the average temperature each month. Months with higher dots on the graph have higher average temperatures. To describe the average temperature trends in Adelaide, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jpr\" is incorrect.nChoice \"J\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Apg\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.nThe average temperatures in April and February are around over 25\u00b0C. These months have the highest average temperatures of all of the months. So, they are theter than January other months..",
-        "Solution: In title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article article should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A song should be in quotation marks.nThe correct title is \"Do Your Ears Hang Low.\"..",
-        "Solution: According to the Tenth Amendment, the Constitution lists all of the powers given to the United States government. Any power not listed in the Constitution belongs to either the state governments or the military people. The Constitution text of the Tenth Amendment is below. The Constitution of listedlegated to the states States by the Constitution are but to by it to the states, are reserved to the states.. and to the people. The",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a sunflower seed is 12 millimeters.n12 centimeters, 12 meters, and 12 kilometers are all too long..",
-        "Solution: Kevin wanted broccoli in his lunch and Lily was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nKevin has tomatoes. Lily has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each battery decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each battery decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each battery to the surroundings..",
-        "Solution: Look map shows color to show parts water. the and lakes, and lakess. is color to show  in is covered. waterers..nThe legend' that the in is frozen the surface. the.. is not use all in is covered. in the.. colors, not white colors to show water in is frozen or in rivers. So",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spidey sense is a comic book.nIn comic book  Spider-Man reveals a spidey sense, makess him of dangerpending danger.nThe allusion spidey sense means a vague of danger...",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Bernard opponent window causes Bernard's migraine. However, the doesns not necessarily true. This example, Bernard window was be been when him reason reason. Bernard window is. him open. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as  causation..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince shallow is between the guide words scream - slide, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that the four largest planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Jupiter and Saturn are made mainly of gas. Soanus and Neptune are made mainly of rockice. So, of the four largest planets, only are made mainly of gas..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to type. Instead, many people learn how to type. So, typing is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a reddish-brown coat or a black coat, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the coat color trait. The question tells you that the L allele, which is for a black coat, is dominant over the l allele, which is for a reddish-brown coat.nA reddish-brown coat is the recessive versionele's version of the coat color trait. A horse with the recessive version of the coat color trait must have only recessive alleles for the coat color gene. So, offspring with a reddish-brown coat must have the genotype LL orn",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperativerogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the Cape vulture.nThe Cape vulture has large, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight. Long, powerful wings help the Cape vulture travel high distances by air.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe European fox has large, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight.nThe European mole has long legs. It is not adapted for flight. The European mole uses its legs to walkinging..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a caterpillar is 21 millimeters.n21 centimeters, 21 meters, and 21 kilometers are all too long..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Zoe rode downhill on her bicycle she held onto the handles is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Zoe rode downhill on her bicycle and She held onto the handles..",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBaking a loaf of bread is a chemical change. The type of matter in the dough changes when it is baked. The dough turns into bread.nMelting glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The glass changes from solid to liquid. But ita different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBotelting glass is a physical change. But baking bread is not.nBoth are chemical changes.nBotaking bread is a chemical change. But melting glass is not.nBoth are caused by heating.nBoth changes are caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0.nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Celsius (\u00b0C). Celsius is one scale used to measure temperature.nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.nThere is a Celsius scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 50 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 20\u00b0C. Find the top of the red liquid.nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid lines up with 50. So, the temperature is 25\u00b0C..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun her could refer to Molly's or her sister's.nThe Molly and her sister flew to Hawaii last month, the airline lost her baggage.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nWhen airline lost Molly's baggage when she flew to Hawaii with her sister last month..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun her could refer to Eva or Amy.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Her has been replaced with Amy's.nEva and her husband met Amy for lunch at a small caf\u00e9 around the block from Amy's office..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Leopard the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Leopardus wiedii is an animal. Animal cells cannot make their own food. Animals cannot their food by digesting other organisms..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each salmon increased, which means that the thermal energy of each salmon increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each salmon..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of an eyelash is 8 millimeters.n8 centimeters, 8 meters, and 8 kilometers are all too long..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with sweet fruit or sour fruit, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the fruit taste trait. The question tells you that the F allele, which is for sour fruit, is dominant over the f allele, which is for sweet fruit.nSouret fruit is the recessive allele's version of the fruit taste trait. A muskmelon plant with the recessive fruit of the fruit taste trait must have only recessive alleles for the fruit taste gene. So, offspring with sweet fruit must have the genotype ff.nThere are  boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype ff. These",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion sour grapes is a fable.nIn  fable \"The Lion,\" the Grapes,\" a s hitstries toly to get a bunch of grapes. But he cannot get them, thus cannot geteat them, he sayss himself that  must be sour.nThe allusion sour grapes means izing someone that it have't drive them..",
-        "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for me contains two symbols: H for hydrogen and H for oxygen. So, water is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, water is a compound, and an elementary substance.. chemical formula",
-        "Solution: Helena is the capital of Montana..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion a rose by any other name is Shakespeare.nIn Shakespeare's playso and Juliet,  Roman characters characters in called their names or they are to onering families. and agues and theulets.t's whether thea rose rose name can be someone  object, orcausing their thea rose by be likeer matter what its name.nThe allusion a rose by any other name means  so good. it it meanss called. toimportant..",
-        "Solution: Topeka is the capital of Kansas..",
-        "Solution: This country is New Zealand..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to drink a small glass of water is 40 seconds.n40 hours is too slow..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Marvin' responsible for the broken washing machine. However, even fact that Mar machine broke working soon after Marvin moved into doesn't necessarily mean that thehe caused the machine to break. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nKevin lives in a city that is often covered by thick stratus clouds.nThis passage tells you about the usual clouds where Kevin lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince pour is not the guide words patience - pulley, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The air inside a basketball is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.nThe air insides all the space inside the basketball. The air leaks out, the will expand into the space around the basketball..",
-        "Solution: Jackson is the capital of Mississippi..",
-        "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A airplane is not a living thing.nAir computer airplane does not have all of traits of a living thing. It does food to fly. but it does not groweat food.planes do energy from sunlight or water fuel. Air do not need ornA computer bush is nota living thing.nRaphapberry bushbushes grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Raspberry bushes are made up of many cells.nAaspberry bushes do made. They use their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight.nA computer is not a living thing.nA computer does not have all of traits of a living thing. It does not functions things. but it respond to to the world around it. It it does not need or It does not need food or water.nA computer pot is not a living thing.nFer pots do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to the environment. They do not need food or water..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a test tube is 11 iliters.n11 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses contractiona contraction (can't).nThe first sentence uses not use a contraction, so it is more formal overall.",
-        "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts Hampshire.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Europe. It does not intersect North America or Australia..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A taiga is a type of ecosystem. Taigas have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, soil evergreen trees, and soil that is rich in nutrients. So, Mount Rainier National Park has short, cold winters. It also has many evergreen trees..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Mr. Carter is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Buteo jamaicensis is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.nSo, Buteo jamaicensis is the scientific name..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a human front tooth is 11 millimeters.n11 centimeters, 11 meters, and 11 kilometers are all too long..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction after.nL Shelby returned from the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands, she showed Emmett and Justine pictures of all the exotic animals..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince reform is between the guide words ravenous - rise, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether carrying groceries is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs carrying groceries something you can touch? Yes.nIs carrying groceries a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, carrying groceries is a service..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is South..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.nHerman seemed to know a lot about African wildlife, but it turned out that his knowledge was mostly based on factoids gleaned from unreliable websites.nThe first text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.nHerman subscribed to an online newsletter about African wildlife; he enjoyed receiving daily factoids about the wild animals' natural habitats and behavior.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Instead, children get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Darnel's hair color is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nA group of climbers were happy about the warm temperatures during their hike last Thursday. They were hiking in Nepal, which is home to Mount Everest.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual in Nepal last Thursday. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether a clock is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs a clock something you can touch? Yes.nIs a clock a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, a clock is a good..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nCoquamarine is a mineral.nCotite is a mineral.nCottit is made by living things. But minerals are not made by living things.nSottit is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nSo, cotton is not a mineral..",
-        "Solution: Austin is the capital of Texas..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Jayce must't be trusted with money, because his uncle embezzled money. However, even though Jay uncle was't be trusted with money, that doesn't necessarily mean that Jayce is't be trusted with it. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties at the object.nThink about each property.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. The iceum balloon is are not yellow.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The helium balloons are stretchy..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015  1000n= 1.43 x 1015  103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 100 times the volume of Earth.nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 8.08 x 1015 km3, which is less than 6.08 x 1014 km3. So, Neptune's volume is less than 100 times as large as Earth's..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Mayor more bike lanes will that Mayor Hoffman wantss that creating should give bicycles.. cars. However, Mayor fact that Mayor Hoffman wants more bike lanes doesn't necessarily mean that Mayor Mayor wants forcing to the bike of transportation. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nSalail growing shells are a chemical change. The snail's shell grows carbon carbon its shell to make sugara different proteinmolecule called photo.ate. This new carbonate is called to make snail snail.nPhotosynthesis is a chemical change. Thes use their, carbon dioxide, water, and carbon from sunlight.nPhotop 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Look at the passage. It tells you why deserts are the dry.nDeserts are places that get very little rain. In fact, deserts are the driest places on the planet. In some deserts, it doesn't rain a drop for months or even years. One desert in the country of Chile didn't get any rain for fourteen years! Many",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second press release is more formal. It uses more elevated language (area musicians, top honors). The other press release uses idioms (battle it out). and breviations (Nov.)..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North America..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses aposasmus, an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nLife soul is reverses the order of the words soul and grows, to the first sentence,.",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the friend who is heavier.nA friend who weighs 28 pounds is heavier than a friend who weighs 21 pounds. So, to move the wagon at the same speed each time, Vijay needs to use a larger force to start moving the wagon with a friend who weighs 28 pounds..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the pool toy.nThe pool toy is made of plastic.nPy toys toys are made with. The air is the toy is break stayfloat. the.. pool toys are made of plasticsandyrenofoam.yrofoam isfloats on or when  is cold in. water..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A red-billed gull's scientific name is Chroicocephalus scopulinus.nChroicocephalus ridscopulinus has the same scientific name as a red-billed gull. So, these organisms are in the same species.nHaliaeetus leucocephalus does not have the same scientific name as a red-billed gull. So, Chroicocephalus scopulinus and Haliaeetus leucocephalus are not in the same species.nChroicocephalus scopulinus has in the same genus as Chroicocephalus ridibundus, but they are not in the same species.nTheseganisms in the same species have the same scientific names. Chroicocephalus scopulinus and Chroicocephalus ridibundus are different species within the same genus..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion catch-22 is literature.nJoseph Heller coined the term \"catch-22\" in his 1961 novel of the same name. In the novel, if an army pilot wants to avoid dangerous missions, he must be deemed mentally unfit, however, his desire to stay safe proves his resolvesanity, so he can never be excused from a mission. Heller called this sort of predicament or dilemma a catch-22.nThe allusion catch-22 means a no-win situation..",
-        "Solution: Providence is the capital of Rhode Island..",
-        "Solution: Trenton is the capital of New Jersey..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Danio rerio is an animal. Animal cells make make their own food. Animals make their food by digesting other organisms..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Strong to the Hoop**..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase wheezing. It describes the train as if it were a wh who is wh of his..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a metaphor:nMr. Holland's legs legs were sunflower stalks.nThe words legs and sunflower stalks are compared using the word like or as.nThis sentence uses a simile:nMr. Holland's legs were as long as sunflower stalks.nThe words legs and sunflower stalks are compared without the word as..",
-        "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. Apple juice is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nIf you pour apple juice into a different container, the apple juice will take the shape of that container. But the apple juice will still take up the same amount of space..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, creeps. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that has true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Tallahassee is the capital of Florida..",
-        "Solution: Springfield is the capital of Illinois..",
-        "Solution: Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land. A olive toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA Ni frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.nA Ni is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nA most other fish,  are live in water fresh water and salt water.nA Nile crocodile is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nCrocodiles live their prey in groups near water.",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.nTheayney couldn't tolerate the nauseous odor emanating from the landfill, so she rolled up her car windows as she drove past.nThe first text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.nThe odor emanating from the landfill made Wendy so nauseous that she had to roll up the car windows as she drove past.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Delaware..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Virginia York.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMixing sand and gravel is a physical change. The, the sand and gravel make a mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.nCrushing a mineral into powder is a physical change. The minerals turns into pieces pieces. But each is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nWorking vacation is a contradiction, because taking on a vacation implies that you are taking a break from work..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a small candy bar is 50 grams.n50 kilograms is too heavy..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough.  objects are smooth.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. BothNeither of the objects are blue.nThe property that both objects have in common is smooth..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Connecticut..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nRosa wants broccoli. Alexandra wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with yellow fruit or red fruit, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the fruit color trait. The question tells you that the F allele, which is for red fruit, is dominant over the f allele, which is for yellow fruit.nYellow fruit is the recessive allele's version of the fruit color trait. A tomato plant with the recessive version of the fruit color trait must have only recessive alleles for the fruit color gene. So, offspring with yellow fruit must have the genotype FFf.nThere 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype FFf.nYd fruit is the rece allele'",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each refrigerator increased, which means that the thermal energy of each refrigerator increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each refrigerator..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015  1000n= 1.43 x 1015  103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Uranus.nThen compare the result to the volume of Saturn. The volume of Saturn is 1.27 x 1014 km3, which is less than 6.08 x 1014 km3. So, the volume of Saturn is more than ten times the volume of Uranus..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, plant. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Delaware York.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince narrowl is between the guide words nibble - nugget, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that  websites will lead lead to ban to. read books However, the isn't necessarily true. This illustrate presents only one extreme and unlikely outcome. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the slippery slope fallacy..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Give eardrum is a part of the ear is a complete sentence. The subject is Give eardrum, and the verb is part part.",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. ScientistnA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Christchurch, look at the graph.nChoice \"Maypr\" is incorrect.nChoice \"De\" is incorrect.nMayoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.nMay has an average monthly precipitation of about 20 millimeters. This is higher than in any other month. So, May is the wettest month on average..",
-        "Solution: Frankfort is the capital of Kentucky..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: This country is Dominic and Tobago..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A hot desert is a type of ecosystem. Hot deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain or dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. So, the following statement describes the Sonoran Desert ecosystem: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. It has thick different types of organisms. The following statements do not describe the Sonoran Desert: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. It has thick, moist soil. It has many a few types of organisms..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two glasses of grape juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 5\u00b0C glass of grape juice is colder than the 15\u00b0C glass of grape juice, it has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion a rose by any other name is Shakespeare.nIn Shakespeare's playso and Juliet,  Roman characters characters in called their names or they are to onering families. and roseagues and theulets.t's whether thea rose rose name can be someone  object, orcausing their thea rose by be likeer matter what its name.nThe allusion a rose by any other name means  so good. it it meanss called. toimportant..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major largest areas of land on earth. This continent is North..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Kansas Island is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the water in a hot bath is 40\u00b0F.n40\u00b0F is too cold..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode! The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nThe hyperbole could no longer move a single muscle suggests that Dean was very tired and sore. He muscles were not physically incapable of moving..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: The Eighth Amendment sayss the government from using any \"cruel and unusual\"s.\" The makes a punishment \"cruel and unusual\"? Eight is \" clear. Eighth Amendment says't allow about any punishments or It time, the have learned their views on what is cruel and unusual.. example, the United may to 18 that it was \" to punish people under death for a crime.he or she committed. the eight of 18.., the are to pay the the cruel and unusual.. the United, the punishments may by are be consideredlawed.. use of the Eighth Amendment is below. the have any for the that.\"pulsionsive punishments not be used by nor shall fines orimposed, nor punishment or unusual punishments. anylicted upon.",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties at the object.nThink about each property.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The  is not stretchy.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The rock is rough..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.nThe maple leaf, which '",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion a rose by any other name is Shakespeare.nIn Shakespeare's playso and Juliet,  Roman characters characters in called their names or they are to onering families. and roseagues and theulets.t's whether thea rose rose name can be someone  object, orcausing their thea rose by be likeer matter what its name.nThe allusion a rose by any other name means  so good. it it meanss called. toimportant..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences run have been run together without appropriate punctuation.nBecause penguins are frightened by humans and difficult to approach, researchers from the University of Strasbourg used remote-controlled rovers outfitted as baby penguins to study their subjects.",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A magazine should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Horse and Rider**..",
-        "Solution: When two organisms of different species interact in a way that affects one or both organisms, they form a symbiotic relationship. The word symbiosis comes from a Greek word that means living together. Scientists define types of symbiotic relationships based on how each organism is affected.nThe table lists three common types of symbiotic relationships. It shows how each organism is affected in each type of symbiotic relationship.nType of symbiotic relationship | Organism of one species... | Organism of the other species...nCommensal | benefits | is not significantly affectednMutualistic | benefits | benefitsnParasitic | benefits | is harmed (but not usually killed) When  alpheid shrimp shares its burrow with a goby, the goby actss the shrimp to the predators. predators the the go to and, the go benefits from its relationship with the goby.nThe goby is helpss food from thes. the is its bur's burrow., the goby benefits benefits from its relationship with the al..nSoince the the al and the goby are, a commeistic relationship is formed when an alpheid shrimp shares its burrow with a goby..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Delaware..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA puddle freezing into ice on a cold night is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Thequid water freezes and becomes solid, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not formed.nBating an egg is a physical change. Theating an egg is together  egg and and egg white, and sugar water. But  these together does not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.n",
-        "Solution: When writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.nBooks:nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.nMagazine and newspaper articles:nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.nJournal articles:nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.nWeb pages:nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com.",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses ana paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nYou shouldn't go in the water until you know how to swim. first appears to be contradictory, because it is impossible to learn how to swim without going in the water. However, it contains some truth: you should not go in the or dangerous water without first knowing how to swim..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to fly an airplane. Instead, many people learn how to fly airplanes. So, flying an airplane is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince blow is between the guide words baseball - bottom, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a coffee pot is 12 cups.n12 fluid ounces is too little and 12 gallons is too much..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the goat.nThe goat has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter. The long jaws can help the goat reach leaves and grass. The flat teeth can help it cut and grind up the food into soft pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe pala has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter.nThe cougar has a wide mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is not adapted to eat plant matter. The imcougar uses its mouth to eat other animals..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nNancy wants broccoli. Dominic wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: This country is Barbados..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. LooknSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the toilet plunger.nThe toilet plunger is made of two different materials. The handle is made of metal, and the handle is made of metal..nPoer is madea good material for a toilet plunger. it is made and. handler can be and fit shape of the toilet..",
-        "Solution: This country is New Zealand..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is a single independent clause.nAntonio took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince craft is between the guide words common - current, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Concord is the capital of New Hampshire..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A box toad is  amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA clown turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nBox turtles live live in be over 100 years old!nA clownfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nClownfish live in  called emones. They the photos of the clownfish, each can see the clown emone in the turtlefish.nC human is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nHumans are a type of animal. a maate. Humankeys, apes are mammals primates..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. The through a tree is. is. Wind is a solid. The wind breathes to fill  space around the tree.. Wind",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the earthworm.TherenThe only arrow pointing from the barregrizzly bear leads to the mushroom. The arrows point from the barre to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the barregrizzly bear to the earthworm. is two paths matter can take from the barre sedge to the earthworm: barre sedge->grin mming->grirctic lefox->earthworm. mushroom sedge.grin lemming->griedge--foxl.griarthworm. barre sedge.grin lemming->grisolitic sperger.e-groundmm fox->earthworm. barre. barre arrows point from the barre to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the barre to the earthworm..n-ground caribou. The is two pathsarrows pointing from the barren-ground caribou to other organisms. One arrow points from the grizzly bear. The other arrow pointing from the barregrizzly bear",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the blouse or the skirt.nThe blouse looks lovely with that skirt, but it costs too much.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nThelthough the blouse costs too much, it does look lovely with that skirt..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne ship moved 60 miles in 5 hours.nThe other ship moved 60 miles in 5 hours.nNotice that each ship spent the same amount of time moving. The ship that moved 75 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at a higher speed..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on the leash, look at the forces:nDavidy is pulling forward leash forward with a force of 250 N.nTheamilla is pulling the leash backward with a force of 180 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 250 N and 180 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on the leash..",
-        "Solution: This country is Fiji..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North..",
-        "Solution: Trenton is the capital of New Jersey..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nClara wants broccoli. Hazel wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A  is  insect. Like other insects, a mosquito is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA komiger is a mammal. Like other mammals, a tiger is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA graykomodo dragon is a matile. Like other reptiles, a komodo dragon is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA gray crowned crane is a bird. Like other birds, a gray crowned crane is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Jennifer wants or needs:nJennifer will spend more time in the Photography Club than she would have spent in the Theater Club..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A bull shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nBull sharks can live for both fresh and salt water. They are  in rivers and in shallow parts of the ocean.nA flamingo is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nFlamingos live near large groups. A groups are called groupss..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nErrik wants broccoli. Lily wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.nThe curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Logan literally had to drink three glasses of milk to ease the pain.nThe second text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). Logan's mouth may be in pain, but it is not actually on fire.nThe curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Logan's mouth was literally on fire by the time he finished his meal.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words goatb and goatrob rhyme. They both end with the robb..nThe word goat does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air inside of a freezer is 17\u00b0C.n17\u00b0C is too hot..",
-        "Solution: Some words are alike. They go together in a group.nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. Cake, cakeice cream, and cake go together. They are sweet.. Cakeicess is not a sweet thing, so it is not like the other words..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a car key is 6 centimeters.n6 meters is too long..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Temperature is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average temperature for each month. The average temperature can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA line graph can be used to show the average temperature each month. Months with higher dots on the graph have higher average temperatures. To describe the average temperature trends in New York City, look at the graph.nChoice \"Jeb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jep\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nTheoice \"F average does not change much from month to month.\" is incorrect.nThe months have the year have  lower average than others. So, they temperature does not mucha little throughout January to month.nTheoice \"Jul\", August, and September are colder than the other months of the year.\" is incorrect.nThe average temperature in July, August, and September are around 30\u00b0F. These months have the lowest average temperatures of all other. So, they are theter, not colder, than the other months.nChoice \"January and February are the coldest months of the year.\" is incorrect.nThe temperature temperatures in January and February are around 25\u00b0F and 30\u00b0F. These months have the lowest average temperatures of all of the months. So, they are the coldest months of the year..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A taiga is a type of ecosystem. Taigas have the following features: long, cool winters and short, cool summers, soil evergreen trees, and soil that is rich in nutrients. So, Cape Breton Highlands National Park has short evergreen trees. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses unique in its traditional sense: made the only one of its kind.nJon custom ordered his unique coffee table from a master craftsman in Lancaster.nThe second text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: unusual or unusual. Jon boughts coffee table is  interesting design, but it is made in a factory and was not not actually one of a kind.nJon custom his unique coffee table from a factory outlet store in Lancaster.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: When writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.nBooks:nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.nMagazine and newspaper articles:nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.nJournal articles:nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.nWeb pages:nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyper oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nWorking vacation is a contradiction, because going on a vacation implies that you are taking a break from work..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses a contraction (didn't).nThe second sentence does not use a contraction, so it is more formal overall.",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each ship moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each ship moved for 5 hours. The ship that moved 80 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at the lowest speed..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion cry wolf is a fable.nIn  fable \"The Little Who Cried Wolf,\" a  boy tell warn the to the village by sayingly claiming that a wolf is  to hiseat his sheep. a wolf  comes to  boy cries, help, the can him. does to his aid.nThe allusion cry wolf means   a false alarm..",
-        "Solution: Montgomery is the capital of Alabama..",
-        "Solution: The textatory system is the parts, lungs, and blood vessels. The is oxygen moves movesates air oxygen, the body..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that social socially awkward doess knowledge of workplace safety. However is a personal attack that isn't relevant to Mr. Kemp's desire to prevent workplace injuries. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: The First Amendment says that the government cannot take away a person's right of speech or freedom of religion. The the United States, the is are guaranteed guaranteeda right of the of speech. Freedom of speech is that  can freely, do about they want. But the are some exception on freedom of speech. For example, theif person can have  about, a newspaper or The the government can take, because someone iss with it. The of religion is thata person can freely whether or her own religion. The the United States, the government cannot take a person what to do. The right text of the First Amendment is below.. the say any other rights. may not no further thating the individual of religion, or freedoming the right exercise of, or toadging the right of religion. or freedom religion press. or to right to the press toably to voteeat, or to vote the government to thea persondefinitedress of ances..",
-        "Solution: Plant cells are made up of many different parts. Each cell part has a function that helps the cell survive and grow.nSome cell parts are called organelles. Organelles are cell structures that are surrounded by their own membranes. The are some of the organelles in plant cells:nTheloroplasts and mitochondria are together to make the cell get the energy it needs. The oplasts use photosynthesis to make sugar. The  break down sugar sugar and release energy that the cell can use for other of its activities.nThe mitochondriacleus storess cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The nucleus contains instructions called chromosomes. The chromosomes are made mostly of editary material called DNA. DNA contains information that the cell uses for growth and activities. The instructions tell ribosomes how to build molecules called proteins. which  up cell structures and help chemical reactions happen in the cell.nThe oplasmic reticulum is  organelle that helps ribosomes build proteins. The endcleus sends instructions for making proteins that ribosomes. Ribosomes can attach to the endoplasmmic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes use these instructions to make proteins that the cell needs to survive and grow.nThe proteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, they can be transferred to the lgi. The Golgi send  organelle made up of many, thininsulated membranes. The Golgi send and packages proteins and other substances. The Go, the Golgi sends these substances to different parts of the cell. of these substances are sent to the cell membrane and sent from the cell.nThe plant cells, the Gocuole stores waste, carbon, and nutrients. as sugar. The plant cells have one vacuole. ThenThether cell parts are not surrounded by their own membranes. The cell parts are not elles.nThe cell wall is  cell's outer outer covering. It helps the cell strength and helpsness. helps the cell keep its shape.nThe the outside of the cell wall is thea thin layer called the cell membrane. It layer is a thin. but it does not have a",
-        "Solution: The colony is South Carolina..",
-        "Solution: Plant cells are made up of many different parts. Each cell part contains itsa structure that helps the cell survive and grow.nSome cell parts are called organelles. Organelles are cell structures that are surrounded by their own membranes. These are some of the organelles in plant cells:nChloroplasts, mitochondria are together to make the cell survive the energy it needs. The chloroplasts use photosynthesis to make sugar. The  break down sugar sugar and release energy that the cell can use for growth of its activities.nCh Gocleus storess cell activities and sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The cleus contains information called chromosomes. Ch chromosomes are made mostly of editary material called DNA. DNA contains information that the cell uses for growth and activities. instructions tell ribosomes how to build proteins called proteins. which make up cell structures and help chemical reactions happen in the cell.nThe Gooplasmic reticulum is  organelle that  ribosomes build proteins. The endcleus sends instructions for making proteins that ribosomes. Ribosomes can be to the endoplasmmic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes use these instructions to make proteins that the cell needs to survive and grow.nThe proteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, they can be transferred to the Golgi. The Golgi stores  organelle made up of many, flexibleinsulated membranes. The Golgi stores and packages proteins and other substances. These Go, the Golgi storess these substances to different parts of the cell. These of these substances are sent to the cell membrane and stored from the cell.nThe plant cells, the Gocuoles stores waste, carbon, and nutrients. as sugar. The plant cells use one vacuole. ThenThether cell parts do not surrounded by their own membranes. These cell parts are not elles.nThe cell part contains  cell's outer outer covering. It does the cell strength and flexibilityness. helps the cell stay its shape.nThe the outside of the cell wall is thea thin layer called the cell membrane. The layer contains a membrane, but it does not have a",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is South..",
-        "Solution: Words are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.ndesk: short enkit / ten: short i / short enAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.ngo: long onhe / ro: long e / long onSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.nsky: long inba / by: long a / long a The word hi ends with a consel sound has a short vowel sound. So, it has  open syllable..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nWalter lives in a city where the wind often blows from the south throughout the year.nThis passage tells you about the usual wind direction where Walter lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A European green toad's scientific name is Bufo viridis. The first word of its scientific name is Bufo.nHithobates blairi is in the genus Lithobates. The first word of its scientific name is Lithobates. So, Lithobates blairi and Bufo viridis are not in the same genus.nHfo bufo is in the genus Bufo. The first word of its scientific name is Bufo. So, Bufo bufo and Bufo viridis are in the same genus.nHyla japonica is in the genus Hyla. The first word of its scientific name is Hyla. So, Hyla japonica and Bufo viridis are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the leopard.nThe leopard has largea large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat. The leopard uses its sharp mouth to grab its prey. It uses its sharp teeth to cut up the meat of the prey into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe ca has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat.nThe tamandua has a large,-shaped mouth and no teeth. It does not have sharp teeth. So, its mouth is not adapted to tear through meat. The tamandua uses its mouth to  insects out of holes and burrows..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the cardboard is smoother. If you touch a piece material,,, it will not feel rough or bumpy..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nIan wants broccoli. Joseph wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each battery decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each battery decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each battery to the surroundings..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the polar bear.nThe polar bear has thick with thick fur covering top and a thick layer of fat underneath it. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The polar bear uses its fur to fat to keep warm in cold weather.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe the winter, the Eurasian lynx has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.nThe thorny devil has thins covering its of its skin. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase creeps up on you. It describes time as if it were a creepy person..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Peter Pan is literature.nIn a play. M. Barrie novel, the character Peter Pan turnss to theland and refuses to grow up.nThe allusion Peter Pan means a person who loves't take on adult responsibilities..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nDark clouds hung over the coast of Algeria last weekend.nThis passage tells you about the weekend darks cloud cover Algeria Algeria coast of Algeria. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 75% of the volume of Uranus by multiplying its volume by 1.75.nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 68,530 billion km3, which is less than,313 billion km3. So, the volume of Neptune is more than 75% of the volume of Uranus..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Delaware Jersey..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nTristan wants broccoli. Lorenzo wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: This country is Dominic Dominican Republic.nWhy does the Dominican Republic share its island with another country?nThe Dominican Republic and Haiti share the island of Hispaniola. It is home to the earliest European settlements in the Americas. Christopher Columbus founded the first European settlement on the island in 1492 during his first voyage across the Atlantic.nThough many people lived on the island before Columbus's arrival, European countries quickly began to colonize the island. Eventually France and Spain both established colonies. The Spanish colony eventually became the country of the Dominican Republic, and the French colony eventually became the country of Haiti. Today, people in the two countries speak different languages and have many cultural differences..",
-        "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether fixing a computer is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs fixing a computer something you can touch? Yes.nIs fixing a computer a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, fixing a computer is a service..",
-        "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..",
-        "Solution: Baton Rouge is the capital of Louisiana..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Arkansas is farthest east..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nJackie lives in a town with hot summers and freezing cold winters.nThis passage tells you about the usual precipit where Jackie lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europe..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A slender-spined porcupinefish's scientific name is Diodon nicthemerus.nAmphiprion perenatus does not have the same scientific name as a slender-spined porcupinefish. So, Diodon nicthemerus and Amphiprion perenatus are not in the same species.nAmphiprion perideraion does not have the same scientific name as a slender-spined porcupinefish. So, Diodon nicthemerus and Amphiprion perideraion are not in the same species..nAmiodon nicthemerus has the same scientific name as a slender-spined porcupinefish. So, these organisms are in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. The blanket blanket was as soft as a kitten's fur.nThe words blanket and fur are compared without the word as. So, the sentence uses a metaphormile..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nTrent's '64 Impala groaned describes the car as if it were human..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nUsingntarnish silver spoon is  of has been shiny shiny over time. Polishing the spoon makes it look shiny again.nA avocado changes the tarnish into a different type of matter called was be easily removedwiped away. This, it polish to remove tarnish from  is a chemical change. ThenA piece of avocado turning brown is a chemical change. The avocado reacts with oxygen in the air and form a different type of matter.nSte you scrape off the brown part of the avocado, the inside will still be white. But inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change hasn't happened to that part of the avocado.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.n",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article article should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A article should be in quotation marks.nThe correct title is \"Caring for Our Children.\".",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean..nThe Southern Ocean reaches from the shores of Antarctica to 60\u00b0 South latitude..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air.nThe map's legend tells you the specific humidity level that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower specific humidity levels than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from zero grams per kilogram (g/kg) up to two g/kg. Areas that are the next darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from two g/kg up to four g/kg. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which specific humidity levels those colors represent.nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with specific humidity levels between 18 and 24 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air.n9 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air is within this range.n9 and 13 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air are outside of this range..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a leather belt is 85 centimeters.n85 kilometers is too long..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each aquarium decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each aquarium decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each aquarium to the surroundings..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the article.nTom was recently reading about remote mountain villages, and the article said that they often have no Internet access! He couldn't imagine life without email!.",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nRosa wants broccoli. Kylie wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties at the object.nThink about each property.nA slippery object feels scratchy when you touch it. The  chipssack is rough.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The potato sack is slippery slippery..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Looking objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA lemon object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a transparent object. All lemon apple and translucent translucent.nA can see clearly through a transparent object. All lemon apple and the lemon are not transparent.nA lemon has a sour taste. All three objects are sour.nThe property that all three objects have in common is sour..",
-        "Solution: This state is California Mexico..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article article should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing**..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince pouch is not the guide words picture - profit, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Helen wants or needs:nHelen will give up the chance to eat chocolate muffins. She thinks chocolate muffins are tastier than cranberry muffins..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Lester investigated whether pruning tomato plants affects how height of the tomatoes. The, the und tomato plants were part of an experimental group..nThe unpruned tomato plants were not pruned. So, they were not part of an experimental group..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Iowa is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince phantom is between the guide words passage - pigeon, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Anne wants or needs:nAnne will give up the chance to go on the scrambler. She would have had more fun on that ride..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: This country is Tunga..",
-        "Solution: Jackson is the capital of Mississippi..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a bowl of ice cream is 39\u00b0F.n39\u00b0C is too cold..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Chelonoidis nigra is an animal. Animal cells have a nucleus..",
-        "Solution: One object can make another object move with a push or a pull.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The boy pushes the thumbs from his thumb. The direction of the push is away from the boy's thumb..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. Mrs. Leonard is kind, and her heart is gold.nThe words heart and gold are compared using the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Troy wants or needs:nTroy will give up the chance to see the lemurs. He would have enjoyed seeing them more than the otters..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Thematite has all the properties of a mineral. So, hematite is a mineral..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with mutated antennae or normal antennae, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the antenna type trait. The question tells you that the A allele, which is for mutated antennae, is dominant over the a allele, which is for normal antennae.nMutated antennae is the dominant allele's version of the antenna type trait. A fruit fly with the dominant version of the antenna type trait must have at least one dominant allele for the antenna type gene. So, offspring with mutated antennae must have the genotype AA or Aa.nAll are  boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype AA or Aa.",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Cooke chicken is a chemical change. Cook heat causes the matter in the chicken to change. Cooked chicken is raw chicken are different types of matter than.",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase hiding. It describes the phone as if it were a person who is hiding..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince children is not the guide words carriage - cloak, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A taiga is a type of ecosystem. Taigas have the following features: warm, cold winters and short, cold summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is frozen in nutrients. So, the following statement describe the Mount Rainier National Park ecosystem: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has many that is frozen in nutrients. The has many evergreen trees. The following statement does not describe Mount Rainier National Park: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has soil that is frozen year-round..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a kitchen sink is 22 liters.n22 milliliters is too little..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nHouston is a city near the coast of Texas. A record 42 inches of rain fell near Houston during the last week of July in 1979.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the precipit of rain that fell near thea certain precipit of 1979. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Pierre is the capital of South Dakota..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUn euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses antiapostrophe, ana direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nBlue Moon, ana direct address to Blue woman, anda nonhuman entity..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the shoebill.nLong legs help the shoebill keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe African sacred ibis has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.nThe kookaburra has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The kookaburra uses its legs to walk and runch..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince deserve is between the guide words dad - distant, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Beth is intelligent because she's smart. However, even \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nAs Scott sat",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of pink particles..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A purple heron's scientific name is Ardea purpurea.nArdea herpurea has in the same genus as Ardea herodias, but they are not in the same species.nCganisms in the same species have the same scientific names. Ardea purpurea and Ardea herodias are different species within the same genus.nCrimulgus europaeus does not have the same scientific name as a purple heron. So, Ardea purpurea and Caprimulgus europaeus are not in the same species.nArdea herpurea has the same scientific name as a purple heron. So, these organisms are in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A monarch butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a monarch butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA rainbow boa is a birdtile. Like other reptiles, a rainbow boa is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA monarchdung beetle is  insect. Like other insects, a dung beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nAike other tarantulas, a curlyhair tarantula is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Group at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nAn has a sour taste. None  of is the  pitcher not sour.nA can see clearly through a transparent object. None three objects are transparent.nA lemon opaque object does not let light through. The of the objects are opaque.nThe property that all three objects have in common is..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a goat is 34 gramss.n34 grams is too light..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a warm, sunny day is 28\u00b0F.n28\u00b0F is too cold..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the elementary potassium broide.nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether potassium bromide is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that potassium bromide is composed of two atoms and potassiummine atoms bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that potassium bromide is composed of two chemical elements: hydrogen and bromine. Since potassium bromide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, potassium bromide is a compound..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a paintbrush is 29 centimeters.n29 meters is too long..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution:  Great Depression was countries around the world.. the of not by than others. The peoples estimate that Great of the Great Depression are felt known the world States. were however effects waslasted only more than 100a years.nThe the ways places, the effects was felt worse and The other, Germany, the example, the Great Depression was in hitting. The countries, such the, Europe United Union, were also affected affected. the Great Depression.",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a cherry pie is 2 tons.n2 ounces and too light and 2 tons is too heavy..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word merciless. It describes the gardens as if they were people who their..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each sailboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each sailboat moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each sailboat moved for 5 hours. The sailboat that moved 65 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that sailboat must have moved at the highest speed..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nPapyrite is a mineral.nPaper is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nSo, paper is not a mineral.nPphalerite is a mineral.",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A tide pool is a type of ecosystem. Tide pool ecosystems have the following features: daily flooding and draining of seawater, no that is rich in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the tide pool ecosystems in Tongue Point Marine Life Sanctuary have daily flooding and draining of seawater. They also have many different types of organisms..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Hazel doesn't have school spirit, because she doesn't go to football games. However, even may be a number of reasons why Hazel doesn't go to football games. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase sprang to life. It describes Cindy ass alarm as if it were ,..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether a motorcycle is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs a motorcycle something you can touch? Yes.nIs a motorcycle a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, a motorcycle is a good..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion the Midas touch suggests that Troy is successful at all that he does. In Greek mythology, Troy Midas died the power to turn anything he touches into gold, easily becoming wealth from nothing..",
-        "Solution: Nashville is the capital of Tennessee..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a potato is 16 millimeters.n16 millimeters and too short. 16 kilometers and 16 kilometers are too long..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nDefinite maybe is a contradiction, because definite means something that is, and maybe impliess to something that is definite..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase jumped out in front of me. It describes the curb as if it were ana curbchievous, uneven person..",
-        "Solution: There substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent chemical bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element. Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if chloroform is an elementary substance or a compound.nIn this model, each ball is labeled with C for carbon. O for hydrogen, and Cl for hydrogen. So, the model shows you that chloroform is made of two chemical elements bonded together.nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, chloroform is a compound..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Hornblende has all the properties of a mineral. So, hornblende is a mineral..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Petunia has two alleles for a hairy fleece (F). So, Petunia's genotype for the fleece type gene is FF..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 75% of the volume of Uranus by multiplying its volume by 1.75.nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 68,530 billion km3, which is less than,313 billion km3. So, the volume of Neptune is less than 75% of the volume of Uranus..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between Joseph and the center of Earth changed.nThe summit of the mountain was higher than the point where Joseph started hiking. As he hiked toward the summit, the distance between Joseph and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Joseph and Earth increased as he hiked toward the summit..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak. A harborhumpback whale is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nHoales live. live near the Pacific. Theypback whales live small bes called can into theirs in their heads.nA red-eyed tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nT harbor-eyed tree frog has mois sticky on its toes. The sticky pads help the red-eyed tree frog stay on to water.nA harbor seal is a birdmmal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nSea live stickypers they of flip. They can their flippers to swim underwater. in swim on land beach.nA Steller's sea eagle is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nEeals eagles live their flip clawaks to swimeat fish, other small..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a simile:nJoe's eyes are bright green as emeralds.nThe words eyes and emeralds are compared using the word as.nThis sentence uses a metaphor:nJoe's eyes are bright green emeralds.nThe words eyes and emeralds are compared without the word like or as..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun her could refer to Erica ors or her sister's.nThe Erica and her sister flew to Hawaii last month, the airline lost her baggage.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nWhen airline lost Erica's baggage when she flew to Hawaii with her sister last month..",
-        "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nSewing an apron is a physical change. The fabric and thread that make up the apron change a different shape, but it  of matter in each of them does not change.nMixing lettuce and salad dressing is a physical change. The, the salad and dressing make a mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to mow the lawn is 30 seconds.n30 seconds is too slow..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, learns. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that has true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a carton of orange juice is 2 liters.n2 milliliters is too little..",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second text message is more formal. It uses more sentences, avoids slang (heads up), and uses the person's title (Ms. Schmidt). The other text message uses more casual language and sentence fragments..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Mona wants or needs:nMona will spend more ride tickets on the super starship than she would have spent on the pirate ship..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the bearded dragon.nThe arightened, the bearded dragon appears spread its its scarhood to appear large and more dangerous. The a predator is nearby, the bearf can help scare it away.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Madagascarzambique spitting cobra has a longhood around its neck. It uses its neck to appear larger and more dangerous to a predator.nThe Madagascar day gecko has a small neck. It uses neck is not adapted to use it appear larger and more dangerous to a predator..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nThe humidity is low where Brody lives. So, the air is usually dry.nThismidity is low amount of humidity in the air. WherenThis passage tells you about the humidity humidity where Brody lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. When population of Richmond fell by 8,000 people. Many of the people who have left are probably trying to sell their houses. Since more people are trying to sell their houses, the number of suppliers of houses for sale in Richmond has gone up. So, the supply of houses for sale probably went up, too..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. None can usually see clearly reflection in a shiny object. None three objects are shiny.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. None  bumper and the  ring are not fragile.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. None gold bumper and the gold ring are not rough.nThe property that all three objects have in common is shiny..",
-        "Solution:  energy can be used for cell growth.nThehem energy need use this energy to power growth important cell processes. including growth.nAllals need food, but plants don't.nAll organisms need energy from food. Food organisms use such plants plants, need their own food. FoodnChostmculares make sugar provide make energy for OthernAll an, cells molecules are broken down and rearranged. These steps release chemical energy that The",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a soccer field is 390 yards.n390 inches is too short. 390 yards and 390 miles are too long..",
-        "Solution: The fruits and vegetables we eat are parts of plants! Plants are made up of different structures. The different structures carry out important functions.nThe roots take in water and nutrients from the soil. They also hold the plant in place in the soil.nThe stem supports the plant. It carries food, water, and nutrients through the plant.nThe leaves are where most of the plant's photosynthesis happens. Photosynthesis is the process plants use to turn water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide into food.nAfter they are pollinated, the flowers make seeds and fruit.nThe fruit contain the seeds. Each fruit grows from a pollinated flower.nThe seeds can grow into a new plant. Germination is when a seed begins to grow. The part of the pineapple tree we usually eat is the fruit. It contains the seeds..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase walking out the door. It describes the opportunity chance as if it were a person who had nearly.a chance..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution A has Solution B have the same number of purple particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince middle is not the guide words meadow - mole, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tundra is a type of ecosystem. Tundras have the following features: warm, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. So, the following statement describes the Peary Land ecosystem: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. It has warm small plants. The following statements do not describe Peary Land: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. It has warm summers and cool winters. It has mostly evergreen trees..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Arctic Ocean..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. New York is farthest east..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to fry an egg in a pan is 5 minutes.n5 hours is too slow..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the  sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words lake and lake rhyme. They both end with the ike sound.nThe word lake does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with dumbo ears or normal ears, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the ear type trait. The question tells you that the E allele, which is for normal ears, is dominant over the e allele, which is for dumbo ears.nDmbo ears is the recessive allele's version of the ear type trait. A rat with the recessive version of the ear type trait must have only recessive alleles for the ear type gene. So, offspring with dumbo ears must have the genotype ee.nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype ee.nDu",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Tora's observable version of the coat pattern trait is a black coat. So, Tora's phenotype for the coat pattern trait is a black coat..",
-        "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Caprimulgus europaeus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.nSo, Caprimulgus europaeus is the scientific name..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A kangaroo is an animal. It hops and swims.nAangaroos have and swim around. They use their tail hops to food while hopping.nA cherry tree is a plant. It can grow white or pink flowers.nChy types of cherry trees have in China. They of these trees are. but most cherries!.",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the marbles.nThe marbles are made of glass.nA do thes made?, the is  in it cool hot hot. The, the marble marble keeps poured into. The balls beads are break down hard s..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Human humans are born with naturally straight hair. Others are born with naturally curly hair. Straight and curly are examples of hair texture.nSome people decide tools to change how their hair looks. But this doesn't affect the natural texture of their hair. So, having naturally straight hair is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Delaware is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nIt has not rained in over a week at Ian's house.nThis passage tells you about the precipitation last week at Ian's house. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the gerenuk.nThe look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe geraffe has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for reaching high branches.nThe bison has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for reaching high branches. The bison useseats leaves leaves. The",
-        "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The bubble bowl is not bouncy.nA can see clearly through a transparent object. The glass bottle is transparent..",
-        "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 4 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 2 more solute particles on the left side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the right than to the left..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of yellow particles..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nMorning clouds usually clear up by noon where Leo lives.nThis passage tells you about the usual pattern of clouds where Leo lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A bess beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a bess beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA Caribbean spiny lobster is ana fishacean. Like other crustaceans, a Caribbean spiny lobster is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA snowy owl is a bird. Like other birds, a snowy owl is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA peacock butterfly is  insect. Like other insects, a peacock butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..",
-        "Solution: Neil wanted broccoli in his lunch and Darnell was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nNeil has tomatoes. Darnell has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: As of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence.nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man.nStatements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact. It can be verified by looking up Guardian Guardian Guardians popularity.nGuarians of the Galaxy was released in theaters on July 24, 2014.nI second sentence states an opinion. most enjoyable film a personal judgment..nGuarians of the Galaxy was the most enjoyable film of 2014..",
-        "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: This country is New Zealand..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Georgia is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nJennifer wants broccoli. Melissa wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Rhizophora mangle is a plant. Plant cells make make their own food. Plant cells make their by energysynthesis..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.nAs a geneticist, Jackie dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.nAs a geneticist, Jackie enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA smooth object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. The  band is the  ring are not translucent.nA can see clearly through a transparent object. The rubberying glass is transparent, but the  ball and the  ring are not.nThe smooth object is not scratchy or rough. All four objects are smooth.nThe property that all four objects have in common is smooth..",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A salmonegrine falcon is an animal. It walks and flies.nPer salmonegrine falcon is walk, fast. It walks called largest moving in the world!nA salmon is  animal. It swims in the water.nA other other fish, salmon can live in the fresh water and salt water.nA bananakoala is  animal. It eats leaves.nAoalas live most of their time in the.. sleep for up to 20 hours a day!.nA salmon tree is a plant. It has large leaves.nA leaves of a banana tree are be up to 20 feet long..",
-        "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. An underling has a more negative connotation. Anling is employee both meannote worka person who is hard or else.., under and not person worker employee which underling suggests not employee. one. iss somethinga person's worth-..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tundra is a type of ecosystem. Tundras have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. So, the following statement describe the Tibetan Plateau ecosystem: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. It has warm that is frozen year-round. It has warm small plants. The following statements does not describe the Tibetan Plateau: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. It has warm summers and cool winters..",
-        "Solution: Look  environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of communities.nA community organism is  individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a community.nMultiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community.nTogether, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nBenedict Arnold alludes to the story president who the Civilary War  wastrayed the country in thefought for the United..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles..",
-        "Solution: Tallahassee is the capital of Florida..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the crested black macaque.nThe crested black macaque has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees. The crested black macaque uses its long fingers and toes to grab on to branches while climbing.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe bare-eared squirrel monkey has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees.nThe chital has long feetofed feet. It is not adapted for climbing trees. The chital uses its feet to walk and run..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Senator Serrano isn't lying when her about her constituents because she doesn't care to people she cares about. However, this \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..",
-        "Solution: A simple is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction or.nOpen can translate these French words for you, or you can use an online dictionary..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each salmon increased, which means that the thermal energy of each salmon increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each salmon..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Charlotte, look at the graph.nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Januarylotte has a rainy season and a dry season.\" is incorrect.nCh average monthly precipitation changes not change much throughout the year. So month has  rain, but there is no dry season. So, Charlotte has not have a rainy season and a dry season..nChoice \"January is the month with the highest average precipitation.\" is incorrect.nThe months months have a rain higher average precipitation than January.nTheoice \"Precipitation does not change much from month to month.\" is incorrect.nThe average monthly precipitation changes only slightly throughout the year..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Michigan is farthest south..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that  needre planningstealing \"logicalef,if you don't agree with you needs guard are be added security However, even don not a different of security why wanting agree to steal security security guard This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism golden years suggests that Mr. Dudley is old. Golden years is a nicer way of referring to old age..",
-        "Solution: This country is the Feder Islands.nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force..",
-        "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Granite does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, granite is not a mineral..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words the is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is Here Come the Littles..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a floor lamp is 10 tons.n10 ounces is too light and 10 tons is too heavy..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A savanna grassland is a type of ecosystem. It has warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, soil soil that is poor in nutrients.nChoice 1 is a savanna grassland ecosystem. It has  in ever rootss, has longa long season, a raint season.nChoice 2 is a grasssaiga ecosystem. It is year evergreen trees. It is has long, cold winters and short, cool summers..nChoice 3 is a  rainforest forest ecosystem. It is year-round rain and soil that is poor in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperativerogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, but it ends with a period. It is ana declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA stretch object can attach or stick to other things. The three objects are sticky.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. None ice hockey conefloatundae is the ice cream are not stretchy.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The of the objects are bouncy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is sticky..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, win. The verb endss you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a can of soda pop is 310 milliliters.n310 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a pair of goggles is 60 grams.n60 kilograms is too heavy..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses al language (real coldnThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Nashville is the capital of Tennessee..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Trisha has two alleles for having sickle-cell disease (a). So, Trisha's genotype for the sickle-cell disease gene is aa..",
-        "Solution: Jackson is the capital of Mississippi..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. Heli is a solid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour rainwater into a different, the rainwater will take the shape of that bucket. But the rainwater will still take up the same amount of space.nA plate is a solid. A you drops a plate, the will take into pieces. But the piece will still take a size and shape of its own.nA plate umbrella is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If  put or umbrella, the will has a size and shape of its own. IfnAlium is a solid. A gas expands to fill a space. Aum is  than air. If, heli you pour a space with helium, the balloon will expand.. helium leaks out of the balloon, the balloonhelium will expand into the space around it balloon..",
-        "Solution: Atlanta is the capital of Georgia..",
-        "Solution: Augusta is the capital of Maine..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nAotato chips have a salty taste. Both objects are salty.nA sticky object can stick to other things. Neither of the objects are sticky.nThe property that both objects have in common is salty..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Breaking a plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter as.",
-        "Solution: Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Granite properties of granite match the properties of a rock. So, granite is a rock..",
-        "Solution: Charleston is the capital of West Virginia..",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second invitation is more formal. It uses more elevated language (cially). as of our appreciation). The other invitation uses mores (thank're invited and contraction more conversational (Thanks!\".",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A pickerel frog's scientific name is Lithobates palustris. The first word of its scientific name is Lithobates.nAithobates catesbeianus is in the genus Lithobates. The first word of its scientific name is Lithobates. So, Lithobates catesbeianus and Lithobates palustris are in the same genus.nAgalychnis callidryas is in the genus Agalychnis. The first word of its scientific name is Agalychnis. So, Agalychnis callidryas and Lithobates palustris are not in the same genus.nBufo guttatus is in the genus Bufo. The first word of its scientific name is Bufo. So, Bufo guttatus and Lithobates palustris are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Nashville is the capital of Tennessee..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nLake Titicaca is a large, deep lake on the border between Peru and Bolivia. Dry, windy conditions are common each year in June, July, and August.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual wind patterns in Lake Titicaca. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A arrowhead is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A arrowhead is made of.nA vinegar r is a solid. A can use an r. But the will still have a size and shape of its own.nAingar is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour vinegar into a different container, the vinegar will take the shape of that container. But the vinegar will still take up the same amount of space.nA rag doll is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If you put ana rag doll,  hands, the rag doll will has a size and shape of its own..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Svengali is literature.nIn  Washington Maurier's novel,stanby, Svengali is a youngsnotist who s intense power over the ancient character of  is  re to control.   think able to control anything.nThe allusion Svengali means a person who whom unpleasantuly strong character over others else..",
-        "Solution: Montgomery is the capital of Alabama..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nWhere Rita lives, winds blowing from the northeast are rare in July.nThis passage tells you about the usual wind patterns where Rita lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Senator Swift hates children because because she wants to cut education funding. However, even fact that Senator Swift wants to cut education funding doesn't necessarily suggest that she hates children. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man..",
-        "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Georgia Carolina..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard. The better estimate for the length of a potato is 8 inches.n8 feet is too long..",
-        "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. A scrawny animal has a more negative connotation. A scrawny animal is  short and. scrslender animal is, appearancea very way..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses hyperaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWhatingdy iss the words violence we need in the United States is the beginning of each sentence..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A penguin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nPenguins live near water or Theys  fly, They swim their be to swim.nA common buffalo is a fishmmal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nWater buffaloes live near the. They people raise water buffaloes in their milk.nA common toad is  amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads live not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA water ocean sunfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nWatercean sunfish live a large, and feed,s. They can live underwater the ocean tos surface to hunt on water water.",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of purple particles..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play golf. Instead, some people learn how to play golf. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing golf is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: A clause sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It has one subject and predicate.nC winter my father grows a thick beard..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Delaware..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Producers do not eat other organisms. So, in a food web, producers do not have arrows pointing to them from other organisms.nThe lichen does not have any arrow pointing to it. So, the lichen is nota producer.nThe barren-ground caribou has an arrow pointing to it from the lichen. The, the barren-ground caribou is a producer. not a producer..",
-        "Solution: Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes =",
-        "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down..",
-        "Solution: Concord is the capital of New Hampshire..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Leaves changing color in a change change. Ass changing thea different bond idephyll. forms them green. This the fall, the leavesophyll in the leaves turns from a different type of matter..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince hind is not the guide words heart - hood, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution B has Solution B have the same number of yellow particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. ScientistnA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Santiago, look at the graph.nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jug\" is incorrect.nChune has an average monthly precipitation of about 70 millimeters. This is higher than in any other month. So, June has the highest average precipitation..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Antarctic..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Peoples do not born knowing how to drive a car. Instead, many people learn how to drive. they are older. So, driving is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperativerogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about to do something, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Rhizophora mangle is a plant. Plant cells have a nucleus..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: This country is New Zealand..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nWater evaporating from a puddle is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.nRain forming in a cloud is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The eizing the  changesdenses into  pieceslets of water water. The droplets are up a liquid that the is  air in the air, the typelets are change out soon.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nWater",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a full box of cereal is 19 ounces.n19 pounds and 19 tons are both too heavy..",
-        "Solution: A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0.nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F). Fahrenheit is one scale used to measure temperature.nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.nThere is a Fahrenheit scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 80 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 80\u00b0F. Find the top of the red liquid.nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid lines up with 80. So, the temperature is 65\u00b0F..",
-        "Solution: This state is Minnesota..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Hevea brasiliensis is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. The affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. ThenThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015n To decide which planet is the smallest, look at the volumes shown in the table and compare the exponents. Jupiter's volume has an exponent of 10, which is the smallest. of all the planets.nTheury is made mainly of rock. So, the smallest planet is made mainly of rock..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.nAsian pears don't change color after being harvested, but some European pears do..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word sprinted. It describes the wave as if it were a person who was away..",
-        "Solution: When two organisms of different species interact in a way that affects one or both organisms, they form a symbiotic relationship. The word symbiosis comes from a Greek word that means living together. Scientists define types of symbiotic relationships based on how each organism is affected.nThis table lists three common types of symbiotic relationships. It shows how each organism is affected in each type of symbiotic relationship.nType of symbiotic relationship | Organism of one species... | Organism of the other species...nCommensal | benefits | is not significantly affectednMutualistic | benefits | benefitsnParasitic | benefits | is harmed (but not usually killed) When a hawk moth visits a petunia flower, the th drinks nectar and So moth drinks poll polltar to help and grow. So, the moth benefits from its relationship with the flowerunia.nThe flowerunia is is pollinated. poll pollth poll the' After the mounia poll pollinated, the is able to reproduce., the petunia is benefits from its relationship with the moth..nSoince the the th and the mounia benefit, a commeistic relationship is formed when a hawk moth visitsinates thea flowerunia flower..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the  sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words swirlswirl and swirl rhyme. They both end with the spl sound.nThe word swirlsnarl does not rhyme. It ends with thea different sound..",
-        "Solution: Helena is the capital of Montana..",
-        "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Scott or Ed.nAfter first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. He has been replaced with Scott.nAfter Scott explained the chemistry homework to Ed, Scott understood it better, too..",
-        "Solution: Aifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce?nConifers can grow male and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when wind blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. When pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.nThe seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. A seedling is a young plant. It seedling grows grow into  adult plant.",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words hike and hikeyank rhyme. They both end with the y sound.nThe word hike does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. FactnThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The first sentence states a fact.nSheep's wool is used to make all kinds of clothing.nIt can be proved by looking up information history of wool.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nShe most comfortable clothing is made from wool.nMost comfortable shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes of clothing is the most comfortable..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words of and of, and the are not important, so they should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is In the Blink of an Eye..",
-        "Solution: A dog is outside.nA tree can be very tall. BirdnBirds may live in a tree..",
-        "Solution: A clause sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It has one subject and predicate.nThenight the farmers will herd the cattle into the barn..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each motorboat moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each motorboat moved for 5 hours. The motorboat that moved  miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at the lowest speed..",
-        "Solution: Ans use different organizational structures to organize their ideas in different. To to read these structures can help you understand understand the structure between ideas in differental texts. You can use use these structures to organize your own writing.nA cause-effect structure presents  results and the effects of a particular event. event, or topic. This structure helps uses words such phrases that as \", for, because,a result, or to, or becausely,nA compare-contrast structure presents different andconarisons) and differences (contrasts) to oppos or more things. This structure usually uses words and phrases such as like, but, in in different same way.or examplecomparing) and in different other hand, in order, or in.for comparing).nThe comparativ-solution structure presents a problem and propose ways or more possible solutions. structure often uses words such as cause, conflict, answer, or, or answer.nA cause structure presents a series of events that happened in a given order. For structure usually uses words words and times to words such as:, second, and, and, and last. text uses a compare-effect structure to organize the effects and effects, the conflict conflicts. the convention convention Party in Chicago to. 1968 text, President words such phrases such organize organize ideas in a compare-effect structure.. that following that rise to ,, for to,  off violent and, to reform.",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince afraid is between the guide words above - asphalt, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: This country is Saint Kita..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word coughed. It describes the engine as if it were a person who cough cough..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSweet sorrow is a contradiction, because sorrow describes something that is sweet and sweet. and sorrow iss to something or sorrow..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. LooknSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the swim goggles.nThe swim goggles are made of two different materials. The rest are made. and the s are made..",
-        "Solution: Genes affect passed down from parents to offspring.nWhen an organism reproduces, it passes copies of its genes to its offspring. This is how information about inherited traits is passed down.nGen organisms have genes.nGen organisms have genes. contain information about their inherited traits.nGenye color is an example of a gene.nGenn organism's eye color is affected by its genes. eye color is not ana gene. color is a trait. which is an observable trait of an organism.nGenes affect traits.nGenes affect information about inherited traits.",
-        "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the giant anteater.nThe large-shaped snout helps the giant anteater reach into a burrow. The long, sticky tongue helps it catch the insects.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe long-beaked echidna has a tube-shaped snout. a long, sticky tongue. Its mouth is adapted to geteat insects that live in burrows.nThe go gorilla has a large,snout. Its mouth is not adapted to get insects out of burrows. The go gorilla uses its mouth to eat plants and fruit..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to thes. Boone or the daughter couldnnM first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. She has been replaced with the daughter.nMs. Boone asked her daughter to chop the celery, but her daughter couldn't find the knife..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a washing machine is 32 gallons.n32 fluid ounces and 32 cups are both too little..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a full bag of groceries is 3 kilograms.n3 grams is too light..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCutting a piece of rope is a physical change. The rope gets shorter after you cut it. But it is still made of the same type of matter as the originalcut rope.nPeeling a banana is a physical change. The peel is still  the skin of the banana anymore. it the peel and the banana are still made of the same type of matter as before.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs. A green iguana is a fishtile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nIguanas  a type of lizard. Iguanas eat plants and fruit.nA bull shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nBull sharks can live in both fresh water salt water. They are  in the and in shallow parts of the ocean.nA bull kangaroo is a birdmmal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nAangaroos live to  around on They use their tail tails to their while theyhopping.nA bull Asian elephant is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nAarphants live in large called elephantds. Most largest male is the groupd is called the largest.",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Annapolis is the capital of Maryland..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Panamanian golden frog's scientific name is Atelopus zeteki.nHyla japonica does not have the same scientific name as a Panamanian golden frog. So, Atelopus zeteki and Hyla japonica are not in the same species.nBufo guttatus does not have the same scientific name as a Panamanian golden frog. So, Atelopus zeteki and Bufo guttatus are not in the same species.nAtup gut zeteki has the same scientific name as a Panamanian golden frog. So, these organisms are in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A wood-headed poison frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFoison t frogs live in many bright colors. They bright colors warns other animals that these frogs are poisonous.nA woodpecker is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nWoodpeckers live sharp beaks. They use their beaks to hunt into wood to hunt for food.nA  buffalo is a repmmal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nA buffaloes have near the. They of raise water buffaloes in their young..nA hammerhead shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nHammerhead sharks are their name from their name of their heads.. can a large, flat head. a long tail..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses an phora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nOutaltman,s the words endless of the  the beginning of several sentence..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.nMr. Fowler exercises after work, or he plays cards with friends..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could used without its antecedent.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the recipe.nIf Steven doesn't know how to make homemade waffles, he can find the recipe in the cookbook..",
-        "Solution: During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her word choice by  vagued words.nFor example, the writer could replace the underlined text with moreization, WhennFor you're ever in New York State, you should see Albany, the state capitol. When I visited last summer, I was impressed by the museums, the historic mansions and colonial homes, and other cites. The surrounding area also provides plenty options options for outdoor recreation. Nearby lakes and rivers, not mention mention the majestic Adirondack Mountains, offer hiking, fishing, and canoeing opportunities..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Eva or Anna.nWhen Eva ran into Anna at the post office, she smiled and said hello.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nEva smiled and said hello when she ran into Anna at the post office..",
-        "Solution: This country is the Bahamas..",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked eggs and raw egg are different types of matter.nAal turning  shiny over time is called tarnishing. Nickel penny tarnishing is a chemical change. The the touches the penny, the surface of the penny changes from a different type of matter. matter makes the penny dull.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nCooking is caused by heating. But a penny tarnishing is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. California is farthest south..",
-        "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. A plain shirt has a more negative connotation. A plain shirt is boring and boringintereste.. plain shirt is not plain and.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. Argumentgu about something has a more negative connotation. If you people argue, something, they argue  ideas about Argument disagree things disagree, something, argue argue over something who..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a test tube is 13 milliliters.n13 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in New Orleans, look at the graph.nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"O wettest months of the year are June, July, and August.\" is incorrect.nThe average, more precipitation falls during June, July, and August than during other months. the year. So, June, July, and August are the dest months ofnChoice \"Octoberune, July, and August are the driest months of the year.\" is incorrect.nThe average, less less precipitation falls during June, July, and August than during other other months. the year., June, July, and August are the the driest months.nChoice \"October is the wettest month.\" is incorrect.nThe other month has a higher average precipitation than October.., October is the wettriest months and the dest months months..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences run have been run together without appropriate punctuation.nInside its tissues, the spotted jelly\u2014a marine invertebrate native to the South Pacific\u2014grows symbiotic algae that produces food for the jelly and gives it a greenish-brown hue..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Looking objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. None  chips and not, but the potato water is not.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. All potatoer and the potato chips are rough, but the potato water is not.nAotato chips have a salty taste. All three objects are salty.nThe property that all three objects have in common is salty..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The muskmelon plant's observable version of the fruit taste trait is sour fruit. So, the plant's phenotype for the fruit taste trait is sour fruit..",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second letter opening is more formal. It uses the recipient's personal title and last name. The other opening uses the recipient's first name, suggesting a more familiar relationship..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Georgia..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid..",
-        "Solution: This country is Antigua and Barbuda..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution A has Solution B have the same number of yellow particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second memo to customers is more formal. It uses more elevatedpersonal language conversation language (comonoring that commitment). publishing nutrition info on The other memo uses customers uses morebreviations (care). and contraction more conversational (.",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA translucent object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The iceello is flexible, but the t ice cube is not.nSugar has a sweet taste. All wejello is sweet, but the wet ice cube is the  water are not.nThe translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. All four objects are translucent.nThe property that all four objects have in common is translucent..",
-        "Solution: A simple is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of an independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction or.nFree can wipe up your spill with some paper towels, or you can use the sponge on the counter..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tundra is a type of ecosystem. Tundras have the following features: short, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. So, Peary Land has short, cold winters. It also has mostly small plants..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a bike path is 2 miles.n2 inches, 2 feet, and 2 yards are all too short..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that raising raising should raise taxes to we schools fail lead. However, this may other to can be better. raising taxes. which that falln necessarily best ones. This example,   taxes increases will lead better on. improve public. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as thea false dichotomy..",
-        "Solution: Atlanta is the capital of Georgia..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase devouring. It describes the tsunami as if it were a devour large person..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A sand cat's scientific name is Felis margarita. The first word of its scientific name is Felis.nLynx canadensis is in the genus Lynx. The first word of its scientific name is Lynx. So, Lynx canadensis and Felis margarita are not in the same genus.nLynx rufus is in the genus Lynx. The first word of its scientific name is Lynx. So, Lynx rufus and Felis margarita are not in the same genus.nL organism and the sand cat are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Felis margarita..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nErosion caused by wind is a change change. The wind blowcarries on the pieces of the that But each pieces are rock do not form a different type of matter.nBating an egg is a physical change. Theating an egg is together the egg to and egg white, and sugar water. The  together together does not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of yellow particles..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrials. Here are some ways in which these ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil waternthe organisms that live there A tropical coral reef is a type of ecosystem. It has land, salty water and and sunlight, and many different types of organisms.nChoice 1 is a type coral reef ecosystem. It is land, and many different types of organisms.nChoice 2 is a subtland ecosystem. It is covered with water during most of the year, Sotl are have soil that is rich in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The magnet pulls the paper clips upward. The direction of the pull is toward the magnet..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Illinois is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. Water evaporating from a puddle is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nLamar wants broccoli. Jackson wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: The city is San Francisco, California. Denver Angeles, Chicago, and San are marked with gray circles on the map below..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses asaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nS words I late', dinner not at the beginning of each sentence..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that   deadline will lead to thes because the other. However, this isn't necessarily true. This example,  idea' have  or to  circumstances. a the peoples. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the slippery slope fallacy..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Tim' be ly recklesssponsible, because hishe works for a company that went bankrupt. However, even though the company went failing as financiallyly irresponsible, that doesn't necessarily mean that Tim is financially too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: An environment is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A tropical coral reef is a type of ecosystem. Tropical coral reefs have the following features: shallow, salty water, abundant sunlight, and many different types of organisms. So, the Belize Barrier Reef has salty water. It also has many different types of organisms..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Looking objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. The three objects are colorful.nA fragile object can attach or stick to other things. None of the objects are sticky.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. None  are the sweater dog balloon are fragile fragile.nThe property that all three objects have in common is fragile..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The older brother applies a force to the back of the car. This force moves the car forward. The direction of this force is toward from the older brother. This force is a pull..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of an eyedropper is 7 milliliters.n7 liters is too little..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a request, so it is an imperative sentence.., it ends with a period..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is a single independent clause.nRaymond took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Colorado is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A gray heron's scientific name is Ardea cinerea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.nLissotriton helveticus is in the genus Lissotriton. The first word of its scientific name is Lissotriton. So, Lissotriton helveticus and Ardea cinerea are not in the same genus.nA organism and the gray heron are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Ardea cinerea.nHyla cinerea and Ardea cinerea are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Hyla cinerea and Ardea cinerea have the same species name within their genus, cinerea. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Hyla cinerea is in the genus Hyla, and Ardea cinerea is in the genus Ardea.",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nDry ice sub melting water dioxide. The dry ice gets warm, it changes state and becomes solid dioxide gas. The change of state, but solid to gas, is called sublimation.nWaterry ice is a gas is a change change. The change of state does not form a different type of matter.nWater freezing into ice is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes state solid to liquid. But  ice is still made of the same type of matter as before liquid water.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses antiapostrophe, thea direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nL! Stars and clouds and winds is ana direct address to the and, winds winds.  abouthuman things..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Trojan horse is the mythology.nIn Greek mythology, the Trojan army turned the Trojan army into attacking hosta large, horse into its own guarded city. The horse turns out to be  with  warriors. are when inside the city, Troy,  the gates to the city army. outside.nThe allusion Trojan horse means a smallceptive and destructive activity..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Mason wants or needs:nMason will give up some muffins. He could have made more cranberry muffins than blueberry muffins..",
-        "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show air temperatures.nThe map's legend tells you the temperature that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower temperatures than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -25\u00b0C up to -20\u00b0C. Areas that are the next darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -20\u00b0C up to -15\u00b0C. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which air temperatures those colors represent.n22\u00b0C.n-22\u00b0C is within this range.n-2\u00b0C and 2\u00b0C are outside of this range..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nNothing I love more shows verbal irony because Mr. Kelly is probably upset that there isn't anything to eat..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Bees making honey from nectar is a chemical change. Honey honeyes use nectar to make honey. but is  chemicals in are not to break.. is nectar are made types of matter than.",
-        "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The police store is in column 3..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.nAn avid reader, Caden attends weekly book club meetings, and he",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether phosphine is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that a molecule of phosphine is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygenbororus atom bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that phosphine is composed of two chemical elements: hydrogen and oxygenphosphorus. Since phosphine is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, phosphine is a compound..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town. The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe metaphor the only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career suggests that there was a benefit to Trent's job loss.  light would be beneficial in helping someone escape a dark, difficult-to-navigate situation. Similarly, Trent's new career was beneficial in helping him escape the emotionally difficult experience of losing his job..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A hot desert is a type of ecosystem. Hot deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. So, the following statement describes the Sonoran Desert ecosystem: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. It has warma small amount of rain. The following statements do not describe the Sonoran Desert: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. It has warm, wet summers. It has  a few types of organisms..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince accept is between the guide words after - another, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nTheurn up that the drain noisily released some water. The the areped, the hearsily released some that the face..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A bowling ball is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nIf bowling ball is be on ing ball.. But it you is  groundt, the bowling ball will has a size and shape of its own..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of an elephant is 6,370 kilograms.n6,370 grams is too light..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a hot day is 36\u00b0F.n36\u00b0F is too cold..",
-        "Solution: Helena is the capital of Montana..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nTheinowed trees that the of the city disappeared underwater. People thea person iss, it iss. Part",
-        "Solution: The colony is Georgia Island..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a kiddie pool is 1,080 liters.n1,080 milliliters is too little..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nSamir wants broccoli. Derek wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBreaking a ceramic plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.nKnitting yarn into a scarf is a physical change. The yarn gets a different shape. but it is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..",
-        "Solution: Montgomery is the capital of Alabama..",
-        "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Delaware..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nLas Vegas is in the desert. On average, Las Vegas has almost 300 clear, sunny days each year!nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of cloud cover in Las Vegas. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A green howler is ana fishmmal. Like other mammals, a black howler is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA green sea turtle is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a green sea turtle is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA green earthworm is a worm. Like other worms, an earthworm is  invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has ana soft body.nA cardinalfish is a fish. Like other fish, a cardinalfish is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nWater evaporating from a puddle is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.nMelting glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The glass changes from solid to liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nWaterh changes are caused by heating.nWaterh are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for hydrogencyclopropane contains two symbols: H for hydrogen and H for hydrogen. So, hydrogencyclopropane is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, cycloprop",
-        "Solution: There substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether argon is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for argon is Ar. This formula contains one symbol: Ar. So, the formula tells you that argon is made of one chemical element.nSubstances made of only one chemical element",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two",
-        "Solution: Lansing is the capital of Michigan..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Virginia.nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..",
-        "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA aphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nRely fire is an indirect way of sayingreferring to someone unpleasant event or anselfs own forces, theiries..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.nLeah couldn't tolerate the nauseous odor emanating from the landfill, so she rolled up her car windows as she drove past.nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.nThe odor emanating from the landfill made Leah so nauseous that she had to roll up the car windows as she drove past.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nNative copper is a mineral.nGn antler is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nG, an antler is not a mineral.nGypsum is a mineral..",
-        "Solution: Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nJenny wants broccoli. Zoe wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses contractional language (real quick).nThe second sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion golden calf is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Jesus tell  that he sees his of his  areping thea golden calf.  animal ofhe callss,  animalolic to the.s.nThe allusion golden calf means a person possession that is not object of an..",
-        "Solution: Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota..",
-        "Solution: This country is Saint Kitts and Nevis..",
-        "Solution: Pierre is the capital of South Dakota..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince human is not between the guide words hate - here, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: This state is Oregon..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. FactnThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The first sentence states a fact.nRe ants have six legs.nIt can be proved by looking a book about.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nRed ants are worse than black ants.nMorse shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which ants are worse..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a bathtub is 75 gallons.n75 fluid ounces and 75 cups are both too little..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA banana getting ripe on the counter is a chemical change. As thea banana ripens, the type of matter in it changes. The banana changes color and the inside becomes softsofter and sweeter.nSaliva breaks down a piece of bread is a chemical change. The is made of of of sugara chemical change salivach. Theiva breaks down star between theatoms in the starch molecules. ThenSte chemicalatoms then link together to form different pieces stronger molecules. sugar. sugar is a different type of matter than the starch moleculesnStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Arctic Ocean..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: When you write, you can use sensory details. These sense words help your reader understand what something looks, sounds, tastes, smells, or feels like.nSensory Category | DescriptionnSight | These are words like bright, clean, and purple. A reader can imagine looking at these details.nSound | These are words like sing, buzzing, and ringing. A reader can imagine hearing these details.nToaste | These are words like, sweet, and burnt. A reader can imagine tasting these details.nSmell | These are words like fruity, sweet, and stinky. A reader can imagine smelling these details.nTouch | These are words like fruit, wet, and soft. A reader can imagine feeling these details.nMany sense words can describe more than one sense. For example, soft can describe a taste or a sound. For sweet can describe a taste or a smell.nLook at the picture.nThe word s describes the sound this thunderstorm makes.nSurring can boomingqueaking can also describe sounds. But they do not describe this sound this thunderstorm makes..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North America..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Asia..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Meg wants or needs:nMeg will give up the chance to be in the Theater Club. She would have had more fun in the Theater Club than in the Photography Club..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spidey sense is a comic book.nIn comic book  Spider-Man reveals a spidey sense, makess him of dangerpending danger.nThe allusion spidey sense means a vague of danger...",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Primary consumers eat producers. So, in a food web, primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.nThe Arctic does anarrows pointing to it from the n-ground caribou. the lichenzzly bear. TheNeither the n-ground caribou nor the grizzly bear is a producer, so the mushroomworm is  a primary consumer.nThe Arctic fox has an arrow pointing to it from the griberry and The bilberry is a producer, so the Arctic fox is a primary consumer.nThe roughn-ground caribou has an arrow pointing to it from the bil. The lichen is a producer, so the Arcticn-ground caribou is a primary consumer.nThe rough-legged hawk has an arrow pointing to it from the ic eger. The parasitic jaeger is  a producer, so the rough-legged hawk is not a primary consumer.",
-        "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Diamond does all the properties of a mineral. So, diamond is a mineral..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. An clownfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nCn American alligator is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the submarine and the center of Earth changed.nThe ocean floor is higher than the surface of the ocean floor As the submarine dove toward the ocean floor, the distance between the submarine and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the submarine and Earth decreased as the submarine dove toward the ocean floor..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each sailboat moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne sailboat moved 100 miles in 10 hours.nThe other sailboat moved 50 miles in 10 hours.nNotice that each sailboat spent the same amount of time moving. The sailboat that moved 100 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that sailboat must have moved at a higher speed..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince hardship is between the guide words helping - hunter, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the evening grosbeak.nThe evening grosbeak has a short, thick beak. Its beak is adapted to crack hard seeds. The evening grosbeak uses its short, thick beak to crack down on thea seed and crack open its hard shell.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe commonwfinch has a short, thick beak. Its beak is adapted to crack hard seeds.nThe common swift has a short, thick beak. Its beak is not adapted to crack hard seeds. The common swift uses its beak to eat insects and small small vertebrates..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nTheighter than the king is an exaggeration, since it is likely that the  is gets the expensive than thehe king..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA bump object reflects a lot of light. The can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. None  gget and shiny, but the  is not.nA bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. All three objects are bumpy.nThe shinybouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The gold nugget is not bouncy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is bumpy..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nThe best day of my life ironically suggests that Mr. Bartlett was having a bad day. He was having the opposite of a good day because his car broke down when he needed to be on time..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce sugars and oxygen.nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Producer producers make their own food, they typically do not eat other organisms.nTheir cells contain chloroplasts, which are cell structures where photosynthesis occurs.nTheir chloroplasts often contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll captures light energy from the Sun to power photosynthesis.nThey use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides energy that helps the organisms live, grow, and reproduce. This organism is photosynthetic:nThe text tells you that po dar iss have chloroplasts in their cells. This means evidence that the dar is photosa photosynthetic organism.nThis organism is not photosynthetic:nThe text does not provide evidence that the po dart frog is photosynthetic..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Reggie is with his parents won that hes are the are lazy. However, this ofmillennialss parents doesn not necessarily reflect the behavior of   generation. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Arriv child built a tower, he used colored blocks is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without just a comma: The child built a tower, He used colored blocks..",
-        "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A n devil is a mammal. Like other mammals, a Tasmanian devil has a backbone.nAike other s, a wolf spider does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each bus moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne bus moved 825 kilometers in 10 hours.nThe other bus moved 460 kilometers in 10 hours.nNotice that each bus spent the same amount of time moving. The bus that moved 825 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that bus must have moved at a higher speed..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Look at the text in bold below. It tells you that thea giant tort\u00e1pagos Islandoise might sleep for weeks at a time. ThisnG Gal\u00e1pagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean are home to the giant tortoise. These tortoises are massive, weighing nearly five hundred pounds. However, giant tortoises do not use much energy. They often rest for up to sixteen hours a day. And when there is little water, giant tortoises might sleep for weeks at a time. This helps them save energy..ant tortoises can live up to a year without food or water if they have to!.",
-        "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.nHurdle refers to an obstacle that one must overcome. The also refers to an object that a personrunner jumps over..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism big-boned suggests that Erik is overweight..",
-        "Solution: This country is Dominic Dominican Republic.nWhy does the Dominican Republic share its island with another country?nThe Dominican Republic and Jamaica share the island of Hispaniola. It is home to the earliest European settlements in the Americas. Christopher Columbus founded the first European settlement on the island in 1492 during his first voyage across the Atlantic.nThough many people lived on the island before Columbus's arrival, European countries quickly began to colonize the island. Eventually France and Spain both established colonies. The Spanish colony eventually became the country of the Dominican Republic, and the French colony eventually became the country of Jamaica. Today, people in the two countries speak different languages and have many cultural differences..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. An American bullfrog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.nA sea otter is a fishmmal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nSea otters live special thick fur. They fur helps them warm in cold water.nA  American toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA seapiranha is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nPiranhas have sharp teeth. Piranhas hunt in groups. A group of piranhas can eat a large animal.",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the Allen's hummingbird.nThe Allen's hummingbird has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The Allen's hummingbird's long, thin beak can reach deep into the flowers.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe green violetear has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers.nThe secretary bird has a short hooked beak. Its beak is not adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The secretary bird uses its beak to eat plants and.",
-        "Solution: The outer layer of Earth is broken up into many pieces called tectonic plates, or simply plates. The breaks between plates are called plate boundaries. Plate boundaries are classified by the way the plates are moving relative to each other:nAt a divergent boundary, two plates are moving away from each other.nAt a transform boundary, two plates are sliding past each other.nAt a diverconvergent boundary, two plates are moving toward each other.nean continentalduct zonenThe type of convergent boundary is  oceaniccontinent subduct zone, which forms when oceana plate with oceanic crust sub a continental with continental crust move toward each other. The oceanic crust subducts, or sinks, below continental continental crust ofnThet the Northic crust ofducts, ora deep-sea trench forms at the boundary boundary. As of in the subducting plate subs into ma and melts toward the ocean. As magma cools and hardens to form a volcanic of volcanoes called a volcano arc. To figure out what type of plate boundary formed the Cascade Range, you need to know how the tectonic plates interacted. To find this out, read the passage carefully.nThe Cascade Range is a volcanic arc in the Pacific Northwest that begins in California and runs north into British Columbia. As the North American Plate and the Juan de Fuca Plate move toward each other, oceanic crust of the Juan de Fuca Plate subducts, or sinks, below continental crust of the North American Plate. TherenThe are eighteen volcanoes in the Cascade Range, and some of them are still active. Mount St. Helens is an active volcano near Seattle, Washington. It last erupted in May of 1980.nThe underlined part of the passage explains that the Cascade Range formed at the two plates moved toward each other. So, the Cascade Range formed at a diverconvergent boundary..",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nGetting a haircut is a physical change. The hair gets shorter after youa haircut. But it is still made of the same type of matter asnsawewing a log in half is a physical change. The log getss into two pieces. But each pieces are still made of the same type of matter asnStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the vervet monkey.nThe vervet monkey has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees. The vervet monkey uses its long fingers and toes to hold on to branches while climbing.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe bare-eared squirrel monkey has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees.nThe lama has long feetofed feet. It is not adapted for climbing trees. The lama uses its feet to walk and run..",
-        "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion an albatross around her neck is a poem.nIn the Taylor Coleridge's poem \"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,\" a sailor kills and kills an albatross, an  that kills the marine and crew. The the crew members die, the alb Mariner feels his guilt hanging like the albatross around his neck.nThe allusion an albatross around her neck means a burden a person must bear..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.nImpossible to put down means that the book is so good that it is hard to stop reading. The phrase impossible to put down is also a joke about anti-gravity, if gravity pulls things down, then anti-gravity does the opposite and makes them impossible to put down..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince called is between the guide words chief - corral, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Charleston is the capital of West Virginia..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A red-spotted newt is  amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nA human is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.nMatthew makes toast for breakfast, or he eats a banana later at school..",
-        "Solution: This country is Saintnada..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, measure. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: Helena is the capital of Montana..",
-        "Solution: Arianna wanted broccoli in her lunch and Sidney was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nArianaa has tomatoes. Sidney has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is covered in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the Amazon rain forest has year-round rain. It also has many different types of organisms..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nWhile at the park today, Kyle noticed that the wind was coming from the southwest.nThis passage tells you about the wind direction at the park today. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A whiptail lizard is ana matile. Like other reptiles, a whiptail lizard is ana vertebrate. It has a backbone.nAike other octopuses, a white-spotted octopus is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has ana soft body.nL peacock butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a peacock butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA whiteust is  amp. Like other insects, a locust is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nAs Charlie sat",
-        "Solution: Dustin wanted broccoli in his lunch and Irma was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nDstin has tomatoes. Irma has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Look at the map.nThe Thir1700 points point the map point that the were from different from the locations.nThe was involved involved in the triangular trade. Instead",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince join is between the guide words jerk - junk, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Canada lynx's scientific name is Lynx canadensis.nMacropus agilis does not have the same scientific name as a Canada lynx. So, Lynx canadensis and Macropus agilis are not in the same species.nLynx adensis has in the same genus as Lynx rufus, but they are not in the same species.nLganisms in the same species have the same scientific names. Lynx canadensis and Lynx rufus are different species within the same genus.nLynx canadensis has the same scientific name as a Canada lynx. So, these organisms are in the same species..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.nHearther wass car was running terribly before she took it to the mechanic for a tune-up.nThe second text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.nHelher was terribly late to work this morning because her car broke down on the freeway.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nElise wants broccoli. Nolan wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.nWren custom ordered his unique coffee table from a master craftsman in Oak Grove.nThe first text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: unusual or unusual. Warren boughts coffee table is  interesting design, but it is made in a factory and was not not actually one of a kind.nWren bought his unique coffee table from a factory outlet store in Oak Grove.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Instead, children get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Anna's hair color is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: Nina wanted broccoli in her lunch and Ivan was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nNina has tomatoes. Ivan has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a warm loaf of bread is 65\u00b0F.n65\u00b0F is too cold..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that avocados are California are the best delicious. they are. best. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt reasoning..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties at the object.nThink about each property.nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. The persflop is are colorful.nA sticky object can stick to other things. The flip-flops are not sticky..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. Air is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour coffee into a different container, the coffee will take the shape of that container. But the coffee will still take up the same amount of space.nA air inside a tire is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air inside a tire expands to fill  the space inside the tire. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the tire. ButnA air inside a bubble is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. A air inside a bubble fills all the space around the bubble. If air bubble fills, the air will expand to fill alla space larger space. ButnAn eraser is a solid. A can use an eraser. But the will still have a size and shape of its own..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Poets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms.nAnaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines.nOut of the cradle endlessly rocking,nOut of the mocking-bird's throat, the musical shuttle,nOut of the Cranth-month midnightn\u2014From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\"nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses like-up words:nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot!  they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.n\u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:n\u2014k! the honey bee is humming.n\u2014From Alfred Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.n\u2014 the wild men watched and waitednWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.n\u2014From Williamard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"nAssonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines.nI wandered lonely as a Cloudn\u2014 floats on high o'er Vales and Hills,n\u2014 all at once I saw a crowd,nA host of golden Daffodils.n\u2014From William Wordsworth, \"The Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\"nMeter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed. StrongnA poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nAderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses anaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nVichson usess the words triumph at all end of each sentence..",
-        "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..",
-        "Solution: The colony is South..",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A tide pool is a type of ecosystem. Tide pool ecosystems have the following features: daily flooding and draining of seawater, water that is rich in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the tide pool ecosystems in Tongue Point Marine Life Sanctuary have daily flooding and draining of seawater. They also have many different types of organisms..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince sacred is not between the guide words shoe - source, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015  1000n= 1.43 x 1015  103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Mercury.nThen compare the result to the volume of Earth. The volume of Earth is 1.43 x 1014 km3, which is less than 6.08 x 1012 km3. So, the volume of Earth is more than ten times the volume of Mercury..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Asia..",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nPlacental mammals have the following traits:nThey give birth to live offspring.nThey have fur or hair.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA dwarf crocodile has the following traits:nIt spend scaly, waterproof skin.nIt makes eggs with shells.nA dwarf crocodile does not have all of the traits of a placental mammal. A dwarf crocodile is a reptile.nA North American beaver has the following traits:nIt gives birth to live offspring.nI North American beaver does the traits of a placental mammal. A North American beaver is a placental mammal..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Darnel wants or needs:nDarnel will spend more money. Plane tickets for Darnel to get to Connecticut are more expensive than tickets to Virginia..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their skin color. Insteadies get their skin color from their parents. So, Devon's skin color is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean.nThe Southern Ocean reaches from the shores of Antarctica to 60\u00b0 South latitude..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each bottle increased, which means that the thermal energy of each bottle increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each bottle..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A painted stork is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nStorks livede in shallow water to look for food. Storks eat fish, insects, andworms, and other small animals.nA human is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nHumans are mammalsa type of. a maate. Stkeys, apes are also primates.",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Sugar has two alleles for a normal-sized body (B). So, Sugar's genotype for the body size gene is BB..",
-        "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties at the object.nThink about each property.nA bendable object can be bent without breaking. The er is bend bendable.nAotato chips have a salty taste. The cracker is salty..",
-        "Solution: Montpelier is the capital of Vermont..",
-        "Solution: This country is Australia.nIs Australia a country or a continent?nBoth! Australia is a country in Oceania, a region made up of many lands and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Many people say that Australia is the world's smallest continent. But some people call Oceania a continent instead..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to sing the ABC song is 23 seconds.n23 minutes is too slow..",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Water freezing into ice is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The water changes from solid to liquid. But it waterice is still made of the same type of matter as before liquid water..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nAs Pablo sat",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Apple or Orange**..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the bull shark.nThe bull shark has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat. The bull shark uses its sharp to cut up the into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe barracuda has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat.nThe copperband butterflyfish has a large mouth wide mouth. Its mouth is not adapted for tearing through meat. The",
-        "Solution: Look map shows color to show parts water. the and lakes, and oceans. also color to show  and is covered. waterers..nThe legend' that the in is frozen land surface. Earth.. is not use all in is covered. in the.. colors, not white colors to show water in is frozen or in rivers. So",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the  sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words mat and matrut rhyme. They both end with the rutt sound.nThe word mat does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the kelp.There is one path matter can take from the kelp to the phyto : kelp->sea cucumberwormchin->sea cucumberurr->sca->sea cucumber->  is one path matter can take from the kelp to the  star: kelp->sp->->s star. phytoplankton. The arrows to the plankton. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the kelp to the plankton..zooplankton. The only arrow pointing to the zooplankton starts from the plankton. The arrow points to the plankton. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the kelp to the batzooplankton.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A barn owl is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nA clownfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: This country is Cuba Bahamas..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution B has Solution B have the same number of green particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overbreviated language ( FYrankI).nThe second sentence uses not use abbreviated language, so it is more formal overall.",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Peoples do not choose their natural color. Peopleies get their skin color from their parents. So, Josh's skin color is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The  ishat pom is scratch scratchy.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. The yarn pom ispom is blue..",
-        "Solution: Look.",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n An agile wallaby's scientific name is Macropus agilis. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus.nLactinia mississippiensis is in the genus Ictinia. The first word of its scientific name is Ictinia. So, Ictinia mississippiensis and Macropus agilis are not in the same genus.nMac organism and the agile wallaby are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Macropus agilis.nLacerta agilis and Macropus agilis are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Lacerta agilis and Macropus agilis have the same species name within their genus, agilis. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Lacerta agilis is in the genus Lacerta, and Macropus agilis is in the genus Macropus..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nNot exactly a team player is an indirect way of saying that someone is't work well with others..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nKyle wants broccoli. Tony wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses peruse in its traditional sense: to examine in detail.nBrad perused a catalog from his wife's favorite clothing store, searching for the perfect birthday gift.nThe second text uses peruse in its nontraditional sense: to look through in a casual manner.nBrad perused a clothing catalog as he waited for his appointment, flipping through the pages distractedly.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word peruse because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the glass bottle is harder. If you press a glass bottle, it will not change shape..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A barn owl is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nBarn owls live near the continent except Antarctica. TheynA gray howler is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nHowlerss are large  and but barkls. They loud can be heard by 100 miles away.nA grayzebra is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nZebras liveeat plants grass. They they have liveeat plants animals of animals and such as s. fruit.nA gray tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nHow are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs lay very small. They can walk on thin branches.",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Richmond is the capital of Virginia..",
-        "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 4 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 1 more solute particle on the right side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the right than to the left..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of pink particles..",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nCartilaginous fish have the following traits:nThey have fins, not limbs.nThey live underwater.nThey have a skeleton made of cartilage.nThey make eggs with no shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA snowy owl has the following traits:nIt has feathers.nIt has feather.nIt has a beak.nIt has eggs with nos.nA snowy owl does not have all of the traits of a cartilaginous fish. A snowy owl is a ma.nA tiger shark has the following traits:nIt has fins, not limbs.nIt lives underwater.nIt has a skeleton made of cartilage.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA tiger shark does the traits of a cartilaginous fish. A tiger shark is a cartilaginous fish..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..",
-        "Solution: Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa America..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on the cat, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling the cat down with a force of 40 N.nThe bottom of the box is pushing the cat up with a force of 40 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different same magnitude: 40 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on the cat..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Romeo is literature.nIn Rome Shakespeare's Romeo, Juliet, Romeo and known for his eloquent and of love with Rome he grews Juliet.nThe allusion Romeo means a person who is known different..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun her could refer to Jane's or Bella's.nJ second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Her has been replaced with Bella's.nJane roomed with Bella last year, but Bella's messiness became a point of contention..",
-        "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:nThe palm leaf fossil is in a deeperer layer in the rock sequence than the fern fossil. So, the palm leaf fossil is most likely younger than the fern fossil..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Maine is farthest south..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses ly simple or imprecise language (passes, leaving nThe second sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion by the skin of his teeth is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Jesus tells to God about his ins, saying that Job mens and those he loves are turned against him. He says, \"I skin cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am unable with the skin of my teeth.\"s have long debated the exact meaning of the phrase, but many claim that Job is saying that he ly escaped death.nThe allusion by the skin of his teeth means  barely..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nA boy floated down the Obed River on a raft. It had rained the day before, so the river was flowing fast.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the rain that thea particular day. O Ohio on This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Cyprinus carpio is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.nCyprinus carpio is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that common carp is the common name..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction while.nKevin prepared a receipt for the customer while Zack packaged her items for her..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. Fruit punch is a solid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nIf you pour fruit punch into a different, the fruit will take the shape of that cup. But the fruit will still take up the same amount of space..",
-        "Solution: The city is Chicago. Louis, Missouri. Chicago, Omaha, and St are marked with gray circles on the map below..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three marbles have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 32\u00b0F marble is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The four objects are soft.nA can see clearly through a transparent object. The  and the hat marshmallow, and the  are not transparent.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. The stuffed dice are the  are not smooth.nThe property that all four objects have in common is smooth..",
-        "Solution: Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma..",
-        "Solution: This country is Pala Federated States of Micronesia..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two bricks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 235\u00b0F brick is hotter than the 235\u00b0F brick, it has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A koala is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nKoalas  for up to 20 hours a day!nA manbald eagle is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nBald eagles have near large. water. They can theirs to are be up to 20 feet long!nA helmetdarinfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nMandarinfish live live near coral reefs. They eat fish worms, s, and  eggs.nA helmeted iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nIguanas  noc type of lizard. Iguanas eat small and fruit..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince idea is between the guide words imagine - irrigation, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Associationnfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokespersonnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenemphasize that the product is a financially wise choicenanticipate and refute potential counterclaimsnAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathethos, or character, by emphasizing the importance brand of character of the brand..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince buck is not between the guide words being - blind, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each battery decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each battery decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each battery to the surroundings..",
-        "Solution: There substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element. Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if hydrogen peroxide is an elementary substance or a compound.nIn this model, each ball is labeled with H for hydrogen and O for oxygen. So, the model shows you that hydrogen peroxide is made of two chemical elements bonded together.nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, hydrogen peroxide is a compound..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. M child chews her food carefully is a complete sentence. The subject is the child, and the verb is chewing..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Looking objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nAellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. None ice cream and the t  are not yellow.nA stickybouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. All of the objects are bouncy.nThe sticky object can attach or stick to other things. All three objects are sticky.nThe property that all three objects have in common is sticky..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two cups of black tea have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 115\u00b0F cup of black tea is colder than the 120\u00b0F cup of black tea, it has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of three times the volume of Mercury.nThen compare the result to the volume of Mars. The volume of Mars is  billion km3, which is less than 160 billion km3. So, the volume of Mars is less than three times as large as Mercury's..",
-        "Solution: Springfield is the capital of Illinois..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a city bus is 10 tons.n10 ounces and 10 pounds are both too light..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between Edgar and the center of Earth changed.nThe summit of the mountain was higher than the point where Edgar started hiking. As he hiked toward the summit, the distance between Edgar and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Edgar and Earth increased as he hiked toward the summit..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, manages. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. An island culture different from our own is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject..",
-        "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.nThe Somerville Daily Mail was forced to issue a retraction after printing a factoid about Somerville's founder. It turned out that the reporter had written the article based on local legend rather than researching the actual history.nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.nA reporter for the Somerville Daily Mail dug up an amusing factoid about Somerville's founder while researching for an article about the town's early years.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, slammed. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened..",
-        "Solution: In title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A song should be in quotation marks.nThe correct title is \"Ten Little Monkeys Jumping on a Bed.\".",
-        "Solution: Des Moines is the capital of Iowa..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two mugs of cocoa have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 65\u00b0C mug of cocoa is colder than the 65\u00b0C mug of cocoa, it has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: The Middle Middle Colonies are the blue on the map:nThe theial times, New and the called the \" Col ColCounties. the Delaware River which Lower Lower Counties. short. ThenThe Jersey was the of the New that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont New Hampshire and Newa state York colony, claimed claimed the part..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. ScientistnA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Atlanta, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"O\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Ocipitation does not change much from month to month in Atlanta.\" is incorrect.nCh average monthly precipitation changes only slightly throughout the year. SonChoice \"February is wetter than March.\" is incorrect.nTheetter months have a higher average precipitation than Marcharier months. So has a higher higher average monthly precipitation than March., February is we wetter than March.nChoice \"Pre has the highest average precipitation.\" is incorrect.nTheost of months have a higher higher average precipitation than October.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAn energetic puppy shows verbal irony because an ancient, exhausted dog is not from an energetic puppy..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince wrath is not between the guide words weary - wiggle, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: As of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence.nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man.nStatements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact. It can be verified by looking theaSCO World Heritage sites. Turkey.nThe archaeological site of Troy is one of thirteen UNESCO World Heritage sites in Turkey.nThe second sentence states an opinion. shows a personal judgment.nThe archaeological site of Troy is Turkey's best UNESCO World Heritage site to visit..",
-        "Solution: Richmond is the capital of West Virginia..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses underthesis, the contrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nFromson's two of of parallel with withfrom pleasure to pleasure) and the.hop hope). hope)..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nVancouver Island is in on the west coast of Canada. Much of the island received heavy rain on November 28 last year.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the precipit of rain that was on Vancouver Island on November 28 last This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction after.nPercy's ears were ringing after he stood near the stage for the entire concert..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase lounged in. It describes the old as if they were people who..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Human hair is be naturally straight or naturally curly. Straight and curly are examples of hair texture.nSome people decide tools to change how their hair looks. But this doesn't affect the natural texture of their hair. So, having naturally straight hair is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Beth wants or needs:nBeth will give up the chance to go on the screaming swing. She would have had more fun on that ride..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that the the eight planets, eight are made mainly of gas and one are made mainly of ice. So, one of the eight planet or half, of the planets are made mainly of gas or ice..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A yellow jacket is an insect. Like other insects, a yellow jacket is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA harvest mouse is a mammal. Like other mammals, a harvest mouse is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nAike other spiders, a black orb weaver spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA dung beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a dung beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, melts. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that has true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Rob wanted broccoli in his lunch and Carrie was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nRob has tomatoes. Carrie has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Every substance around you is made up of atoms. Atoms can link together to form molecules. The links between atoms in a molecule are called chemical bonds. Different molecules are made up of different chemical elements, or types of atoms, bonded together.nScientists use both ball-and-stick models and chemical formulas to represent molecules.nA ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below.nThe balls represent atoms. The sticks represent the chemical bonds between the atoms.nNotice how each ball is labeled with a symbol made of one or more letters. The symbol is an abbreviation for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, that symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, it is one capital letter followed by one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element boron is B and the symbol for the element chlorine is Cl.nThe molecule shown above has one boron atom and three chlorine atoms. A chemical bond links each chlorine atom to the boron atom.nThe chemical formula for a molecule contains the symbol for each chemical element in the molecule. Many chemical formulas use subscripts. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text.nIn chemical formulas, the subscripts are numbers. The subscript is always written after the symbol for an element. The subscript tells you how many atoms that symbol represents. If the symbol represents just one atom, then no subscript is included.nThe symbols in the chemical formula for a molecule match the symbols in the ball-and-stick model for that molecule. The ball-and-stick model shown before and the chemical formula shown above represent the same substance. Cl is the symbol for chlorinebororus. Cl is the symbol for chlorine. This ball-and-stick model shows a molecule with one phosphorus atom and three chlorine atoms.nThe chemical formula shown contain the symbols P and Cl. There is one phosphorus atom, so Cl will not have a subscript. There is three chlorine atoms, so Cl will not a sub",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. On that winter morning, Luna's hands were as cold as ice.nThe words hands and ice are compared using the word as. So, the sentence uses a metaphormile..",
-        "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show air temperatures.nThe map's legend tells you the temperature that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower temperatures than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -25\u00b0C up to -20\u00b0C. Areas that are the next darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -20\u00b0C up to -15\u00b0C. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which air temperatures those colors represent.nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with temperatures between 25\u00b0C and 30\u00b0C.n10\u00b0C is within this range.n10\u00b0C and 30\u00b0C are outside of this range..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince identify is not between the guide words image - indicate, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..",
-        "Solution: Pierre is the capital of South Dakota..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound.complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.nSusan",
-        "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The air inside a bubble is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.nThe air inside a bubble iss all the space inside the bubble. But you air fills, the air will expand into fill alla space larger space..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A California toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA Hermann's tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nT Californiaoise's shell protects it from predators. When a tortoise bite threatened, it can pull its head and legs inside its shell.",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince presence is between the guide words pen - popular, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A ta ray is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nAs can s flat shape than most other fish. Theys can very and thin. They can, flat-shaped fins. help them swim. distances.nA giraffe is a birdmmal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nGiraffes liveeat small grass and are too small up. their animals to fly..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Group at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. The can usually see clearly reflection in a shiny object. The three objects are shiny.nA can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. None of the objects are fuzzy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is shiny..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that of out of the eight planets are made mainly of gas. So, two-fourth, or 25%, of the planets are made mainly of gas..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with black eyes or red eyes, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the eye color trait. The question tells you that the E allele, which is for red eyes, is dominant over the e allele, which is for black eyes.nBlack eyes is the recessive allele's version of the eye color trait. A koi fish with the recessive version of the eye color trait must have only recessive alleles for the eye color gene. So, offspring with black eyes must have the genotype ee.nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype ee.nBlackd eyes is the rece",
-        "Solution: Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy, turn water and carbon dioxide into sugars and oxygen.nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Producers do't usually eat other organisms.nTill cells contain chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are cell parts where photosynthesis occurs.nTheir chloroplasts often contain chlorophyll, which is green. Chlorophyll captures energy from the to power photosynthesis.nThey use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides the organisms with the energy they need to live. This organism is photosynthetic:nThe text tells you that Tillandisa tectorum air plants make their own food. carbon dioxide and water. This is evidence that the Tillandisa tectorum air plants is photosa photosynthetic organism..nThis organism is not photosynthetic:nThe text does not provide evidence that the Tillmondor dog is photosynthetic..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Shangri-La is literature.nIn the book, in,  Joyce  the city town of thegri-La.  is  in the mountains of the.nThe allusion Shangri-La means  oasis place to.",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, and it shows surprise feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Isabelle wants or needs:nIsabelle will give up the chance to be in the Photography Club. She would have had more fun in the Photography Club than in the Theater Club..",
-        "Solution: This country is Fiji..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Some words are alike. They go together in a group.nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. Window, shovel, and windowhammer go together. They are tools. Hammer is not a tool, so it is not like the other words..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. FactnThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The first sentence states a fact.nShShooting stars\" are really bits of rock and dust burning up in Earth's atmosphere.nIt can be proved by looking a website about shooting stars.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nCamping in the woods is the best way to see shooting stars.nM shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what shooting shooting way is go shooting stars...",
-        "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..",
-        "Solution: The city is Baltimore York City, New York. Pittsburgh, Baltimore, and Baltimore are marked with gray circles on the map below..",
-        "Solution: Sally wanted broccoli in her lunch and Chloe was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nSally has tomatoes. Chloe has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nIstanbul is on the coast of Turkey, where nighttime temperatures average between 60\u00b0F and 70\u00b0F each year during June, July, and August.nThe passage tells you about the usual temperature pattern in Istanbul. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Ms. McConnell is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A marbled salamander's scientific name is Ambystoma opacum.nLaricha torosa does not have the same scientific name as a marbled salamander. So, Ambystoma opacum and Taricha torosa are not in the same species.nLbystoma opacum has the same scientific name as a marbled salamander. So, these organisms are in the same species.nLissotriton helveticus does not have the same scientific name as a marbled salamander. So, Ambystoma opacum and Lissotriton helveticus are not in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. The neighbor's loud music was a blaring fire alarm.nThe words loud and fire are are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A red is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nHumans are a type of animal called a primate. Primkeys, apes are also primates.nA red wolf is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nWolves live live near groups groups. A largewolf' and father, and their children get together.nA red white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nGreat white sharks live live in up to 20 years!nA red-spotted newt is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nMan newts live near water. Other newts live on land but lay their eggs in water.",
-        "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether walking a dog is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs walking a dog something you can touch? Yes.nIs walking a dog a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, walking a dog is a service..",
-        "Solution: As of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence.nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man.nStatements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact. Race can be verified by looking up information history car of Andretti won the his career.nRace car driver Mario Andretti won the Daytona 500, Indy 500, and Formula One titles during his career.nThe second sentence states an opinion. Mario role a personal judgment.nMario Andretti, the only person named Driver of the Year in three different decades, is a great role model for young people interested in auto racing..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Cocoa is  important ingredient in chocolate chocolate bars As coco cocoa crops been harvested, thea will be more to get. So, the supply of chocolate bars will probably go down..",
-        "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. A chuckle has a more positive connotation. Ale is snicker both meannote handed but,s and., a chuckle suggests not and but a snicker is not.spirited. offensiveful..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a tennis racket is 26 inches.n26 feet, 26 yards, and 26 miles are all too long..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Peoples do not born knowing how to drive a car. Instead, many people learn how to drive. they are older. So, driving is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a metaphor:nThe bare tree's branches were sharp needles.nThe words branches and needles are compared using the word like or as.nThis sentence uses a simile:nThe bare tree's branches were as sharp as needles.nThe words branches and needles are compared without the word as..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A boxkoala is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nK box turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin..",
-        "Solution: Concord is the capital of New Hampshire..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBreaking a ceramic plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.nMixing chocolate syrup into milk is a physical change. The chocolate syrup changes milk make a mixture. But thisa mixture does not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play golf. Instead, some people learn how to play golf. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing golf is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties at the object.nThink about each property.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. The one is shiny.nA is a color.nThis color is blue. The trombone is blue blue..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A dyeaw is ana bird. Like other birds, a macaw is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA dyeing dart frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a dyeing dart frog is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA macpiranha is a fish. Like other fish, a piranha is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA mac atlas moth is  insect. Like other insects, an atlas moth is  invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..",
-        "Solution: There substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether platinum is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for platinum is Pt. This formula contains one symbol: Pt. So, the formula tells you that platinum is made of one chemical element.nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances.",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nWinds are called offshore when they blow from land to water. The winds in southern Nicaragua blow offshore over 300 days per year. Most people prefer to surf on days when the winds are offshore.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the wind wind patterns in Nicaragua. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that the Alexanders are house is pizza pizza is  because they house is messy. However is a personal attack that isn't relevant to whether the Alexander is valid. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard. The better estimate for the length of a tennis racket is 21 inches.n21 feet is too long..",
-        "Solution: Augusta is the capital of Maine..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism golden years suggests that Mr. Randolph is old. Golden years is a nicer way of referring to old age..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to sing the ABC song is 28 seconds.n28 hours is too slow..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Peoples do not choose their natural color. Peopleies get their skin color from their parents. So, Diana's skin color is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: Des Moines is the capital of Iowa..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the new employees or their intake forms.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Theym has been replaced with the forms.nMr. Russo wanted the new employees to fill out their intake forms, but he couldn't find the forms..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A water iguana is a fishtile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nIguanas  a type of lizard. Iguanas eat plants and fruit.nA red buffalo is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nWater buffaloes live near the. They people raise water buffaloes in their milk.nA man-headed poison frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nPoison t frogs live in many bright colors. They bright color warns other animals that these frogs are poisonous.nA waterdarinfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nMandarinfish live live near coral reefs. They areeat fish,worms, s, and other eggs..",
-        "Solution: All living things need made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A cave is not a living thing.nC cave does not  that plants that things it Cave a cave does not have all the traits of a living thing. It cave does not have food or water.nA Great Sphinx of Giza is not a living thing.nThe Great Sphinx of Giza is nota living of thea giantical creaturelionphinx. a giant that a s.s head. a fish.. Great Sphinx of not have all the the traits of a living thing. It does not grow or respond to the world around it. It does not need food or water.nKelp is a living thing.nKelp is and responds to the environment. It does food and water.. does not up of many cells..nKelp is water from sunlight, grow food..p is and many energy, to help them food to to them surface of.nA cave skate is not a living thing.nAer skates do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, make. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperativerogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence..",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second announcement is more formal. It uses more elevated language (pleased to announce). The other announcement sounds more conversational (so happy)..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A bobcat's scientific name is Lynx rufus. The first word of its scientific name is Lynx.nPynx canadensis is in the genus Lynx. The first word of its scientific name is Lynx. So, Lynx canadensis and Lynx rufus are not the same genus.nPropus rufus and Lynx rufus are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Macropus rufus and Lynx rufus have the same species name within their genus, rufus. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Macropus rufus is in the genus Macropus, and Lynx rufus is in the genus Lynx.nLython molurus is in the genus Python. The first word of its scientific name is Python. So, Python molurus and Lynx rufus are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The fire is in row B..",
-        "Solution: An environment is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A wetland is a type of ecosystem. Wetlands have the following features: land that is covered in water during most of the year, soil that is rich in nutrients, and other water ecosystems nearby. So, Everglades National Park has land that is covered in water during most of the year. It also has other water ecosystems nearby..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by heating and squeezing. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Shale is ana sedimentary rock. Like other sedimentary rocks, it forms when layers of sediment.nSud is pressed layer of sediment. It forms formed in underground where underground and riverss. Likediment such mud are form up in layers. Over time, the  layers press on on the bottom layers. Thisdimentary rock often form when  top layers are pressed together to form rock..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism big-boned suggests that Sam is overweight..",
-        "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for hydrogenmomethane contains two symbols: H for carbon and H for hydrogen, and H for hydrogenmine. So, bromomethane is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So,",
-        "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 4 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 1 more solute particle on the right side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the right than to the right..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nDes Moines has cold winters and warm summers.nThis passage tells you about the usual pattern pattern in Des Moines. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Springfield is the capital of Illinois..",
-        "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Bradypus variegatus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.nBdypus variegatus is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that brown-throated sloth is the common name..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Maggie's work is poor quality because she friends's work is poor quality. However, Maggie fact of Maggie's friends doesn not necessarily reflect the quality of Maggie's work. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses asapostrophe, thea direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nDeath, a direct address to death, buta nonhuman entity..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. Both objects are stretchy.nA lemon has a sour taste. Both lemon is not sour.nThe property that both objects have in common is stretchy..",
-        "Solution: When a scientist identifies a new organism, he or she chooses its scientific name.nSometimes, an organism is named after the place where it was first found. Other times, an organism is named after the scientist who first identified it. Or, the scientific name might describe the organism's physical traits.nMany of the words that make up scientific names are based on words from old languages, like Latin and classical Greek. Sometimes, English words are changed to make them sound more like Latin or Greek. The new words are then used in an organism's scientific name. This organism's scientific name refers to David Bowie.nThe word davidbowie refers to David Bowie. So, this huntsman spider's scientific name is Heteropoda davidbowie..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion the Midas touch suggests that Cody is successful at all that he does. In Greek mythology, the Midas was the power to turn anything he touches into gold, easily becoming wealth from nothing..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a yellow ground spot or a white ground spot, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the ground spot color trait. The question tells you that the g allele, which is for a white ground spot, is recessive to the G allele, which is for a yellow ground spot.nA yellow ground spot is the dominant allele's version of the ground spot color trait. A watermelon plant with the dominant version of the ground spot color trait must have at least one dominant allele for the ground spot color gene. So, offspring with a yellow ground spot must have the genotype g or Gg.nThere 4 boxes in the Punnett square have",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a spider's leg is 20 millimeters.n20 meters and 20 kilometers are both too long..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince virus is between the guide words veil - vowel, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play the trumpet. Instead, some people learn how to play. So, playing the trumpet is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the egg carton.nThe egg carton is made of cardboard.nCice egg cartons are made of cardboard. egg cartons are made of plastic. but glass glassaandyrenofoam..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Chip has one allele for straight fur (F) and one allele for wavy fur (f). So, Chip's genotype for the fur texture gene is Ff..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne motorboat moved 245 miles in 10 hours.nThe other motorboat moved 145 miles in 10 hours.nNotice that each motorboat spent the same amount of time moving. The motorboat that moved 245 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at a higher speed..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of an apple is 3 ounces.n3 pounds and 3 tons are both too heavy..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the ptarmigan.nDuring the winter, the ptarmigan has white furs covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nDuring the winter, the Arctic fox has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.nThe echidna has whitea green- brown body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in the snow..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Delaware Jersey..",
-        "Solution: A simple is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction or.nDestiny might go to the science museum with Bob, or she might go alone..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Mrs. Burnett is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Kinsley doesn't have school spirit, because she doesn't go to football games. However, even may be a number of reasons why Kinsley doesn't go to football games. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA rough object is not scratchy or rough. None three objects are smooth.nA soft object feels scratchy when you touch it. None of the objects are rough.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. None of the objects are soft.nThe property that all three objects have in common is smooth..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each gray whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne gray whale moved 35 kilometers in 5 hours.nThe other gray whale moved 35 kilometers in 5 hours.nNotice that each gray whale spent the same amount of time moving. The gray whale that moved 40 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that gray whale must have moved at a higher speed..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a basketball court is 29 inches.n29 inches is 29 feet are too short. 29 miles is too long..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A great blue heron's scientific name is Ardea herodias. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.nStrix varia is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix varia and Ardea herodias are not in the same genus.nPelecanus crispus is in the genus Pelecanus. The first word of its scientific name is Pelecanus. So, Pelecanus crispus and Ardea herodias are not in the same genus.nStrrdea purpurea is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea purpurea and Ardea herodias are not the same genus..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nRosa wants broccoli. Isabella wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to bake. Instead, many people learn how to bake. So, baking is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..",
-        "Solution: Look at the passage. It tells you one people can't go to Mars.nPeople can't make it to Mars yet. It takes too long to get there, and it's not an easy place to live. So, scientists sent a robot to look around Mars for them. The robot is named Curiosity. One of its jobs is to find out if anything can live on Mars. Cu",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A play should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Hex Marks the Spot**..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each aquarium decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each aquarium decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each aquarium to the surroundings..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the steps.nThe steps are made of silk.nConcrete is a strong of metalaand and wood, and. The is  and strong. Its are steps buildings are made made of of this.",
-        "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Japanese honeysuckle's scientific name is Lonicera japonica. The first word of its scientific name is Lonicera.nLyacinthus orientalis is in the genus Hyacinthus. The first word of its scientific name is Hyacinthus. So, Hyacinthus orientalis and Lonicera japonica are not in the same genus.nLonicera maackii is in the genus Lonicera. The first word of its scientific name is Lonicera. So, Lonicera maackii and Lonicera japonica are in the same genus.nUlex europaeus is in the genus Ulex. The first word of its scientific name is Ulex. So, Ulex europaeus and Lonicera japonica are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The, the apply a force to the back of the car. move it forward. The direction of this force is toward from the people. The force is a pull..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the brown bear.nThe brown bear has furry feet with large pads. Its feet are adapted to walk on snow and ice. The fur can help keep the brown bear's feet warm. The fur pads help spread its weight over a larger area. The allows it to walk on ice without slipping and to walk on snow without sinking in too deep.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Sururasian lynx has furry feet with large pads. Its feet are adapted to walk on snow and ice.nThe Suriname toad has longbed feet. Its feet are not adapted to walk on snow and ice. The Suriname toad uses its feet to walk and water and swim..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nWhere Rick lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.nThis passage tells you about the usual precipitation where Rick lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a hot day in the desert is 48\u00b0F.n48\u00b0F is too cold..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a metaphor:nThe car engine  a lion's roar.nThe words car and lion are compared using the word like or as.nThis sentence uses a simile:nThe car engine sounded like a lion's roar.nThe words car and lion are compared without the word like..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nBarative copper is a mineral.nBararyte is a mineral.nChoiceate is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nSo, chocolate is not a mineral..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Jane or Zoe.nJ Jane ran into Zoe at the post office, she smiled and said hello.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nJane smiled and said hello when she ran into Zoe at the post office..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Mom kisses Leslie's cheek Leslie smiles at Mom is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Mom kisses Leslie's cheek and Leslie smiles at Mom..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Luddite is Roman history.nIn the nineteenth nineteenth century, the in built people towns of workersmen and of these craftsmen wereed together to make the towns technology. others who did so were called Luddites.nThe allusion Luddite means a person who to government technology..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the breed standard.nWhen Roxanne researched Dachshunds, the breed standard said that they can be short-haired, wire-haired, or long-haired..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.nI pretend to be a knight, and Mary pretends to be an astronaut..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the common swift.nThe short, thin beak is light and easy to move. The common swift uses its beak to grab fast-moving insects while flying.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe European robin has a short, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to catch insects.nThe Australian pelican has a short hooked-shaped beak. Its beak is not adapted to catch insects. The Australian pelican uses its beak to  small..",
-        "Solution: Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs. An greenta ray is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nRays have s long shape than most other fish. Theys have  and thin. They can, flat-shaped fins. help them swim. distances.nAn sea turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nTea turtles live near the ocean. mostly they are their eggs in the.nA green albatross is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nAatrosses have in coral ocean. They are foracad,, and other animals animals.nA tort albelongated tortoise is a birdtile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nT tortoise hass body protects it from predators. It a tortoise bite threatened, it can pull its head and legs inside its shell.",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that the four largest planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Jupiter and Saturn are made mainly of gas. Soanus and Neptune are made mainly of rockice. So, of the four largest planets, only are made mainly of gas..",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second text message is more formal. It uses more language (a apologies\u2014 and than  language (Is, will).). The",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Dickensian is literature.nD novel of William author Charles Dickens often depict characters who to survive in  such as childhoodors' familiess and orphanages.nThe allusion Dickensian means harsh or harsh-stricken..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion by the skin of his teeth is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Jesus ands to God about his hardships, saying that  s and those he loves have turned against him. He says that \"I bone cleaveth to my skin, to my flesh, and I am a with the skin of my teeth.\" Scholars have long debated the exact meaning of the phrase, but many claim that Job is saying that he ly escaped death.nThe allusion by the skin of his teeth means  barely..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution A has Solution B have the same number of blue particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nBenedict Arnold alludes to the story president who the Civilary War  wastrayed the country in thefought for the United..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to ride a motorcycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a motorcycle is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the three-toed sloth.nThe three-toed sloth uses its long limbs to reach branches while climbing. It uses its fingers and toes to grab the branches.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Californiar gibbon has long limbs with fingers and toes. Its limbs are adapted for climbing trees.nThe California sea lion has longpers. Its limbs are not adapted for climbing trees. The California sea lion uses its flippers to swim...",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of blue particles..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence asks about something, and it shows surprise feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. The the judges at the important meeting is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject..",
-        "Solution: This country is Fiji..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nSandeep wants broccoli. Tracy wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A hornoala is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nKoalas  for up to 20 hours a day!nA greenhornbra is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nZebras haveeat plants grass. They they are liveeat plants animals of animals and animals as s and fruit bark.nA green moray eel is a rep. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nEels have, thin. They can have small fins. can like snakes, but they are not!nA greenhorned frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Riley wants or needs:nRiley will give up the chance to look at the pine tree. She thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the roses..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the leaf insect.nThe leaf insect has a green leaf-shaped body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe emerald tree boa has ly scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves.nThe fox snake has a redfoxhorn- with, scale covering It is not adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. A pe's observable version of the leg color trait is yellow legs. So, Ava's phenotype for the leg color trait is yellow legs..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Troy' be ly recklesssponsible, because hishe works for a company that went bankrupt. However, even though Troy company went failing as financiallyly irresponsible, that doesn't necessarily mean that Troy is financially too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nA million times is an exaggeration, since it has unlikely that Mona has actually been told that a million times..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A cocoi heron's scientific name is Ardea cocoi.nArdea i has the same scientific name as a cocoi heron. So, these organisms are in the same species.nTaricha torosa does not have the same scientific name as a cocoi heron. So, Ardea cocoi and Taricha torosa are not in the same species.nArdea i has in the same genus as Ardea goliath, but they are not in the same species.nAganisms in the same species have the same scientific names. Ardea cocoi and Ardea goliath are different species within the same genus.",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each pizza decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each pizza decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each pizza to the surroundings..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: This country is Grenada..",
-        "Solution: Saint Paul is the capital of Minnesota..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the star-nosed mole.nThe star-nosed mole has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging. The star-nosed mole uses its claws to break up soil and move it out of the way.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe groundhog has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging.nThe tokay gecko has wide, sticky toes. Its feet are not adapted for digging. The tokay gecko uses its feet to climb trees and walk on leaves..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince cottage is between the guide words class - curl, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second text message is more formal. It uses more sentences, avoids slang (heads up), and uses the person's title (Ms. Arnold). The other text message uses more casual language and sentence fragments..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant.nIn this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables.nThe amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others.nThe number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs speedy as a snail suggests that the Internet connection was very slow. A snail is not speedy, and neither was Cara's Internet connection..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluboron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether hydrazine is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that a molecule of hydrazine is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atoms bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that hydrazine is composed of two chemical elements: hydrogen and oxygen. Since hydrazine is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, hydrazine is a compound..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a can of soda pop is 320 milliliters.n320 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes =",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a basketball is 20 poundsounces.n20 pounds and 20 tons are both too heavy..",
-        "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect Australia or Australia..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Hunter is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince taught is between the guide words teeth - trousers, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a  of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.nWhen matter is a gas, it spreads out to fill a space.nMany gases are invisible. So, you can\u2019t see them. Air is a gas. A ruler is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nIf you hold a ruler in a different, the ruler will still its shape..",
-        "Solution: This country is Nauru..",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nReptiles have the following traits:nThey have scaly, waterproof skin.nThey make eggs with shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA green alligator has the following traits:nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.nIt makes eggs with shells.nA green alligator does the traits of a reptile. A Chinese alligator is a reptile.nA green frog has the following traits:nIt hass part of its life in water and part on land.nIt has moist skin.nIt makes eggs with shell shells.nA green frog does not have all of the traits of a reptile. A green frog is  amphibian..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nNeverland alludes to the story of Peter Pan, a boy who lived in Neverland and never grew up..",
-        "Solution: The outer layer of Earth is broken up into many pieces called tectonic plates, or simply plates. The breaks between plates are called plate boundaries. Plate boundaries are classified by the way the plates are moving relative to each other:nAt a transformgent boundary, two plates are moving away from each other.nAt a transform boundary, two plates are sliding past each other.nAt a transformconvergent boundary, two plates are moving toward each other.nA type of convergent boundary is a transform-continent collision. The type of boundary forms when two plates at continental crust move toward each other. continental betweenes and formss the continental crust to forcing it to to form thea mountain range. figure out what type of plate boundary formed the Western Alps, you need to know how the tectonic plates interacted. To find this out, read the passage carefully.nMillions of years ago, the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate began to move toward each other, eventually colliding. This plate motion formed many mountain ranges, including the Western Alps. Western Alps run through European countries, including France, Italy, and Switzerland.nThe underlined part of the passage explains that the Western Alps formed at  two plates movedided. or diver into each other. So example plates to collide, they must be moving toward each other.., the Western Alps formed at a transformconvergent boundary..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two glasses of apple juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 65\u00b0F glass of apple juice is hotter than the 40\u00b0F glass of apple juice, it has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Montpelier is the capital of Vermont..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the white-tailed eagle.nThe white-tailed eagle has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey. The sharp claws can help the white-tailed eagle attack and kill its prey. The sharp toes can help it hold on to its prey.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe brahminy kite has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey.nThe dromedary camel has wide, on its unders of its feet. Its feet are not adapted for grabbing prey. The dromedary camel uses its feet to walk and landmuddyand..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nSoose sediment  as aand and water are called sediment. Sediment settling to the bottom of a muddy puddle is a physical change. ThenSh sediment settles into and the water changes becomes er. As separates the sediment from the sediment. But shakingseparating ita mixture does not form a different type of matter.nShaking up salad dressing is a physical change. The different parts mix together, but they are still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nGood luck ironically suggests that Rodrigo was upset about staying home. Herigo was studying studyinglucky because he had't study his friends at the water park..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aunt Zoe is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Stretch examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the rubber band would stretch more. If you pull on a rubber band, it will get longer..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Georgia..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses ly simple or imprecise language (takeok horses went).nThe first sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Georgia Dakota is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince old is not the guide words object - orchard, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of the Golden Gate Bridge is 2,750 mill.n2,750 millimeters, 2,750 centimeters are too short. 2,750 kilometers is too long..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Dogs on Duty**..",
-        "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether fixing a sink is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs fixing a sink something you can touch? Yes.nIs fixing a sink a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, fixing a sink is a service..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People humans are born with five fingers on each hand. So, having five fingers is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Arctic Ocean..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Senator Logan hates children because because she wants to cut education funding. However, even fact that Senator Logan wants to cut education funding doesn't necessarily suggest that she hates children. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as falsea straw man..",
-        "Solution: Ernesto wanted broccoli in his lunch and Lucia was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nErnter has tomatoes. Lucia has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..",
-        "Solution: Fern plants reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.nMature ferns use, called snds. Thes use thick called are like  dots on the stemside of their fronds. These structures are called spere structures.  ferns use theirasexual reproduction to make spores.  spores open, the spores can released.nWhen a spore lands on the ground and germinates, it releases into a new patch-shaped plant. The heart-shaped plant produces the fern's life reproduction stage and   and sperm. Ferns can on damp places, and sperm can grow to  water drops.-fertilization happens when a sperm swims on the aquatic on the same plant-shaped plant. The-fertilization happens when  sperm swims to an egg on thea different plant.nTheertilization happens when a sperm swim  egg on together This ized egg growsinates and grows into a new fern.nThe  fern does produce spores. begin the fern life cycle again. The mature fern does produce spores. Theres can on the spores of.  spores is down, the spores can released..nThe heart-shaped plant can  and sperm. which spores..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, signed. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Primary consumers eat producers. So, in a food web, primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.nThe plainplankton does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the phytoplankton is not a primary consumer.nThe seafin midshipman has an arrow pointing to it from the plankton. The plainplankton is nota producer, so the plainfin midshipman is nota primary consumer.nThe sea otter has an arrow pointing to it from the sea ottechin. The sea urchin is  a producer, So, the sea otter is not a primary consumer.nThe kelp has not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the seakelp is not a primary consumer.nThe phytokelp does has an arrow pointing to it from the kelp. The kelp is nota producer, so the kelp is is nota primary consumer..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: As of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence.nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man.nStatements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact. Set can be verified by looking up the history of American elephant bird.s size. the size of American footballs.nMadistine's elephant bird laid eggs the size of American footballs.nThe second sentence states an opinion. Set have a personal judgment..nSettlers in Madagascar should have done more to protect the elephant bird, which became extinct in the 1600 s.",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince chaos is between the guide words calves - cow, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Cara wants or needs:nCara will give up the chance to eat the strawberry cheesecake ice cream. She likes this flavor more than sweet cream..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: The Eighth Amendment says that \" government can use use cruelcruel and unusual punishments.\" The are eight more rules where the are used to The does a punishment \"cruel and unusual\" is Eight is \" clear. Eighth Amendment says't say about \" punishments. It time, the have learned their minds on what is cruel and unusual punishment. example, the United may to 18 that it was \" and punish people to death for a crime.he or she committed. the age of 18., the are to fight what is cruel and unusual punishment The the United, the peoples will against will be consideredlawed. The United of the Eighth Amendment is below. it say any for cruel cruel.clusionsive punishments not be used to nor shall punishments orimposed, nor  and unusual punishments against anylicted against.",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a  of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid..",
-        "Solution: This country is Dominic Dominican Republic.nWhy does the Dominican Republic share its island with another country?nThe Dominican Republic and Haiti share the island of Hispaniola. It is home to the earliest European settlements in the Americas. Christopher Columbus founded the first European settlement on the island in 1492 during his first voyage across the Atlantic.nThough many people lived on the island before Columbus's arrival, European countries quickly began to colonize the island. Eventually France and Spain both established colonies. The Spanish colony eventually became the country of the Dominican Republic, and the French colony eventually became the country of Haiti. Today, people in the two countries speak different languages and have many cultural differences..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A handsaw is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nA shape is  handsaw is made of wood, wood the wood is made of metal.. wood and metal are solids..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article article should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **The Prince and the Surfer**..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North America..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is nota run-on sentence. It is formeda comma splice formed from two sentences run together, joined without just a comma.nWhite chocolate does not contain cocoa solids, coco contains milk solids, cocoa butter, sugar, and flavorings such as vanilla.nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:nWhite chocolate",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nNolan wants broccoli. Dalton wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..",
-        "Solution: This country is Saint Lucia..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the sea cucumber.There are one path matter can take from the batkelp bass the sea cucumber: kelp basssea cucumberwormchin->sea cucumberurr->sca->sea cucumber. Batkelp bass. There only arrow pointing from the batkelp bass leads to the bat star. No arrows point from the bat star to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the batkelp bass to the sea cucumber.. star. The arrows point from the bat star to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bat star to the sea cucumber.. is two paths matter can take from the batplankton to the sea cucumber: phytoplankton->sfin midshipman->sea cucumber. phytoplankton->sooplankton->sfin midshipman->sea cucumber..",
-        "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Jo who drive  cars aren to be  lifeguards. However illustrate a personal attack that isn't relevant to whether's life to be a lifeguard. However illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as falsead hominem..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Samantha is intelligent because she's smart. However, even \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA bendy object is rough and itchy against your skin. Both  gum is not scratchy.nA bendable object can be bent without breaking. Both objects are bendable.nThe property that both objects have in common is bendable..",
-        "Solution: A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0.nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F). Fahrenheit is one scale used to measure temperature.nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.nThere is a Fahrenheit scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 80 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 80\u00b0F. Find the top of the red liquid.nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid lines halfway between 80 and 80. So, the temperature is 45\u00b0F..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The second sentence states a fact.nM are four faces on Mount Rushmore.nIt can be proved by lookingobserving Mount Rushmore.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nMomt Rushmore is too difficult to travel to.nToificult shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what difficult Mount too difficult to.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the white-breasted cormorant.nThe white-breasted cormorant has longbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. The it swims, the white-breasted cormorant uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe European river otter has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming.nThe tokay gecko has web, sticky toes. Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The tokay gecko uses its feet to climb trees and walk on leaves..",
-        "Solution: The cell wall is the outermost layer in a plant cell..nThis statement is true. The plant cell has twoa thin wall. The cell wall is the the cell.. is the layermost layer of a plant cell..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties at the object.nThink about each property.nA bendbouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The tennis is not bouncy.nA bendable object can be bent without breaking. The belt is bendable..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for chloromethane contains two symbols: C for carbon and C for hydrogen, and Cl for chlorine. So, chloromethane is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, chloromethan",
-        "Solution: Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food.nProducers make their own food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. This sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other organisms. Consumers cannot make their own food. In this food chain, the persimmon is a producer because it makes its own food. The persimmon in carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make its own food..",
-        "Solution: Richmond is the capital of Virginia..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that lunch meat meat is nutritious because it has no additives. However, even though the meat meat is additive additives, that doesn't necessarily mean that it is nutritious. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular appeal to nature..",
-        "Solution: As of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence.nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man.nStatements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact. More can be verified by lookingobserving two number of people to Great.S. visitors parks. 2014. MorenMore people visited Great Smoky Mountains National Park in 2014 than visited Yosemite and Yellowstone combined.nThe second sentence states an opinion. More shows a personal judgment.nGreat Smoky Mountains National Park is fantastic because it has 150 official hiking trails.",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion draconian is Greek history.nDraco, a government official in ancient-century Greecehens, Greece, wrote a code of laws that called for severe punishments for even minor offenses.nThe allusion draconian means harsh..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A fruit eagle is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nSea eagles live their be clawaks to hunteat other. other small.nA fruit bat is a batmmal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nFruit bats eat fruit and drink nectar from flowers.. use  teeth to help them bite through fruit skins..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two cherry pies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 80\u00b0F pie is hotter than the 80\u00b0F pie, it has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A loon is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nLoons live live near lakes. They dive in the water to hunt for food.nA great albatross is a ma. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nTatross live near lakes shore. They dive foracad,, rep  small mammals.nA greatn devil is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nTasmanian devils live -eatating birdsupials. They have near the island of Tasmania. near Australia.nA great white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nGreat white sharks live live in up to 20 years!.",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince sacrifice is between the guide words scan - swung, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nClare wants broccoli. Adele wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Asia..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Cellular respiration is a chemical change. Cellular can energy and make down sugar. Theing the chemical bonds in the molecules are oxygen from isbind cell can use tonThe cellatoms then the cell molecules are link to form new molecules. as carbon dioxide molecules water. Cell molecules are called types of matter. molecules. water.",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the stroller that is heavier.nA stroller with a kid that weighs 30 pounds is heavier than a stroller holding a kid that weighs 25 pounds. So, the stroller holding the kid that weighs 30 pounds needs  be pushed with a larger force to start moving at at the same speed as the other stroll stroller..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Madison is the capital of Wisconsin..",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nWater boiling on the stove is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.nIce melting in a glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The  ice becomes liquid, but it is still made of water. The different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nWaterh are are caused by heating.nWaterh are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the parakeet auklet.nThe parakeet auklet has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. The it swims, the parakeet auklet uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe European beaver has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming.nThe water rail has long short toes. Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The water rail uses its feet to walk and landmuddy ground..",
-        "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince credit is between the guide words cove - cylinder, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of the Red Sea is 2,250 kilometers.n2,250 centimeters, 2,250 meters are both too short..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince doctor is not the guide words dessert - dust, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa America..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North..",
-        "Solution: Annapolis is the capital of Maryland..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, needs. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the vervet monkey.nThe vervet monkey has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees. The vervet monkey uses its long fingers and toes to hold on to branches while climbing.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe red-shanked douc has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees.nThe lama has long feetofed feet. It is not adapted for climbing trees. The lama uses its feet to walk and run..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. The population of Fairview fell by 8,000 people. Many of the people who have left are probably trying to sell their houses. Since more people are trying to sell their houses, the number of suppliers of houses for sale in Fairview has gone up. So, the supply of houses for sale probably went up, too..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nAs Will sat",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of purple particles..",
-        "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the scooter or Mr. Chang's car.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the scooter.nWhen Emma parked her scooter next to Mr. Chang's car, she noticed that the scooter had a flat tire..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Antarctic..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion David and Goliath is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Davida man man named David andslays Goliath, a man of  warrior, in his more than a sling and a spear.nThe allusion David and Goliath means a twoqual rivals..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a paintbrush is 25 centimeters.n25 kilometers is too long..",
-        "Solution: This country is Cuba.nDoes Haiti have any territorial disputes?nHaiti claims to own Navassa Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nNavassa Island is also claimed by the United States. The United States claimed the island in 1857 and has controlled it since then. But Haiti considers the island part of its territory and has protested the United States' claim since this time. No one lives on the island. Today, it is a nature preserve..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a  of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.nWhen matter is a gas, it spreads out to fill a space.nMany gases are invisible. So, you can\u2019t see them. Air is a gas. Coffeet paint is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour wet paint into of a container, the paint will take shape. But the chalkt paint will still take up the same amount of space.nAak is a liquid. A can also break chalk into pieces. But each piece will still have a size and shape of its own.nAffee is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour coffee into a different container, the coffee will take the shape of that container. But the chalk will still take up the same amount of space.",
-        "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: Animal cell membrane is the substances enter and leave the cell. The cell membrane also containss the cell from the outside environment.nThe cytoplasm is made up of manya layer layer. coverss the space inside the cell.. The cytoplasm contains the cell cell parts, helps them in place. The cell chemical reactions happen in the cytoplasm.nThe va break down sugar and make energy that the cell can use. ThenThe cuoles store  and such as sugar, in the cell. Thecuoles also store water, waste.nThe cleus containss cell activities. It helps not by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. ThenThe chromosomes contain the information that the cell uses to growth and activities. The animal cells plant cells, the vachromosomes are the the cleus. The chroplasm contains the up of chro membrane layer that thes most space inside the.. the cleus.nThe  liquid forms called up from. The also contains the substances nutrients such other structures. chroplasm contains the cell.s. the of helpss it from invasion.",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Mabel never telling the truth because she told she never lies. However, even \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Remy's observable version of the body hair trait is a hairy body. So, Remy's phenotype for the body hair trait is a hairy body..",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A tide pool is a type of ecosystem. Tide pool ecosystems have the following features: daily flooding and draining of seawater, water that is rich in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the tide pool ecosystems in Salt Point State Park have daily flooding and draining of seawater. It also have water that is rich in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThee  furious suggests that the sea was fierce. The. who are the enemy charged experience..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the painted turtle.nThe painted turtle has a hard outer shell. Its body is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth. The hard shell makes it difficult for predators to hurt or kill the painted turtle.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe easternnautilus has a hard outer shell. Its body is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth.nThe eastern rat snake has  furs covering its skin. Its body is not adapted for protection against predators with sharp teeth..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The second sentence states a fact.nThe Stone Forest in southern China is a cluster of ancient limestone pillars.nIt can be proved by looking a bookler book ancient.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nOnly a fool would travel all the way to China to see rocks.nMly a fool would what a fool believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes \"..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nEastern Colorado is part of the Great Plains. On October 19, 1988, a thunderstorm near the town of La Junta produced winds of 63 miles per hour.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the wind speed in Eastern Colorado on October 19, 1988. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: This country is Samoa..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction if.nThe will attract more customers if you extend the sale through the weekend..",
-        "Solution: A chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products. Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to nitrous oxide in this chemical reaction.nTo help relieve pain during a dental visit, a dentist may give a patient nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide is made in factories by carefully heating ammonium nitrate. At 170\u00b0C, ammonium nitrate breaks down and forms a mixture of nitrous oxide gas and water vapor. After the mixture is collected, the water vapor is separated from the nitrous oxide gas.nThe underlined text tells you that whennitrous oxide is when ammonium nitrate and down and When nitrous oxide is  by this chemical reaction, nitrous oxide is a react..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three crayons have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 5391\u00b0F crayon is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Santiago is a remarkable cellist because he plays the cello well. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Brian or his brother.nBrian' to stay home with his brother because he wasn't feeling well.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nBrian's brother wasn't feeling well, so Brian had to stay home with him..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nDhaka is the capital of Bangladesh, a country in southern Asia. The city is humid most days of the year.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of humidity in Dhaka. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses random in its traditional sense: made or occurring without a definite pattern.nAt the grocery store, Jayla hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food.nThe second text uses random in its nontraditional sense: odd or out of place.nJayla made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word random because it is generally considered incorrect..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nWorking vacation is a contradiction, because going on a vacation implies that you are taking a break from work..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words of is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is Life of Pi..",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A wetland is a type of ecosystem. Wetlands have the following features: land that is covered with water during most of the year, soil that is rich in nutrients, and other water ecosystems nearby. So, Scarborough Marsh has land that is covered with water during most of the year. It also has soil water ecosystems nearby..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nIford have about two hemorrhages apiece  an exaggeration, since my parents's parents would have be berrhages  because theyif is about personal..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the flamingo.nLong legs help the flamingo keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe African egret has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.nThe African fish eagle has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The great fish eagle uses its legs to walk and swimch..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a full bag of groceries is 8.n8 ounces and too light and 8 tons is too heavy..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The air from a hair dryer is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.nThe hair dryer is a hair to blow air air. of The the air from the hair dryer, the air expands to fill a space larger space..",
-        "Solution: Look at the text in bold below. It tells you why adult cats meow.nWhile kittens meow to their mothers, they stop once they are old enough to take care of themselves. At that point, cats use smell, touch, and body language to talk to each other. So if adult cats aren't making noise for each other, why do cats meow? Cats meow to talk with their humans! If",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses contractional language (a bunch,).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Daphnia pulex is an animal. Animals are made up of many cells..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The  gum is noty.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. The bubble gum is not blue..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between Caleb and the center of Earth changed.nThe second floor is higher than the first floor. As he rode the escalator toward the second floor, the distance between Caleb and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Caleb and Earth increased as he rode the escalator..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. LooknSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the jacket.nThe jacket is made of two different materials. The rest is are made of metal and The rest of the jacket is made of metal..nM all jacket.s are made of metal.. jacket made of leather things. for keep like leather..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Pennsylvania is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: This country is Solomon Islands..",
-        "Solution: This country is Solomon Islands..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperativerogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, but it ends with a period. It is ana declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **With an Open Heart**..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of an independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction but.nI followed Vicky's recipe, but my chicken pot pie tasted nothing like hers..",
-        "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The police store is in column 4..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.nMy uncle just moved to Italy, so he will need to learn Italian..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is nota run-on sentence. It is formeda comma splice formed from two sentences run together, joined without just a comma.nIn the early 1960 s, Alan and Doris Litman, a couple in Pittsburgh, invented mace (a nontoxic tear gas), after one of Doris's colleagues was mugged, the Litmans wanted to create",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..",
-        "Solution: This country is the Federated States of Micronesia..",
-        "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nHculean effortudes to theculean, a briefcul who the mythology. is defeated for lifting heroic and endurance..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. A T-shirt is a solid. A can fold a T-shirt. But the will still have a size and shape of its own..",
-        "Solution: Allsper hass genotype for the Tobiano patterning trait is madeBB. Thissper's e for BB is two two allele. So other allele is for dominant Tobiano patterning, So, Casper's phenotype for the Tobiano patterning gene is be determined twobiano patterning.nForg an,, look whether thesper hass eles are dominant or recessive.nele  the Tobiano patterning isB) is dominant over the ele  not having Tobiano patterning geneb). is that all nota rece allele. and thea is fora recessive allele.nAasper's e for FF is two all alleles for Each all' two least one dominant allele for thea gene is have  genotyp allele fors genotyp of the gene., Casper's phenotype for the Tobiano patterning trait is have the Tobiano patterning..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. FactnThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The first sentence states a fact.nR hot-air balloons, passengers ride in baskets.nIt can be proved by looking up a map of the-air balloons.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nRiding in a hot-air balloon is more exciting than flying in a plane.nMore exciting shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which airplane is more exciting..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Devon is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has half as much thermal energy as a 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has half as many atoms. So, it has half as much thermal energy. The two cookies are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder cookie has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses ironic in its traditional sense: contrary to what was intended, often in an amusing way. It's ironic because Clarence tried to get away from the snow but found himself in a snowstorm regardless.nLast winter, Clarence took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.nThe first text uses ironic in its nontraditional sense: marked by coincidence. It was a coincidence that Clarence's friends were in Florida the week before.nLast winter, Clarence took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word ironic because it is generally considered incorrect..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince source is between the guide words shack - spade, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: This country is Fiji..",
-        "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..",
-        "Solution: Topeka is the capital of Kansas..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each bottle increased, which means that the thermal energy of each bottle increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each bottle..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nShivani wants broccoli. Austin wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism gently loved suggests gently items were not new..ly loved means a nicer way of referring to items items..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the European nightjar.nThe short, thin beak is light and easy to move. The European nightjar uses its beak to grab fast-moving insects while flying.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe hangingsand martin has a short, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to catch insects.nThe hanging parrot has a short hooked beak. Its beak is not adapted to catch insects. The hanging parrot uses its beak to eat small and seeds..",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nRust forming on a metal gate is a chemical change. The the gate rusts, the metal turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is dish-brown and burn apart easily.nBurning food on a stove is a chemical change. The the food burns, the type of matter in it changes. The food turns black and becomes off smoke.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBurning is caused by heating. But rust forming on a metal gate is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Antarctic..",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMixing sand and water is a physical change. TheAdding water makes the sand wet. But both the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before.nSoose sediment is as mudand and water are called sediment. Sediment settling to the bottom of a muddy puddle is a physical change. ThenSte water settles into and the water becomes becomes er. But makess the water from the sediment. But separating thea mixture does not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether iodine is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n. the ball-and-stick model shown above, all of the balls are the same color:n. The legend shows that  blue represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol O. So, the model shows you that i molecule of iodine is composed of two chemical element.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that iodine is composed of only one chemical element. So, iodine is an elementary substance..",
-        "Solution: Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana..",
-        "Solution: Richmond is the capital of Virginia..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem |  attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Mayor Stanley wants to to give up their cars. However, Mayor misrepresents Mayor Stanley's argument. Mayor Stanley wants wants to create more bike lanes. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses antiapostrophe, ana direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nRair river is a direct address to thea river, thea nonhuman entity..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the  sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words far and far rhyme. They both end with the rhythm.nThe word her does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution A has Solution B have the same number of pink particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The pea plant's observable version of the pea shape trait is wrinkled peas. So, the plant's phenotype for the pea shape trait is wrinkled peas..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperativerogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nSleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem ironically suggests that Jasper slept poorly. Jasper was tired, so the rooster's crowing was clearly a problem..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties at the object.nThink about each property.nA hard object keeps its shape when you squeeze it. The pers are hard hard.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. The slippers are blue..",
-        "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. A bubble map uses information to show dots that are related to This bubble map shows information about different kinds of marsupials.nThisangaroos   connected to grassa grass. This informations you that kangaroos eat grass..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is a single independent clause.nThe right hemisphere of the human brain typically controls muscle movement on the left side of the body..",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMelting wax is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The wax changes from solid to liquid. But it is still made of the same type of matter.nKnitting yarn into a scarf is a physical change. The yarn gets a different shape. but it is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nMax melting is caused by heating. But knitting yarn into not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Looking objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.nBlue bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. None  and the  arefloat pom are not bouncy.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. None three objects are blue.nThe property that all three objects have in common is..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs soft as concrete shows verbal irony because concrete is not soft..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBreaking a ceramic plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.nWater vapor condensing on a bathroom mirror is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The water changes state from solid in the air to liquid water on the mirror. But it water vapor and the liquid water are both made of water.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither vapor conden",
-        "Solution: Columbia is the capital of South Carolina..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion fifteen minutes is modern history.nIn moderna modern that accompanied an exhibit of his work,  artist John Warhol, \"In the future, the will be -famous for fifteen minutes,\" meaning that the would be   for to those who did nothing extraordinary.nThe allusion fifteen minutes means a temporary moment of fame status..",
-        "Solution: Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:nThey are solid.nThey are formed in nature.nThey are not made by living things.nThey are not pure substances. Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.nScia is a rock.nPlastic is made in a factory. But all rocks are formed in nature.nSo, plastic is not a rock.nTrachyte is a rock..",
-        "Solution: Evidence energykinetic energy of an object is on the type's  and When, theif higher in the's  is evidence that a change in her kinetic energy.nThe passage is that Ellen's  has.nWhen Ellen started pedaling her bike, her began moving along the street.nThe statement shows not show that Ellen changeds  increased.nWhen Ellen started on her bike, her feet were no longer touching the ground.",
-        "Solution: This state is Missouri..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince load is not between the guide words lent - livestock, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, stirred. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Atlanta, look at the graph.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Ocipitation does not change much from month to month in Atlanta.\" is incorrect.nCh average monthly precipitation changes only slightly throughout the year. SonChoice \"Otlanta has a rainy season and a dry season.\" is incorrect.nThe average monthly precipitation does not change much throughout the year. So month has, and there is no dry season. SonChoice \"October has the highest average precipitation.\" is incorrect.nTheost people months have a rain higher average precipitation than October.",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince affair is between the guide words academy - apparent, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound.complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.nSally",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the sled and the center of Earth changed.nThe bottom of the hill was lower than the point where Rita started sledding. As Rita rode toward the bottom of the hill, the distance between the sled and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth decreased as Rita rode down the hill..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a paper drinking cup is 115 milliliters.n115 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nAs Matthew sat",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two bricks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 385\u00b0F brick is colder than the 390\u00b0F brick, it has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Springfield is the capital of Illinois..",
-        "Solution: The map marks marks the was the thea party. New own..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the plastic bucket is smoother. If you touch a plastic bucket,,, it will not feel rough or.",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..",
-        "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:nThe insect fossil is in a deeperer layer in the rock sequence than the insectginkgo leaf fossil. So, the insect fossil is most likely younger than the insectginkgo leaf fossil..",
-        "Solution: This country is Jamaica Vincent and the Grenadines..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince hole is not between the guide words hello - hire, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nAbout half of the days each year are partly cloudy in Honolulu, Hawaii.nThis passage tells you about the usual precipit of cloud in Honolulu. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A crickettail lizard is ana matile. Like other reptiles, a whiptail lizard is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA mincockatoo is a bird. Like other birds, a cockatoo is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA cricketnow is a fish. Like other fish, a minnow is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA cricket is  amp. Like other insects, a cricket is  invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Ohio is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: Look at the definitions.nA the definitions together, an independent city-state is a self-ruling city with its own government. So, a city-state rules itself and is not part of a larger country.nThe ancient Greeks called a city-state a polis, which was the ancient Greek word for city. Today, the root word \"polis\" is in the name of many cities, such as New in Minnesota or Annapolis in Maryland..",
-        "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. An arrowhead is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nIfn arrowhead is made of two. It",
-        "Solution: Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina..",
-        "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The boy applies a force to the shopping cart. move it forward. The direction of this force is toward from the boy. This force is a pull..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Pollyanna is literature.nIn novel Pollyanna,  theanor Porter's character's book, is a girl girl who loves herself in everything and everyone.nThe allusion Pollyanna means  anomally optimistic person..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nKrysta wants broccoli. Malik wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (gets). a lot). rainnThe second sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A cold desert is a type of ecosystem. Cold deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain or snow, dry, thin soil, and long, cold winters. So, the Gobi Desert has long, cold winters. It also has a small amount of rain or snow..",
-        "Solution: Look at at the map. Mon indicate the map show that areas of the area.n of areas on that area the by the Mongol Empire.nThe Mon shows that the Mongol Empire controlled most of of Asia Asia, Southeast Asia, and Middle East, and Africaberia. ThenThe Mongol Empire controlled not control all Asia or any Asia..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major largest areas of land on earth. This continent is North..",
-        "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses contractional language (real quick).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince soil is between the guide words silver - strait, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Look are differences ways that which fruit bats are different from most other animals.nThey can communicatetalk\" to to one another animal plant.nThey text paragraph tell that fruit fruit bats have one of the few animals that direct direct their to another individual. MostnThey can also about specific problems.nThe second paragraph tell tell that bats use special sounds to communicating specific specific issues.nThis are are not explained in the text,nThey can communicate about many kinds of animals.nThey can understand some human speech.",
-        "Solution: Boston is the capital of Massachusetts..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nNothing I love more shows verbal irony because Mr. Fowler is probably upset that there isn't anything to eat..",
-        "Solution: This country is the Federated States of Micronesia..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Georgia is farthest east..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction when.nMion was playing the piano in the living room when Dad called him for dinner..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA softbouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The tennis is not bouncy.nA soft object changes shape when youpressed or squeezed. The towel is soft..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A great gray owl's scientific name is Strix nebulosa. The first word of its scientific name is Strix.nCyanocitta critelleri is in the genus Cyanocitta. The first word of its scientific name is Cyanocitta. So, Cyanocitta stelleri and Strix nebulosa are not in the same genus.nStrix aluco is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix aluco and Strix nebulosa are in the same genus.nCyanocitta cristata is in the genus Cyanocitta. The first word of its scientific name is Cyanocitta. So, Cyanocitta cristata and Strix nebulosa are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is older:nThe insectginkgo leaf fossil is in a deeper layer in the rock sequence than the insect fossil. So, the ginkgo leaf fossil is most likely older than the insect fossil..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three oranges have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 6457\u00b0F orange is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a small beach bucket is 5 fluid.n5 fluid ounces is too little and 5 gallons is too much..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the golden dart frog.nThe golden dart frog has poisonous glands in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the golden dart frog is poisonous.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe sharpnose-puffer has a poisonous body with brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.nThe lichen katydid has gray and brown patches on its body. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperativerogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, but it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words fine and nine rhyme. They both end with the k sound.nThe word nineil does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, ornremaining motionless.nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:nspeeding up,nslowing down, ornchanging direction. The sailboat is:ing up. So, the sailboat is speedaccelerating..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food.nThe food chain begins with the producer. A producer can change matter that is not food into food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. Carbon dioxide and water are not food, but sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other organisms. There can be several kinds of consumers in a food chain:nA primary consumer eats producers. The word primary tells you that this is the first consumer in a food chain.nA secondary consumer eats producers consumers. The word secondary tells you that this is the second consumer in a food chain.nA tertiary consumer eats secondary consumers. The word tertiary tells you that this is the third consumer in a food chain.nA top consumer is the animal at the top of a food chain. Food chains can have different numbers of organisms. For example, when there are four organisms in the chain, the top consumer is the tertiary consumer. But if there are five organisms in the chain, the top consumer eats the tertiary consumer! In this food chain, the katydid is a primary consumer because it makeseats a producer. The producer in this food chain is the aandudge...",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town. The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe metaphor Amanda felt a roller coaster of emotions suggests that Amanda had varied feelings. A roller coaster is a dramatic mix of ups and downs, and so do Amanda's feelings..",
-        "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to paths, or reason. It uses patha logo brand of view toe reason of moneyy the ofear)..",
-        "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Plagioclase does all the properties of a mineral. So, plagioclase is a mineral..",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. An cobra is an animal. It eats small animals.nCobras live live in  over feet old!nAr avocado tree is a plant. It has green leaves.nAach avocado tree green green leaves..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Jaden must't be trusted with money, because his uncle embezzled money. However, even though Ja uncle was't be trusted with money, that doesn't necessarily mean that Jaden can't be trusted with it. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs tidy as an overgrown garden shows verbal irony because an overgrown garden is not tidy..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Providence is the capital of Rhode Island..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Arctic Ocean..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Eclogite does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, eclogite is not a mineral..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses ly simple or imprecise language (everyone,  to,nThe first sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nIt was snowing in London on January 1, 1969.nThis passage tells you about the precipit in in London on January 1, 1969. It passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The pea plant's observable version of the pea color trait is green peas. So, the plant's phenotype for the pea color trait is green peas..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.nHurdle refers to an obstacle that one must overcome. The also refers to an object that a runner jumps over..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could used without its antecedent.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the newspaper.n\"This morning, the newspaper said that Lucy Morton won the mayoral election in Allenville,\" Josh remarked to his sister..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Stretch examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the rubber balloons would stretch the most. If you pull on a rubber balloon, it will get longer..",
-        "Solution: Evidence energykinetic energy of an object is on one type's, When, theif speed in the speed's  is evidence that a change in the object's kinetic energy.nThe change is that the train of the train increased.nThe speed was stopped, and then it began to move forward and away from the station.nThe statement is not show that the train of the train changed.nThericity started flowing to the motor when the ride operator flipped the switch.",
-        "Solution: Rick wanted broccoli in his lunch and Felix was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nRick has tomatoes. Felix has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a bowl of ice cream is 35\u00b0F.n35\u00b0C is too hot..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the Eurasian spoonbill.nLong legs help the Eurasian spoonbill keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe satinbill has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.nThe satin bowerbird has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The satin bowerbird uses its legs to walk and runch..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A gray wolf is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nAolves live live in groups groups. A wolf' and father, and their children travel together.nA Hermann's tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nT grayoise's shell protects it from predators. It a tortoise bite threatened, it can pull its head and legs inside its shell.",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses a contraction (didn't).nThe first sentence does not use a contraction, so it is more formal overall.",
-        "Solution: This country is Dominic Dominican Republic.nWhy does the Dominican Republic share its island with another country?nThe Dominican Republic and Haiti share the island of Hispaniola. It is home to the earliest European settlements in the Americas. Christopher Columbus founded the first European settlement on the island in 1492 during his first voyage across the Atlantic.nThough many people lived on the island before Columbus's arrival, European countries quickly began to colonize the island. Eventually France and Spain both established colonies. The Spanish colony eventually became the country of the Dominican Republic, and the French colony eventually became the country of Haiti. Today, people in the two countries speak different languages and have many cultural differences..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. LooknSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the door.nThe door is made of two different materials. The hinge is the door is made of wood. The hinge is is made of metal. ThenMet all doors are made of metal.. hinge is thea door is be made of wood. wood wood..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.nNick shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nThe second text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.nNick shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Dalton did voted for Sofia or hatehe hates her. However, Dalton does not voted for Sofia elsehe doesns herselfa candidate candidate than hate  Sofia. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..",
-        "Solution: Poetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.nLittle Betty Blue,nLost her holiday shoe.n\u2014From Mother GoosenInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.n\u2014From Mary Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.nHe watches from his mountain walls,nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.n\u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.nHe verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.nThe  bridge has a wrinkled face.nHe bends his backnFor us to go over.n\u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.nHepetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.nIn inty flying squirrelnIn vest of shining white,nIn coat of silver gray,nAnd vest of shining white.n\u2014Adapte",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince strife is not the guide words sold - swell, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of the Amazon River is 4,000 feet.n4,000 inches and 4,000 feet, and 4,000 yards are all too short..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes for a pot of water to start boiling on a hot stove is 10 minutes.n10 hours is too slow..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A greater flamingo is ana bird. Like other birds, a fly flamingo is ana vertebrate. It has a backbone.nAike other jellyfishes, a moon jellyfish is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has ana soft body.nL flybug is  insect. Like other insects, a ladybug is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA fly is  insect. Like other insects, a fly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the hat.nThe hat is made of wool.nWool is from the bottom, that that sheep.., thea wool cuts the sheep's hairs and The rest, the sheep is  into.. yarn is be dyed to baked to make..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences run have been run together without appropriate punctuation.nThe Gullah Geechee Heritage Corridor, which stretches from the Cape Fear River in North Carolina to the St. John's River in Florida, was established by Congress to recognize and preserve the cultural and historical contributions of the descendants of the West African slaves brought",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Saturnalia is  history.nIns allientist myth  thealia  goddess Saturn the, and year, thea plague in mourn of Saturnrestjuted deaths.nThe allusion Saturnalia means  eventnt event..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. ScientistnA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in London, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nChuly has an average monthly precipitation of about 70 millimeters. This is lower than in any other month. So, July has the lowest average precipitation..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play basketball. Instead, some people learn how to play basketball. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing basketball is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: Look at the tablelined parts of the table.nAll the words that use the root \"ante\" mean to fight before something else. So, the root ante means \"before.\"nAll the words that use the root \"bellum\" mean to fight or cause war. So, the root bellum means \"before.\"nSo, the root \"antebellum\" means \"before the war.\" The antebellum period is called for the war that followed it: the Civil War..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A great egret's scientific name is Ardea alba. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.nT organism and the great egret are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Ardea alba.nTrimulgus europaeus is in the genus Caprimulgus. The first word of its scientific name is Caprimulgus. So, Caprimulgus europaeus and Ardea alba are not in the same genus.nTyto alba and Ardea alba are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Tyto alba and Ardea alba have the same species name within their genus, alba. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Tyto alba is in the genus Tyto, and Ardea alba is in the genus Ardea.",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a salt shaker is 45 milliliters.n45 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a bowl of soup is 285 milliliters.n285 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: The outer layer of Earth is broken up into many pieces called tectonic plates, or simply plates. The breaks between plates are called plate boundaries. Plate boundaries are classified by the way the plates are moving relative to each other:nAt a diver boundary, two plates are moving past each other.nAt a diverconvergent boundary, two plates are moving away each other.nAt a divergent boundary, two plates are moving away from each other.nDivergent plate boundarynWhen the at a divergent boundary move apart, crusts form between the crust along the boundary. Theted rock rises from the the crust to fill these cracks. So the twomelted rock cools and hardens, it becomes  rockic crust.nAer oceanic crust s less than old oceanic crust. So, the crust on either side of the boundary rises higher higher than the older crust on is farther from the boundary. This gap in elevation creates a gap-ocean ridge, or   chain. the two plates, there may be a gap rift valley, To figure out what type of plate boundary formed the Thingvellir Rift Valley, you need to know how the rifttonic plates interacted. To find this out, read the passage carefully.nThe Iceland, parts of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are above sea level. The Thingvellir Rift Valley is one example. This rift valley began to form as the North American Plate and the Eurasian Plate moved away from each other. In this picture, you can see the gap that formed during a major plate movement along the rift. Gaps such as this form when the two plates move apart, creating a large crack in the crust. The last time this happened in the Thingvellir Rift Valley was in the spring of 1789. Since then, a walking path was built along the rift valley to allow park visitors to walk along the rift..nThe underlined part of the passage explains that the Thingvellir Rift Valley formed as the two plates moved away from each other. but diverged, So, the Thingvellir Rift Valley formed at a gent boundary..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night. The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe simile like the parched earth during a drought suggests that Nora's hands were dry and cracked. A drought is a period without rain, the ground during a drought can become hard and cracked..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince frame is not between the guide words feast - foreign, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words twin and twin rhyme. They both end with the  sound.nThe word twin does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. A continuum scale compares things by ordering them along a line. This continuum scale compares the average weights of the eggs of several birds.nWhenybird eggs heavier to to the average. of the continuu. anded \"weighing grams- E iss you that theeummingbird is weighs to 600. Sou eggs shown to to the left. of the continuu. anded  gramsg.. tells you that emu eggs weigh about to 60 grams.., emu eggs are much 60 grams. than hummingbird eggs..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the Arctic fox.nDuring the winter, the Arctic fox has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nDuring the winter, the short-tailed weasel has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.nThe camel has blackaand-colored fur covering its skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in the snow..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Looking objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA hardy object is rough and itchy against your skin. None three objects are scratchy.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The  chipssack and flexible, but the potato and not.nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The potato  hard, but the  sack and not.nThe property that all three objects have in common is scratchy..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Rhizophora mangle is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is nota run-on sentence. It is formed from two sentences run together, joined without punctuation.nRoman gladiators consumed more calcium than everyday Roman citizens the source of that calcium may have been the ashes of burned plants..nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:nRoman gladiators consumed more calcium than everyday Roman citizens. the source of that calcium may have been",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom the ball is in his court suggests that Dylan needs to act next. In tennis, when the ball is in a player's court, it is the person's turn..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Scientist describe the average temperature trends in Dubai, look at the graph.nChoice \"J\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Noep\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nCh average temperatures in May are May, July, and, and September are all 30\u00b0C or higher. So, May through September have average temperatures of 30\u00b0C or higher..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A moon is an insect. Like other insects, a mosquito is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nAike other jellyfishes, a moon jellyfish is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has ana soft body.nA  tree worm is ana maworm. Like other worms, a Christmas tree worm is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has ana soft body.nA bald eagle is ana bird. Like other birds, a bald eagle is ana vertebrate. It has a backbone..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a sunflower seed is 15 millimeters.n15 centimeters, 15 meters, and 15 kilometers are all too long..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a pair of boots is 4.n4 ounces and too light and 4 tons is too heavy..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a carton of orange juice is 65 fluid ounces.n65 cups and 65 gallons are both too much..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Shane wants or needs:nShhane will spend more ride tickets on the super starship than he would have spent on the Ferris wheel..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a full box of cereal is 460 grams.n460 kilograms is too heavy..",
-        "Solution: Nashville is the capital of Tennessee..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. The population of Milford fell by 8,000 people. Many of the people who have left are probably trying to sell their houses. Since more people are trying to sell their houses, the number of suppliers of houses for sale in Milford has gone up. So, the supply of houses for sale probably went up, too..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean..",
-        "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..",
-        "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is older:nThe insect fossil is in a deeper layer in the rock sequence than the fern fossil. So, the insect fossil is most likely older than the fern fossil..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Virginia.nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the chimpanzee.nThe chimpanzee uses its long limbs to reach branches while climbing. It uses its fingers and toes to grab the branches.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Californiar gibbon has long limbs with fingers and toes. Its limbs are adapted for climbing trees.nThe California sea lion has longpers. Its limbs are not adapted for climbing trees. The California sea lion uses its flippers to swim...",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A reticulated python's scientific name is Python reticulatus.nNython reticulatus has the same scientific name as a reticulated python. So, these organisms are in the same species.nNerodia cyclopion does not have the same scientific name as a reticulated python. So, Python reticulatus and Nerodia cyclopion are not in the same species.nMorelia viridis does not have the same scientific name as a reticulated python. So, Python reticulatus and Morelia viridis are not in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The is a gas. The air inside a soccer ball is a solid. A gas expands to fill a space.nThe air insides all the space inside the soccer ball. The air leaks out, the will expand into the space around the ball..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Group at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.nA fuzzy object is not scratchy or rough. All three objects are smooth.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. The of the objects are fuzzy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is smooth..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play the viola. Instead, some people learn how to play. So, playing the viola is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample two samples has the same mass, but the particles in both samples have the same average speed. So, the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy.nBecause the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy, the samples must have the same temperature..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince postage is not the guide words pave - primary, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Honey's observable version of the fur length trait is long fur. So, Honey's phenotype for the fur length trait is long fur..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a bottle of cough syrup is 10 fluid ounces.n10 cups and 10 gallons are both too much..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Flopsy's observable version of the fur length trait is long fur. So, Flopsy's phenotype for the fur length trait is long fur..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperativerogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, but it ends with a period. It is ana declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the turkey vulture.nThe turkey vulture has a sharp hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to tear through meat. The sharp hook can help the turkey vulture cut the meat into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe bateleur has a sharp hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to tear through meat.nThe roseate spoonbill has a short,-shaped beak. Its beak is not adapted to tear through meat. The roseate spoonbill uses its beak to  through mud. insectsvertebrates. other insects..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The fruit fly's observable version of the antenna type trait is mutated antennae. So, the fly's phenotype for the antenna type trait is mutated antennae..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three glasses of orange juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 7\u00b0C glass of orange juice is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Scylla and Charybdis is Greek mythology.nIn Greek mythology, Scylla and Charybdis were  competing creaturess who in the side of thea river sit. the middle Sea.nThe allusion Scylla and Charybdis means a person of handsreasteful or..",
-        "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A minnow is a fish. Like other fish, a minnow does a backbone.nA bess beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a bess beetle does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A eastern newt is  amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nA newts live near water. Other newts live on land but lay their eggs in water.nA black howler is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nHowlerss live large  and but lers. They calls can be heard by the miles away.",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nAal turning into shiny over time is called tarnishing. A penny tarnishing is a chemical change. As the touches the penny, the surface of the penny changes from a different type of matter. matter turns the penny dull.nSte dinosaur bone turning into rock over a chemical change. As bone in makes up the bones turns it is baked changes to change.. The millionsa million time, thea different type of matter is toforming. the pieces in the bone. The bones in now of the. the bone' ThisnStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europe..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Luddite is British history.nIn the nineteenth nineteenth century, the in built people towns of workersmen and of these craftsmen wereed together to form the towns technology. others who did so were called Luddites.nThe allusion Luddite means a person who to the technology..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.nHum represents the sound the computer was making..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **What Love Is For**..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the kelp.There is one path matter can take from the kelp to the  cucumberurr: kelp-> cucumberottechin-> cucumberurr-> There is one path matter can take from the kelp to the  cucumber: kelp-> cucumberurchin-> cucumberurr->.. Therekelooplankton-> There only arrow pointing from the plainzooplankton starts from the plankton. The arrow points to the phytoplankton. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the kelp to the phytozooplankton..fin midshipman. The is two pathsarrows pointing to the plainfin midshipman. The two from the phytoplankton. the phytozooplankton. The only arrow pointing to the phytozooplankton starts from the phytoplankton. The arrow points to the phytoplankton. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the kelp to the fin midship",
-        "Solution: This country is Tonga..",
-        "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether oxygen is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n. the ball-and-stick model shown above, all of the balls are the same color:n. The legend shows that the represents the chemical element represented the atomic symbol O. So, the model shows you that a molecule of oxygen is composed of one chemical element.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that oxygen is composed of only one chemical element. So, oxygen is an elementary substance..",
-        "Solution: Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a cold, rainy day is 43\u00b0F.n43\u00b0C is too hot..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Over sings our favorite song, we clap for her is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without just a comma: She sings our favorite song and We clap for her..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Amphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water. A California bat is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nFruit bats eat fruit and drink nectar from fruit. use  teeth to help them bite through fruit skins.nA Californiabald eagle is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nEald eagles  near the near water. They swallow theirs to help be up to 20 feet long.nA Californiahippopotamus is a birdmmal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nHippopotauses  their in hiding on watermud. water.nA California toad is  amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads live not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the newspaper.n\"This morning, the newspaper said that Megan Williamson won the mayoral election in Belmont,\" Eddie remarked to his sister..",
-        "Solution: During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her narrative voice by adding dialogue.nFor example, the writer could replace the underlined text with s between Coach Carey and Wyatt.nDuring our last game, our pitcher Wyatt suddenly grabbed his wrist after throwing a fastball. Coach Carey asked him if he was OK, and Wyatt said that it hurt. None of us knew what was wrong with him and he was whisked off to the doctor, who ultimately diagnosed a forearm strain and wrist tendinitis. After three weeks of rehabilitation, Wyatt finally returned. Coach Carey said he was glad Wyatt was back, and Wyatt said he was happy and relieved..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Georgia Jersey..",
-        "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:nThe feather leaf fossil is in a deeperer layer in the rock sequence than the palm fossil. So, the palm leaf fossil is most likely younger than the feather fossil..",
-        "Solution: Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three meatballs have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 27\u00b0C meatball is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Falstaffian is Shakespeare.nSir John Falstaff, a characteral character in the of Shakespeare Shakespeare's plays, is known for his cheerful sociability and sometimes off-color humor.nThe allusion Falstaffian means characterized by characterizedoviality and enjoyment of food and drink..",
-        "Solution: Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Nutmeg's observable version of the fur color trait is dark fur. So, Nutmeg's phenotype for the fur color trait is dark fur..",
-        "Solution: This state is California..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses  idiom (to die for).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the idiom, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to knit. Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the cotton head band would stretch the most. If you pull on cotton of a cotton head band, it will get longer..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, ornremaining motionless.nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:nspeeding up,nslowing down, ornchanging direction. The bowl is: motionless. So, the bowl is a constant velocity..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a leather belt is 31 inches.n31 feet, 31 yards, and 31 miles are all too long..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nWell-fed is an indirect way of saying overweight..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The fruit fly has one allele for red eyes (E) and one allele for brown eyes (e). So, the fly's genotype for the eye color gene is Ee..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandma Lucy is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Kirif Kira doesn't go to the party's birthday party, she means that she doesns her speaker. However, even may be a number of reasons why Kira doesn't go to the party. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as falsea false dichotomy..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard. The better estimate for the length of a bench is 10 feet.n10 yards is too long..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nMobile, Alabama, had high humidity over the weekend.nThismidity is the amount of humidity in Mobile air.nThis passage tells you about the humidity in Mobile over weekend. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Fairfax. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three crayons have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 8\u00b0C crayon is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. The are seven continents on earth, South America is one of them is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without just a comma: There are seven continents on earth, South America is one of them..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Gives the baby a bath is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A great egret's scientific name is Ardea alba. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.nDyto alba and Ardea alba are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Tyto alba and Ardea alba have the same species name within their genus, alba. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Tyto alba is in the genus Tyto, and Ardea alba is in the genus Ardea.nD organism and the great egret are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Ardea alba.nDiodon nicthemerus is in the genus Diodon. The first word of its scientific name is Diodon. So, Diodon nicthemerus and Ardea alba are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: There substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether silver is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for silver is Ag. This formula contains one symbol: Ag. So, the formula tells you that silver is made of one chemical element.nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. So,",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.nHeinkle, tinkle, tinkle is the sound of thealedgess..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Maryland..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Vijay wants or needs:nVijay will spend more time making the vegetable soup than he would have spent making the egg drop soup..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..",
-        "Solution: Joey wanted broccoli in his lunch and Darell was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nJoey has tomatoes. Darell has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Texas is farthest south..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two bowls of oatmeal have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 35\u00b0C bowl of oatmeal is colder than the 40\u00b0C bowl of oatmeal, it has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism between jobs means that Ava is unemployed..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun his could refer to Ken's or Ken brother's.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. His has been replaced with Ken's.nDend Ken and his brother look through the user manual before trying to fix Ken's computer?.",
-        "Solution: Spering plants have called giosperms, have their flowers for sexual reproduction.nSers are have male and, female parts, or both. The male part is called the men, and the female part is called the stil.nMh the male and female parts are part for sexual reproduction. The male part produces eggs and and the male part produces pollen. Pollin is  that make sperm.nPollination happens when pollen islands on top of the pistil. This-pollination happens when polla plant poll both male and female parts reproduceinates itself. This-pollination happens when pollen   plant lands on the pistil. a plant. thea different plant.s, including birds, mammals, have also pollinators. pollinators are from fruit from make food. sper pollinator growss, it can pollen from one flower to another.nThe pollination, sperm cells the pollen can with eggs and This fertiliz called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow grow into seeds. a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate and grow into a new plant.nThe new plant can grow male and begin the giosperm plant life cycle again. Them cells female cells. Thes are are femalesperm cells fertil inside poll pollen..nTheach cells are not cells. The male grow not by stored in the polluterry..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA translucent object has one or more bright colors. The  is is colorful.nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. The pinwheel is translucent translucent..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses contraction idiom (like pulling teeth).nThe second sentence uses formal language in place of the idiom, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Animal and animal cells have many parts in common. but they all. Animal list shows some of the differences and differences.nAnimells | animal cell | Animal cell |ncell wall |  | yesncell wall | yes | yesncellplasm | yes | yesncytoochondria | yes | yesnchouole | yes | yesnloroplasts | yes | yesnchoecleus | yes | yesnromosomes | yes | yesnChink about how animal and animal cells do different.nPlant cells have a cell wall, but animal cells do not. Ch cell wall does plant cells stay warma healthy position. animal cells have not have a chlor shape.nCht cells do oplasts. but they cells do not. Chloplasts are their. plant grow can use to food. Animal cells use make sugar own food..nChchro",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Harper wants or needs:nHarper will spend more time walking to the grizzly bears. They are on the other side of the zoo, but the gorillas are close by..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.nDad remembered to buy groceries, but he forgot the grape jelly..",
-        "Solution: There was a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage. At the current price, there are not enough video of  gamegame for sale. There were 100 copies of sale, but 150 people wanted to buy  copynSo, there was a shortage of video of.",
-        "Solution: Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak. An anchovy is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nA porc anchovy is a fish fish. lives underwater the ocean. It other other fish of fish, anchovies live in the groups called groups.nA porcupinefish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nPorcupinefish  live up their shell with their pressure water. kille off predators.nA flamingo is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nFlamingos  near large groups called A groups are called s..nA porc bat is a fishmmal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nFruit bats eat fruit and drink nectar from trees.. have  teeth to help them bite through fruit skins..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nBridgeport, Connecticut, had cool temperatures over the weekend.nThis passage tells you about the temperature in Bridgeport over the weekend. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses chiasmus, an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nYou second half of the sentence reverses the order of the words take you the or to the first half..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a car is 4 miles.n4 inches is 4 feet are too short. 4 miles is too long..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince purpose is between the guide words pasture - polish, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA hard object feels scratchy when you touch it. The  is the,, and the  are rough rough.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. All bracelet is, is fragile, but the  is are not.nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. All four objects are hard.nThe property that all four objects have in common is hard..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Michelle blows big bubbles, Victor pops them is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without just a comma: Michelle blows big bubbles and Victor pops them..",
-        "Solution: Poetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.nLittle Betty Blue,nLost her holiday shoe.n\u2014From Mother GoosenInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.n\u2014From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.nHe watches from his mountain walls,nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.n\u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Every line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.nHe verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.nThe  bridge cuts a wrinkled face.nHe bends his backnFor us to go over.n\u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.nHepetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.nIn inty flying squirrelnIn vest of shining white,nIn coat of silver gray,nIn vest of shining white.n\u2014Adapte",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the gray heron.nLong legs help the gray heron keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe demoiselle crane has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.nThe African penguin has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The African penguin uses its legs to walk and swim..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound.complex. It is made up of two independent clauses joined a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.nThe platypus",
-        "Solution: The colony is North.nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence iss a question and ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, visit. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.nHum represents the sound the computer was making..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nSan Francisco is located on the coast of California. On December 30, 1856, the temperature fell to 36\u00b0F.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the temperature in San Francisco on a particular day on 1856. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A bis is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nA bison is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk..",
-        "Solution: Augusta is the capital of Maine..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways",
-        "Solution: One object can make another object move with a push or a pull.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The girl pushes the piata. from the stick. and the piata swings. The direction of the push is away from the stick..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A article should be in quotation marks.nThe correct title is \"Would I Let My Son Play Football?\"..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Steller's jay's scientific name is Cyanocitta stelleri. The first word of its scientific name is Cyanocitta.nLayanocitta cristata is in the genus Cyanocitta. The first word of its scientific name is Cyanocitta. So, Cyanocitta cristata and Cyanocitta stelleri are in the same genus.nLarus liveahellis is in the genus Larus. The first word of its scientific name is Larus. So, Larus liveahellis and Cyanocitta stelleri are not in the same genus.nLarus livens is in the genus Larus. The first word of its scientific name is Larus. So, Larus livens and Cyanocitta stelleri are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince fix is between the guide words feather - fling, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Champ has two alleles for a red coat (l). So, Champ's genotype for the coat color gene is ll..",
-        "Solution: An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, ornremaining motionless.nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:nspeeding up,nslowing down, ornchanging direction. The antelope is movinging up. So, the antelope has accelerating..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a kitchen table is 7 inches.n7 inches and too short. 7 yards and 7 miles are too long..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nLing wants broccoli. Maria wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three bricks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 53\u00b0F brick is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nVoss is a city in Norway. One winter, the snow there was two meters deep!nThis passage tells you about the snowation in Voss. winter in It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Gordian knot is ancient legend.nIning to legend, the the Great used his sword to strslash  enormous knot to which a chariot was tied to a rope in the city of Gordium.nThe allusion Gordian knot means a loose complex problem..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.nDillon liked the sea otters, but the jellyfish were his favorite..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Newport. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.nDainy adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundreds of years old.nThe second text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). The bridge is not, but it is not actually a million years old.nDestiny adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundredsa million years old.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Myrmarachne maxillosa is an animal. Animal cells have a nucleus..",
-        "Solution: Chemical is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nDep-frying chicken is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the chicken to change. Cooked chicken and raw chicken are different types of matter.nBurning a marshmallow is a chemical change. The type causes the fire causes the matter of matter in the marshmallow to change. The marshmallow turns  and crispy.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBoth changes are caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: A book is made of paper.nA book tells a story.nA teacher may read mea book out loud..",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Baking cookies is a chemical change. The are made from the dough. Buting cookies cookies dough dough into cookies.. cookies are bakeda different type of matter than cookies cookie..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nSummer is usually the hottest time of the year in Des Moines, Iowa.nThis passage tells you about the usual temperature pattern in Des Moines. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA piece of apple turning brown is a chemical change. The apple reacts with oxygen in the air and turns into a different type of matter.nCom you scrape off the brown part of the apple, the inside will still white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change has't happen to that part of the apple.nCompost  from the remains of plants and animals. such as vegetable scraps and fruit shells. Compost rotting is a chemical change. As the compost rots, it breaks down and turns into a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Paper does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, paper is not a mineral..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each car moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne car moved 470 miles in 10 hours.nThe other car moved 445 miles in 10 hours.nNotice that each car spent the same amount of time moving. The car that moved 170 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that car must have moved at a lower speed..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince suitcase is not between the guide words salute - squirrel, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each greenhouse decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each greenhouse increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each surroundings to each greenhouse..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two pots of spaghetti sauce are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the pot of spaghetti sauce with more thermal energy has a higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Kay Sharma talked to her team before the game is a complete sentence. The subject is Coach Sharma, and the verb is talked..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Oregon Dakota is farthest east..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the American badger.nThe American badger has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging. The American badger uses its claws to break up soil and move it out of the way.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe bottlehog has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging.nThe bottlenose dolphin has widepers. feet. Its feet are not adapted for digging. The bottlenose dolphin uses its flippers to swim..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince hot is between the guide words herring - hue, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the skydiver and the center of Earth changed.nThe flat was flat than the point where the skydiver started up her parachute. As she drifted toward the flat, the distance between the skydiver and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the skydiver and Earth decreased as she drifted toward the flat ground..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, shoveled. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Good Samaritan is the Bible.nIn thea Bible parable, Sama manaritan jump- sacrifice and  someone innocent, kill  s and spillthrowned.  sidewalk of thea street.nThe allusion Good Samaritan means a person who  after of his trouble. help someone person.",
-        "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of an eyedropper is 3 milliliters.n3 liters is too little..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Rust forming on a bicycle frame is a chemical change. Asygen and the air reacts with oxygen in the bicycle frame to This  of the bicycle breaks into a different type of matter called rust. Rust forms formeddish-brown and falls apart easily..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought.nDeveloped in 1973, GPS is a satellite-based navigation system also Also known as Global Positioning System.nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:nDeveloped in 1973, GPS isa known as Global Positioning System.also a satellite-based navigation system. Also",
-        "Solution: This country is Australia.nIs Australia a country or a continent?nBoth! Australia is a country in Oceania, a region made up of many lands and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Many people say that Australia is the world's smallest continent. But some people call Oceania a continent instead..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Ohio is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: This country is Nauru..",
-        "Solution: Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:nThey are solid.nThey are formed in nature.nThey are not made by living things.nThey are not pure substances. Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.nAnbbro is a rock.nA sunflower seed is made by a living thing. But rocks are not made by living things.nSo, a sunflower seed is not a rock.nGneiss is a rock..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A bess beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a bess beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA domestic pig is a mammal. Like other mammals, a domestic pig is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA leafpie goose is a bird. Like other birds, a magpie goose is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA leaf-tailed gecko is a birdtile. Like other reptiles, a leaf-tailed gecko is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Dylan, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Dylan down with a force of 400 N.nThe diving board is pushing Dylan up with a force of 400 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Dylan..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is  a sentence fragment. It are complete sentences because they express complete thoughts.nToorich U.S. cities are doing the most to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Tonight's news report has the details..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Mia has many responsibilities. A you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nBaja California is a state in Mexico. It was not raining anywhere in the state during the first week of February.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the precipit of rain in was in Baja California during the first week of February. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, stay. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, strained. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened..",
-        "Solution: This state is Connecticut Hampshire..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nGypsum is a mineral.nWool is made a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nMool is made by living things. But all are not made by living things.nSo, wool is not a mineral.nGalachite is a mineral..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. A can of soda fizzing over is a chemical change. The soda changesfloatzings and it soda changes in the the breaks out. hot. But it soda of matter in soda and the do still of the not change..",
-        "Solution: Albany is the capital of New York..",
-        "Solution: This country is Nauru..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is South America..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a bottle of nail polish is 15 milliliters.n15 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that my client is innocent because However, there evidencee pieces of evidence prove prove not evidence reasons. the  that she client is guilty. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperativerogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence..",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first letter opening is more formal. It uses the recipient's personal title and last name. The other opening uses the recipient's first name, suggesting a more familiar relationship..",
-        "Solution: Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nUsing dinosaurtarnish silver spoon is  of has been shiny shiny over time. Polishing the spoon makes it look shiny again.nA dinosaur changes the tarnish into a different type of matter called was be easily removedwiped away. This, it polish to remove tarnish from silver is a chemical change. ThenA dinosaur bone turning into rock over a chemical change. As bone in makes up the bones turns it is baked does to change.. The millionsa million time, thea different type of matter is toforming rock the pieces in the bone. This bones in then of bone. the bone' ButnStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince crack is between the guide words casual - coffee, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nDie of boredom is an exaggeration, since it is unlikely that the movie will going likely dying danger of dying. to boredom..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has half as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two drops of dish soap are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder drop of dish soap has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. A nosy person has a more negative connotation. An nosy person is often lite or. oney suggests are nos nos, being that interest interesting interesteds..",
-        "Solution: This country is the Federated States of Micronesia..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Burmese python's scientific name is Python bivittatus. The first word of its scientific name is Python.nL organism and the Burmese python are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Python bivittatus.nLithobates palustris is in the genus Lithobates. The first word of its scientific name is Lithobates. So, Lithobates palustris and Python bivittatus are not in the same genus.nMelanoplus bivittatus and Python bivittatus are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Melanoplus bivittatus and Python bivittatus have the same species name within their genus, bivittatus. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Melanoplus bivittatus is in the genus Melanoplus, and Python bivittatus is in the genus Python.",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 50 times the volume of Earth.nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 68,430 billion km3, which is more than,280 billion km3. So, Neptune's volume is more than 50 times as great as that of Earth..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A cold desert is a type of ecosystem. It has warma small amount of rain or snow, dry, thin soil, and long, cold winters.nChoice 1 is a cold desert ecosystem. It has warm, cold, cold winters. is warma rain layer of soil that therock.nChoice 2 is a warmsandvanna ecosystem ecosystemand ecosystem. It is  in warmes, has a few season, a raint winter.nChoice 3 is a warmate climateduous forest ecosystem. It is warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: The colony is South Carolina..",
-        "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air.nThe map's legend tells you the specific humidity level that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower specific humidity levels than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from zero grams per kilogram (g/kg) up to two g/kg. Areas that are the next darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from two g/kg up to four g/kg. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which specific humidity levels those colors represent.nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with specific humidity levels between 18 and 24 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air.n21 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air is within this range.n12 and 14 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air are outside of this range..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with climbing growth or bush growth, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the growth pattern trait. The question tells you that the g allele, which is for bush growth, is recessive to the G allele, which is for climbing growth.nClimbing growth is the dominant allele's version of the growth pattern trait. A rose plant with the dominant version of the growth pattern trait must have at least one dominant allele for the growth pattern gene. So, offspring with climbing growth must have the genotype g or Gg.nThere are  boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype GG or Gg. boxes are shown below.nCush growth",
-        "Solution: Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nLatrell lives in a town with hot summers and freezing cold winters.nThis passage tells you about the usual precipit La Latrell lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a passenger helicopter is 3 tons.n3 ounces and 3 pounds are both too light..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: warm-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of plantss. So, the following statement describe the Kaeng Krachan National Park ecosystem: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. It has soil that is poor in nutrients. It has mostly small types of organisms. The following statements does not describe Kaeng Krachan National Park: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. It has mostly small plants..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Gymnothorax funebris is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.nGymnothorax funebris is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that green moray eel is the common name..",
-        "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Associationnfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokespersonnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenemphasize that the product is a financially wise choicenanticipate and refute potential counterclaimsnAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to paths, or reason, by hasizing the benefits benefits of of feel the the logo..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Wisconsin Dakota is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. From across the room, Uncle Josh's laughter was booming thunder.nThe words laughter and thunder are compared using the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.nThe avant-garde artist deftly used neon colors and geometric patterns to create nauseous spirals that forced many viewers to look away after only a few minutes.nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.nThe avant-garde artist deftly used neon colors and geometric patterns to create disorienting spirals so intense that they caused some viewers to become nauseous just from looking at them.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.nKach vase and bowl in Kiera's collection of handmade pottery is unique. The colors and designs reflect both her cultural heritage and her individual artistic style.nThe second text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: unique or unusual. Kiera' a unique young. not unique be be the of thea kind. is be  to identify the Kia she is not or someone artistupcomingdverb.as  the unique. or young, or very unique.and is not not used intraditionally.nKia's collection of handmade pottery was featured in last week's edition of the Springtown Journal, which identified her as \"one of the most unique young artists to debut this year.\"nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nFits you well ironically suggests that the cap was too big. Bonnie cap was falling over Bonnie's eyes, so it didn't fit her well. all..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the elementary substance goldrconium.nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. Notice colors of a ball represents a specific chemical element. The atomic symbol for that chemical element is shown in the legend. Use the model to determine whether gold is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.nIn the space-filling model shown above, all of the balls are the same color:n. The legend shows that gold represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol O. So, the model shows you that gold is composed of one chemical element.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that gold is composed of only one chemical element. So, gold is an elementary substance..",
-        "Solution: Poets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms.nAnaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines.nOut of the cradle endlessly rocking,nOut of the mocking-bird's throat, the musical shuttle,nOut of the Cranth-month midnightn\u2014From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\"nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses only-up words:nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot!  they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.n\u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:n\u2014k! the honey bee is humming.n\u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.n\u2014 the wild men watched and waitednWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.n\u2014From Stard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"nAssonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines.nI wandered lonely as a Cloudn\u2014 floats on high o'er Vales and Hills,nWhen all at once I saw a crowd,nA host of golden Daffodils.n\u2014From William Wordsworth, \"The Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\"nMeter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed.nA poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nThe summers are hot in Kissimmee, Florida.nThis passage tells you about the usual temperature temperatures in Kissimmee. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nSo full I could explode is an exaggeration, since it is impossible that the speaker is already actually full danger of explodeexploding..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Remy's observable version of the fur length trait is short fur. So, Remy's phenotype for the fur length trait is short fur..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Tiny has two alleles for red eyes (e). So, Tiny's genotype for the eye color gene is ee..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to calculus or trigonometry.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with calculus.nBill went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended calculus..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three cherry pies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 41\u00b0C pie is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Moss plants reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.nMoss plants use their male and female parts for sexual reproduction. male parts produce sperm. Moss  in damp environments, and moss sperm can grow through water to the female parts.nS sperm fuse with eggs in the female part. This is called fertilization. The-fertilization happens when a sperm fuse a moss plant fertilizes an egg from the same plant.-fertilization happens when a sperm from  moss plant fertilizes an egg from a different moss plant.nThe fertilized egg grows into a new layer stalk on top of the female part. Mos stalk is a small spore- on the top. Moss plants use asexual reproduction to make eggs spores in the capsules. This the capsules open, the spores can released.nWhen  spores land on the ground, they can germinate and grow into a new moss plant. This new moss plant can produce eggs and sperm and an the moss life cycle again. fertilsperm and an egg fuse fuse and form fertilspor fertilized egg.. fertilized egg can  into a new layer. the of the   ofnThe   can germ spores. which  sporm and egg egg can not fuse into spores..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: This country is Nauru..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMelting wax is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The wax changes from solid to liquid. But it is still made of the same type of matter.nRain forming in a cloud is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The vapor in the air touchesdenses into  pieceslets of water water. The droplets are up thea different that The the is  water  the air, the typelets change change out the.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nMax melting is caused",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. The affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A barn owl is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nBar western toad is  amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a car key is 3 miles.n3 feet, 3 yards, and 3 miles are all too long..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, needs. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Kurt wants or needs:nThe magnolia tree will use up more space than the lilacs would have used up..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The fruit fly's observable version of the eye color trait is brown eyes. So, the fly's phenotype for the eye color trait is brown eyes..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..",
-        "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: According Third Amendment says that  government cannot nott force people to keep weapons in their houses during a time of peace. The government says that the soldiers shall be forcedined in  house.\" The the case, thequartered in means \"quartern thea right to live.\" The government text of the Third Amendment is below. The there any other when  officer citizen be to leave a soldier stay in his house her house? The soldier shall be in any of peace, forceded in any house. nor the consent of the citizen of or the time of war, nor in timea time that be kept by the..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses understatement, which involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nShrank just a bit is an understatement, since Justin sweater sister abouta snug smaller than Justine'.",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Snowflakes forming in a cloud is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Thequid water ands and becomes, but it is still made of water.. different type of matter is not formed..",
-        "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..",
-        "Solution: Tallahassee is the capital of Florida..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the elementary substance silverrconium.nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. Notice color of a ball represents a specific chemical element. The atomic symbol for that chemical element is shown in the legend. Use the model to determine whether silver is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.nIn the space-filling model shown above, all of the balls are the same color:n. The legend shows that silver gray represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol S. So, the model shows you that silver is composed of only chemical element.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that silver is composed of only one chemical element. So, silver is an elementary substance..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could used without its antecedent.nThe  answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the encyclopedia.nThe encyclopedia says that chalk is a soft sedimentary rock formed from the skeletons of marine plankton..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them is used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Theym has been replaced with the customer service representatives.nRobert showed the customer service representatives the error on his receipt, and he received a refund..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table.nThenbreviation \"ca.\" stands for the Latin word, circa. Circa means \"about.\" It indicates when a date is estimated. So, around 1792 BCE, the Babylonian Empire started controlling Mesopotamia.nThe Babylonian wordba-bih-laH-bee-b) Empire started after the Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian empires. The Babylon of the Babylonian Empire was the city of Babylon.B-bih-lahn).",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aunt Laura is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the Atlantic puffin.nThe Atlantic puffin has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. As it swims, the Atlantic puffin uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe African gull has web,s on sharpbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming.nThe African crowned eagle has long,es with sharp claws. Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The African crowned eagle uses its feet to walk prey..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Antarctic..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses ana euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nOf a certain age is an indirect way generally more polite way of referring to older people..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Bert borrowed my book he enjoyed it is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Bert borrowed my book and  enjoyed it..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a simile:nHakim's eyes are bright green as emeralds.nThe words eyes and emeralds are compared using the word as.nThis sentence uses a metaphor:nHakim's eyes are bright green emeralds.nThe words eyes and emeralds are compared without the word like or as..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. A dinosaur bone turning into rock over a physical change. As rock in is up the bones into it is crushed is to change.. But millionsa million time, thea dinosaur type of matter is toa. the pieces in the bone. This  in then of the. the bones' This",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom the ball is in his court suggests that Dave needs to act next. In tennis, when the ball is in a player's court, it is hard person's turn..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Fred or Paul.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. He has been replaced with Fred.nFred's brother Paul wondered whether Fred ran fast enough to qualify for the Boston Marathon..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night. The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe simile like a  of cymbals suggests that Lee Mellon was a loud noise with his lips.. Leeheymbals are ging,, they can a noise noisering sound..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A white otter is a birdmmal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nAea otters have large small fur. They fur makes them warm in cold water.nA white stork is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nStorks livede in shallow water to hunt for food. Storks eat fish, insects, andworms, and other small animals..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak. A salmonhorse is a rep. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nSeahorses can near the water wind water. They can swim their tails to swim onto to water ornA torton is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nLoons  live near water. They dive in shallow water to hunt for food.nA salmon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nS most other fish, salmon can live near shallow fresh water and salt water.nA hermann's tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nT looise iss shell protects it from predators. It a tortoise bite threatened, it can pull its head and legs inside its shell.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Jekyll and Hyde is literature.nInert Louis Stevenson's novel American novella Je. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde tells the story of a man with two distinct personalities. Known to the world as a kind and dangerous respected doctor,  night he transforms into a monstrous person.nThe allusion Jekyll and Hyde means  and cruel..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Tyler wants or needs:nTyler will give up the chance to go to Alabama. He would have enjoyed a trip to Alabama more than Arkansas..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses peruse in its traditional sense: to examine in detail.nEdmond perused a catalog from his wife's favorite clothing store, searching for the perfect birthday gift.nThe first text uses peruse in its nontraditional sense: to look through in a casual manner.nEdmond perused a clothing catalog as he waited for his appointment, flipping through the pages distractedly.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word peruse because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Everymnosperms are plants that have flowers but not flowers. Conifers are a type of a nosperm. Con of flowers, conifers have cones. Conifers use their cones for sexual reproduction.nMost conifer trees have both male and female cones. Male male cones produce pollen. The female cones produce eggs and a poll substance on the inside of the cone.nWhenale cones produce pollen into the wind. Pollination happens when pollen stickslands on the sticks to the female cones. This-pollination happens when pollen sticks to a female cone on  same tree. Cross-pollination happens when pollen sticks to a female cone on a different tree.nThe pollination, sperm from the pollen fuse with eggs in the base of the female cone's scales. This is called fertilization.nThe fertilized cone grow into seeds. the female cone. Theifer seeds are released from the fertilized cones. When conifer seeds are a-like structures. They can be attached long distances by the wind. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate and grow into a new plant.nThe new plant can grow cones and begin the ifer life cycle again. Contilized cone grow into seeds. thea coneized cone..nThelen is into the cones. and inized cones..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA slipperyy object gets longer when you pull on it. The  chipshake is not stretchy.nA slippery object can attach or stick to other things. All four objects are sticky.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The chocolate, slippery slippery.nThe property that all four objects have in common is slippery..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nManandy wants broccoli. Troy wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, pack. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: Every living thing needs food to stay alive. Living things get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how living things in an ecosystem get their food.nProducers make their own food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. This sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other living things. Consumers cannot make their own food. In this food chain, the California sea slug is a consumer because it eats another living thing. The California sea slug in this food chain eats the Californiasp..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince bit is not between the guide words bark - belief, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Singapore, look at the graph.nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.nChoice \"A\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oep\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.nCh, December, and January each have over 200 millimeters of precipitation..",
-        "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Lucia investigated whether covering side mirrors are plastic bags affects how much ice forms. the mirrors. So were no bags on the uncovered side mirrors. So, they were part of a control group..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism big-boned suggests that Dwayne is overweight..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Ms. Peterson is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince thirteen is between the guide words tease - tomb, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Achilles's heel is the mythology.nIn Greek mythology, Achilles's heel tells his in a deep that protects him body from it touches. He heel is not turn wet, so it is the source part of his body that unprotected.. his plague War, Ach arrow hits Achilles in the heel and kills him.nThe allusion Achilles's heel means a painful weakness..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom speak of the devil suggests that Tessa had just been speaking about Patrick. When say this when they person they've just been speaking about coincidentally arrives, and if summoned..",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBending a paper clip is a physical change. The you bend it, the paper clip gets a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter.nCutting your fingernails is a physical change. The fingernails are no. you cut them. But each  are still made of the same type of matter as the originalcut fingernails.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Asia America..",
-        "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is older:nThe wood fossil is in a deeper layer in the rock sequence than the palm leaf fossil. So, the wood fossil is most likely older than the palm leaf fossil..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A stuffed hippo is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nA you  a stuffed hippo in your hands, the stuffed hippo will has a size and shape of its own..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A hot desert is a type of ecosystem. Hot deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. So, the Great Victoria Desert has a small amount of rain. It also has soil, thin soil..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Delaware York.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Plagioclase has all the properties of a mineral. So, plagioclase is a mineral..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA soft object will break into pieces if you drop it. The  bowl not.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The glass is not soft..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs quiet as a jackhammer suggests that the snoring is loud. A jackhammer is not quiet, and neither is Mr. Joyce's snoring..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion month thea nutshell is literature.nIn story Greeks Siruy Cole Great Brotherssd the all tale about which  Odysseyluminaas tellas by of years)) has told by.. parchmenta it  paper of thea city shell Blake' discoveredd the book to  father travellet  an word \"in a remotesshell,\" in describe the as is impossible andnThe allusion  a storynutshell means  a  and..",
-        "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for potassium dioxide contains two symbols: K for sulfur and O for oxygen. So, sulfur dioxide is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, sulfur dioxide is a compound, not an elementary substance.",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a cement truck is 22 tons.n22 ounces and 22 pounds are both too light..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses unique in its traditional sense: made the only one of its kind.nPro custom ordered his unique coffee table from a master craftsman in Oakdale.nThe second text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: unusual or unusual. Pedro boughts coffee table is  interesting design, but it is made in a factory. was not not actually one of a kind.nPro bought his unique coffee table from a factory outlet store in Oakdale.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties at the object.nThink about each property.nA bump has a sour taste. The pineapple is not sour.nA bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. The popcorn is bumpy..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a blender is 1 liter.n1 milliliter is too little..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The second sentence states a fact.nThe Rocky Mountains stretch from New Mexico to Montana.nIt can be proved by looking a map of the Rocky States.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nThe prettiest parts of the Rocky Mountains are in the state of Wyoming.nPttiest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what the prettiest parts of the Rocky Mountains are..",
-        "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Rose wants or needs:nRose will give up the chance to be in the Photography Club. She would have had more fun in the Photography Club than in the Theater Club..",
-        "Solution: This state is Wyoming..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Bruce wants or needs:nBruce will give up the chance to eat chocolate muffins. He thinks chocolate muffins are tastier than banana muffins..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nPro wants broccoli. Oliver wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the Arctic fox.nDuring the winter, the Arctic fox has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nDuring the winter, the nakedptarmigan has white furs covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.nThe naked mole rat has white skin fur covering It is not adapted to be camouflaged in the snow..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.nThe park answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the park rangers.nThey park rangers explained to the audience that a muskrat looks like a small beaver with a rat-like tail..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Mayor Armstrong wants to to give up their cars. However, Mayor misrepresents Mayor Armstrong's argument. Mayor Armstrong wants wants to create more bike lanes. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man..",
-        "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince volley is not between the guide words vain - violet, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a soda bottle cap is 11 iliters.n11 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCrushing a mineral into powder is a physical change. The mineral breaks into small pieces. But each is still made of the same type of matter.nDry ice becoming  water dioxide. The dry ice gets warm, it changes state and becomes solid dioxide gas. The change of state, but solid to gas, is called sublimation.nDry ice becoming a gas is a physical change. The change of state does not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeitherry ice islimation is caused by heating.",
-        "Solution: Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land. A Mo is ana mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nRabbits have near in undergroundrows. They  of rabbit burrows can called a ren.nAnjave rattlesnake is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nRabbttlesnakes have gs they use use to dig snom into their bury.nAn American sunfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nOcean sunfish have s large, and,s. They can have in the ocean tos surface to catch on water water.nA Mo American bullfrog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the European mole.nThe European mole has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging. The European mole uses its claws to break up soil and move it out of the way.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe groundhog has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging.nThe tokay gecko has wide, sticky toes. Its feet are not adapted for digging. The tokay gecko uses its feet to climb trees and walk on leaves..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the strawberry poison frog.nThe strawberry poison frog has ous glands in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the strawberry poison frog is poisonous.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Spanish shawl nudibranch has poisonaing cells in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.nThe gray tree frog has gray-brown skin. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators..",
-        "Solution: Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince cu is between the guide words cash - crayon, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Antarctic America..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Beating an egg is a physical change. Theating an egg is with the eggs and and and,, and milk of. But both them together does not form a different type of matter..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant.nIn this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables.nThe amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others.nThe number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment..",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nMammals have the following traits:nThey feed their offspring milk.nThey have fur or hair.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA gray tiger has the following traits:nIt feeds its offspring milk.nIt has fur.nA gray tiger does the traits of a mammal. A Bengal tiger is a mammal.nA gray tree frog has the following traits:nIt livess part of its life in water and part on land.nIt has moist skin.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA gray tree frog does not have all of the traits of a mammal. A gray tree frog is an amphibian..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A savanna grassland is a type of ecosystem. Savanna grasslands have the following features: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the Cerrado has a rainy season and a dry season. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Every substance around you is made up of atoms. Atoms can link together to form molecules. The links between atoms in a molecule are called chemical bonds. Different molecules are made up of different chemical elements, or types of atoms, bonded together.nScientists use both ball-and-stick models and chemical formulas to represent molecules.nA ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below.nThe balls represent atoms. The sticks represent the chemical bonds between the atoms.nNotice how each ball is labeled with a symbol made of one or more letters. The symbol is an abbreviation for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, that symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, it is one capital letter followed by one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element boron is B and the symbol for the element chlorine is Cl.nThe molecule shown above has one boron atom and three chlorine atoms. A chemical bond links each chlorine atom to the boron atom.nThe chemical formula for a molecule contains the symbol for each chemical element in the molecule. Many chemical formulas use subscripts. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text.nIn chemical formulas, the subscripts are numbers. The subscript is always written after the symbol for an element. The subscript tells you how many atoms that symbol represents. If there symbol represents just one atom, then no subscript is included.nThe symbols in the chemical formula for a molecule match the symbols in the ball-and-stick model for that molecule. The ball-and-stick model shown before and the chemical formula shown above represent the same substance. H is the symbol for hydrogen. According is the symbol for sulfur. According ball-and-stick model shows a molecule with one hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.nThe chemical formula shown contain the symbols H and S. There is three hydrogen atoms, so H will not a subscript of 2. This is one hydrogen atom, so H will have have a subscript. TherenThe",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism ofological inexactitude suggests suggests that they made false or misleading language..ological inexactitude is are  indirect way of referring to something that is usedfully used. misleading-ive..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a mustard bottle is 10 cups ounces.n10 cups and 10 gallons are both too much..",
-        "Solution: Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A air from a hair dryer is a gas. A tort expands to fill a space. tort dryer can a size to push air air out of air fan leak the hair dryer, the air expands to fill a space larger space.nA tortoise shell is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If tortoise shell is made of manya solid. aatin. or like  fingers.ails. AnA pair of dice is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If  roll a pair of dice, the dice will a size of their own. But are made madebes. they are rolling..nAamel sauce is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour caramel sauce into a different, the caramel sauce will take the shape of that container. But the dice sauce will",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The student pulls the her desk drawer. The direction of the pull is away her hand..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The second sentence states a fact.nThe California Gold Rush began after gold was discovered in 1848.nIt can be proved by looking a history about the California Gold Rush.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nPeople who moved to California for gold were greedy.nGiveed shows shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes someone greedy..",
-        "Solution: Lansing is the capital of Michigan..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince liquid is between the guide words lever - loan, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A peregrine falcon's scientific name is Falco peregrinus.nStrrdea cinerea does not have the same scientific name as a peregrine falcon. So, Falco peregrinus and Ardea cinerea are not in the same species.nStrix uralensis does not have the same scientific name as a peregrine falcon. So, Falco peregrinus and Strix uralensis are not in the same species.nAalco peregrinus has the same scientific name as a peregrine falcon. So, these organisms are in the same species..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the elementary substance sulfurrconium.nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. Notice color of a ball represents a specific chemical element. The atomic symbol for that chemical element is shown in the legend. Use the model to determine whether magnesium is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.nIn the space-filling model shown above, all of the balls are the same color:n. The legend shows that magnesium represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol N for. So, the model shows you that magnesium is composed of one chemical element.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that magnesium is composed of only one chemical element. So, magnesium is an elementary substance..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that if someone person borrow something from you, that everyone will take the things without asking. However, this because someone let someone person borrow something from someone, that doesn not necessarily mean that will take. mind. others. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt slippery slope fallacy..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nIt was windy last night at the Northern Kentucky Airport. The wind was blowing in from the southeast.nThis passage tells you about the wind direction last the Northern Airport last night. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: This state is North..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A moon jellyfish's scientific name is Aurelia aurita.nCeelia aurita has the same scientific name as a moon jellyfish. So, these organisms are in the same species.nCyanea capillata does not have the same scientific name as a moon jellyfish. So, Aurelia aurita and Cyanea capillata are not in the same species.nAequorea victoria does not have the same scientific name as a moon jellyfish. So, Aurelia aurita and Aequorea victoria are not in the same species..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The tomato plant's observable version of the leaf type trait is potato leaves. So, the plant's phenotype for the leaf type trait is potato leaves..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the marmot.nThe marmot has large front teeth. Its mouth is adapted for gnawing. The large front teeth can help the marmot break off pieces of food that it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Damara mole rat has large front teeth. Its mouth is adapted for gnawing.nThe aardvark has largea long,-shaped mouth and noa short teeth small teeth. Its mouth is not adapted for gnawing. The aardvark uses its mouth to  insects out of holes and burrows..",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A deep sea is a type of ecosystem. Deep sea ecosystems have the following features: water at the bottom of the ocean, no sunlight, and organisms that crawl or stick to the ground. So, the Kermadec Arc has bright at the bottom of the ocean. It also has organism sunlight..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of blue particles..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A mouflon's scientific name is Ovis orientalis. The first word of its scientific name is Ovis.nOlouatta palliata is in the genus Alouatta. The first word of its scientific name is Alouatta. So, Alouatta palliata and Ovis orientalis are not in the same genus.nThesevis aries is in the genus Ovis. The first word of its scientific name is Ovis. So, Ovis aries and Ovis orientalis are in the same genus.nHystrix cristata is in the genus Hystrix. The first word of its scientific name is Hystrix. So, Hystrix cristata and Ovis orientalis are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince peak is between the guide words paint - post, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: Some words are alike. They go together in a group.nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. King, room, and clownking go together. They are people in King is not a room, so it is not like the other words..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that off-leash dogs are make make  increase in crime in Salem. However, even two ideas aren't related. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circulara red herring..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two pieces of rope are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder piece of rope has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a diving board is 10 yards.n10 inches and too short. 10 yards and 10 miles are too long..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three cherry pies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 107\u00b0F pie is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Decomposers help break down dead organisms into simpler matter, such as nutrients. So nutrients can then help plants and other organisms grow. In a food web, there is an arrow pointing from another organism to a decomposer. There are no arrows pointing from a decomposer to another organism.nThe earthworm has not have anyarrows pointing from it. other organisms. So, the earthworm is nota decomposer.nThe bilberry has arrows pointing from it to So, the earthbilberry is  a decomposer.",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to peel a banana is 11 seconds.n11 minutes is too slow..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.nJayce's new kitten\u2014barely three weeks old\u2014was literally the size of a softball; it could just about fit in the palm of his hand.nThe first text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). Jayce's new kitten is not actually just a ball of fluff.nJayce's new kitten\u2014barely three weeks old\u2014was literally the a ball of fluff in the palm of his hand.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince winary is between the guide words walnut - who, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Madison is the capital of Wisconsin..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nIt was 24\u00b0C downtown this afternoon.nThis passage tells you about the temperature this this afternoon. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Kansas is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the Atlantic puffin.nThe Atlantic puffin has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. As it swims, the Atlantic puffin uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe ypus has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming.nThe spectral tarsier has wide to and Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The spectral tarsier uses its feet to walking and..",
-        "Solution: Look at the map.nThe map shows that the countries involved countries and territories throughout North, North America, Europe America, Europe, and North. French continents not involved were Australia, where no Europeans had settled, and Antarctica, where no humans lived.nThe French and Indian War was part of a global war between rival empires. The empire is a group of places ruled by a central power. Many the time, many empires were fighting to become the most powerful in the world. Today historians call this global war the Seven Years' War.nThe French and Indian War was part part of the Seven Years' War thatfought in North America.. war was to the changes in the way between the twoteen Colonies and the Britain..istorians often refer these changes important to of the American Revolution, which was in than five years later..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Brad Lloyd is the most qualified candidate, because many many people turned out to vote. However, even though many people votevoted for him, that doesn't necessarily mean that Brad Lloyd is qualified most qualified candidate. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy..",
-        "Solution: A chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products. Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to zinc oxide in this chemical reaction.nMany watches are powered by small, flat batteries called button cells. One common type of button cell contains the metal zinc. When zinc in the battery combines with oxygen in the air, zinc oxide forms. This process generates the electricity that powers the watch.nThe underlined text tells you that when oxide forms when zinc incombines with oxygen in When zinc in forms formed by this chemical reaction, zinc oxide is a react..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Leonhe Leon enjoyed the casserole,  he would have asked it. However, Leon would have enjoyed the casserole because asking a second serving. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as thea false dichotomy..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Hobbes has two alleles for straight fur (F). So, Hobbes's genotype for the fur type gene is FF..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Nebraska is farthest east..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence asks about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: The city is Denver. Louis, Missouri. New Antonio, Denver York City, and Denver are marked with gray circles on the map below..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the giant pangolin.nThe giant pangolin has hard scales on its skin. Its skin is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth. The scales make it difficult for predators to hurt or kill the giant pangolin.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe nine-banded armadillo has hard scales on its skin. Its skin is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth.nThe Grant's gazelle has soft, covering its skin. Its skin is not adapted for protection against predators with sharp teeth..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Layla wants or needs:nLayla will spend more time making the tomato soup than she would have spent making the beef barley soup..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Boxer has one allele for a black coat (L) and one allele for a reddish-brown coat (l). So, Boxer's genotype for the coat color gene is Ll..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Richard wants or needs:nThe palm tree will use up more space than the marigolds would have used up..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses can in its traditional sense: to have the ability to.nGrace can type using a keyboard with a QWERTY layout, but she prefers the Dvorak layout. The two keyboards have different arrangements of letters and symbols.nThe second text uses can in its nontraditional sense: to have permission to.nIf Grace prefers a keyboard with the Dvorak layout, she can use mine. In my opinion, it's faster than typing on a keyboard with a QWERTY layout.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word can because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: The passage tell thata blue whale is big. It first says that  a blue whale is a new baby, it is as big as a car. When",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Sushi's observable version of the body color trait is a golden body. So, Sushi's phenotype for the body color trait is a golden body..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each bat moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne bat moved 40 kilometers in 10 hours.nThe other bat moved 225 kilometers in 10 hours.nNotice that each bat spent the same amount of time moving. The bat that moved 40 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that bat must have moved at a lower speed..",
-        "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Jason and his neighbors investigated whether adding sunflower seeds to bird feeders affects how many woodpeckers visit yards. So yards with feeder feeders were not get sunflower seeds. So, they were part of a control group..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each bowhead whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne bowhead whale moved 60 miles in 10 hours.nThe other bowhead whale moved 60 miles in 10 hours.nNotice that each bowhead whale spent the same amount of time moving. The bowhead whale that moved 25 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that bowhead whale must have moved at a lower speed..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nThere are usually more days with low air pressure than high air pressure where Diane lives.nThere pressure is the by the air of the air in the air. This the air pressure is low, the air is usually cleary. the air pressure is high, the air is usually cloud.nThere passage tells you about the usual amount of air pressure where Diane lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A tortoise shell is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If tortoise shell is made of twoa solid. aatin. or  snails. ThenAle juice is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour apple juice into a different container, the apple juice will take the shape of that container. But the apple juice will still take up the same amount of space.nA gold is a solid. A you drops a piece, the will break into pieces. But the piece will still take a size and shape of its own.nA gold bracelet is a solid. A can use a gold bracelet around  wrist. But the gold will still have a size and shape of its own..",
-        "Solution: Augusta is the capital of Maine..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince elegant is between the guide words easel - enamel, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Ramadan is a special time of year in Islam religion of Ju.. of live Ram have called Ram.",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard. The better estimate for the length of a hiking trail is 1 mile.n1 yard is too short..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A ballet shoe is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nA youa balletr throws a ballet shoe, the will slip a bit. But it ballet shoe still has a size and shape of its own..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Norwood. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each mountain biker moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne mountain biker moved 65 miles in 5 hours.nThe other mountain biker moved 95 miles in 5 hours.nNotice that each mountain biker spent the same amount of time moving. The mountain biker who moved 65 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that mountain biker must have moved at a lower speed..",
-        "Solution: This country is Saint Kitts and Nevis..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each vial increased, which means that the thermal energy of each vial increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each vial..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a cold, rainy day is 44\u00b0F.n44\u00b0C is too hot..",
-        "Solution: Annapolis is the capital of Maryland..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word coughed. It describes the engine as if it were a person who cough cough..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Carly or Jenny.nCarly has almost identical to her twin sister Jenny, but she has pierced ears.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nCarly has pierced ears, but otherwise she looks almost identical to her twin sister Jenny..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A bull shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nBull sharks can live in both fresh water salt water. They are active in rivers and in shallow parts of the ocean.nA shoebill is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nSoebills live near large areas Africa. Theyebills can their name from the feetbilshaped shellaks.nA bullyak is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nYas live in large places. They be tail can them them warm innA bull eastern newt is  amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nNew newts live in water. Other newts live in land but lay their eggs in water..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Ferns reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.nMale ferns use, called snds. Theses use  called are like  dots on the leftside of their fronds. These structures are called speres. Fern  ferns use asexual reproduction to reproduce spores.  spores open, they spores can released.nAfter a spore lands on the ground and germinates, it can into a new heart-shaped plant. The heart-shaped plant grows the fern's life reproduction stage,  eggs. sperm. Ferns can in damp places, and sperm can grow to   drops.-fertilization happens when a sperm swims to the egg. the same plant-shaped plant.-fertilization happens when  sperm swims to an egg on thea different plant.nAfterertilization happens when a sperm and an egg fuse. The ized egg growsinates and grows into a new fern.nThe  fern can grow spores and begin the fern life cycle again. When. manysporm and egg, spores do not fuse. InsteadnThe they are released, spores can grow on the ground and growinate.. spor seedspore isinate,,  can into a heart-shaped plant..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince earn is between the guide words electric - ever, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each bicycle moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each bicycle moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each bicycle moved for 5 hours. The bicycle that moved 145 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that bicycle must have moved at the highest speed..",
-        "Solution: Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes =",
-        "Solution: Words are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.ndesk: short enkit / ten: short i / short enAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.ngo: long onhe / ro: long e / long onSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.nsky: long inba / by: long a / long e The word no ends with a consel sound has a short vowel sound. So, it has  open syllable..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Asia..",
-        "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The equator is the line at 0\u00b0 latitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect Australia or Australia..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has half as much thermal energy as a 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has half as many atoms. So, it has half as much thermal energy. The two blocks of concrete are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder block of concrete has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her ideas and development by focusing on one main idea clearlynFor example, the writer could focus the underlined text to focus on on the main why smoking cigarettes is bad for your health? CinC is smoking cigarettes bad for your health? Cigarettes contain poisonous substances like carbon monoxide and tar, which can harm every part of your body. Smoking causes heart disease and damages your blood vessels. Eating a diet high in fat, sugar, and salt can also lead to heart disease. A lack of exercise contributes to heart disease, too. Smoking damages your lungs and can cause breathing problems or lung cancer. In fact, it can cause cancer in any organ in your body..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. ThenThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015n To decide which planet is the smallest, look at the volumes shown in the table and compare the exponents. Jupiter's volume has an exponent of 10, which is the smallest. of all the planets.nTheury is made mainly of rock. So, the smallest planet is made mainly of rock..",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A deep sea is a type of ecosystem. Deep sea ecosystems have the following features: water at the bottom of the ocean, no sunlight, and organisms that crawl or stick to the ground. So, the New England Seamount Chain has water at the bottom of the ocean. It also has no sunlight..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, throws. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015  1000n= 1.43 x 1015  103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 1,000 times the volume of Earth.nThen compare the result to the volume of Jupiter. The volume of Jupiter is 1.43 x 1015 km3, which is more than 1.08 x 1015 km3. So, Jupiter's volume is more than 1,000 times that of Earth..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A tiger shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nTiger sharks can nocturnal. They means that they can active mostly at night.nA red-tailed hawk is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nRed-tailed hawks live their be clawaks to push for pre. birds, and, rep amptiles..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The  chips and the zel are stretch stretchy.nAotato chips have a salty taste. All four objects are salty.nThe can see clearly through a transparent object. The potato chips and the pretzel, and the pret are not transparent.nThe property that all four objects have in common is salty..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words and is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is Don't Let the Turkeys Get You Down..",
-        "Solution: Columbia is the capital of South Carolina..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince midnight is between the guide words melt - myself, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses travesty in its traditional sense: a ridiculous imitation; a parody.nDoug's ill-researched essay about the Space Race received a poor grade because it presented such a travesty of the actual historical events.nThe second text uses travesty in its nontraditional sense: a disappointment or a tragedy.nDoug realized that his essay about the Space Race was a bit inaccurate, but he still thought it a travesty that such an entertaining essay should receive a poor grade.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word travesty because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: The city is Boston, Pennsylvania. New York City, Boston, and Boston, D.C. are are marked with gray circles on the map below..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion to an ark suggests that Marcy thinks the storm will cause major flooding. In the Bible, it rains for forty days and forty nights; Noah, his family, and animals of every species survive the great flood in an ark that he builds..",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nAmphibians have the following traits:nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.nThey have moist skin.nThey make eggs with no shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA green toad has the following traits:nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.nIt has moist skin.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA Chinese toad does the traits of an amphibian. A green toad is an amphibian.nA Chinese alligator has the following traits:nIt has shellscaly, waterproof skin.nIt makes eggs with nos.nA Chinese alligator does not have all of the traits of an amphibian. A Chinese alligator is a reptile..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Maryland.nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A European white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nA white sharks can live in up to 100 years..nA European green toad is  amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 50% of Jupiter's volume. multiplying Jupiter's volume by 0.a.nThen compare the result to the volume of Saturn. Saturn volume of Saturn is 13 billion430 billion km3, which is more than 823 billion3 billion km3. So, Saturn's volume is more than 50% of Jupiter's volume..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nAs Herman sat",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A tide pool is a type of ecosystem. Tide pool ecosystems have the following features: daily flooding and draining of seawater, water that is rich in nutrients, and many different types of soils. So, the tide pool ecosystems in Montaa De Oro State Park have daily flooding and draining of seawater. They also have water that is rich in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, reads. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that has true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nSoap is made in a factory. But all minerals are formed in nature.nSoa soap is not a mineral.nSoalena is a mineral.nSoative gold is a mineral..",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A chilitul tree is a plant. It has green leaves.nFi leaves of a trees are called s.nA  pepper is a plant. It  green green leaves.nChili peppers are off toa taste taste.nA  is an animal. It eats plants.nShe raise sheep in their cattle and which, and other..nA tulip is a plant. It has a green stem.nTulips grow in in cold places dry places.",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the giraffe.nThe look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe girenuk has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for reaching high branches. ThenThe black-tailed jackrabbit has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for reaching high branches. The black-tailed jackrabbit useseats small grass.s and s..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince gravy is not between the guide words gale - giraffe, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, strained. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.nAs a geneticist, Janet dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.nAs a geneticist, Janet enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nBella wants broccoli. Darnell wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Devies on a big adventure is a sentence fragment. It is not a subject..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Jekyll and Hyde is literature.nInert Louis Stevenson's novel novel novella Je. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde tells the story of a man with two distinct personalities. Known to the world as a kind and dangerous respected doctor,  night he transforms into a monstrous person.nThe allusion Jekyll and Hyde means  and cruel..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Mabel's observable version of the xeroderma pigmentosum trait is having xeroderma pigmentosum. So, Mabel's phenotype for the xeroderma pigmentosum trait is having xeroderma pigmentosum..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince jeep is not the guide words jar - jut, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Antarctic..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nWorking vacation is a contradiction, because taking on a vacation implies that you are taking a break from work..",
-        "Solution: Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana..",
-        "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect South or South America..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA can see clearly through a transparent object. The water tower transparent.nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. The water is not colorful..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: There is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage. At the current price, there are too enough new for sale. There are 20 brand for sale, but 40 people want to buy one.nSo, there is a shortage of new..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Georgia Island..",
-        "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..",
-        "Solution: People around the world live in four main kinds of places: urban areas, suburban areas, and rural areas.nAn urban area is a city. It has many people and businesses. The buildings are close to each other. The buildings are often tall and have many floors. A there are so many people, traffic is usually bad. People will walk or take the bus, train, or subway to avoid traffic.nA suburban area is or suburb, is near a city. It is quieter and less crowded than an urban area. People usually live in houses with yards. Most people drive to get places.nSome rural area is less crowded than  urban and suburban areas. Peoples are much more spread out. People usually live to drive to get places. People in rural areas often live on farms or ranches.nSome places, like farms towns, are't really fit into any of the types. People small town does not have as many people as  urban area, but it has more people than a rural area. People is not near a city. so it is not near a suburb..s, horses, and other livestock are more common in rural areas.. are toa place of space spaces.. areas have morefewer smaller of people spaces.. are many't many people, houses..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Queenie's observable version of the cheek color trait is bright orange cheeks. So, Queenie's phenotype for the cheek color trait is bright orange cheeks..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Reggie is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nThe Dominican Republic has lush, green forests and beautiful beaches. A biologist studying insects noticed that it was cooler in the forest than at the beach for most of last week.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the week's temperature in the Dominican Republic. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A taiga is a type of ecosystem. Taigas have the following features: long, cool winters and short, cool summers, soil evergreen trees, and soil that is rich in nutrients. So, Cape Breton Highlands National Park has short evergreen trees. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCutting an apple is a physical change. The apple gets a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter. the originalcut apple.nA sidewalk heating up in the sun is a physical change. The temperature of the sidewalk goes up, but it sidewalk is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nA sidewalk heating warm in the sun is caused by heating. But cutting an apple is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the black-bellied whistling duck.nThe black-bellied whistling duck has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. The it swims, the black-bellied whistling duck uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe  guillemot has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming.nThe spectral tarsier has short, and Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The spectral tarsier uses its feet to walking and..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. Both  is not colorful.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. Both objects are bouncy.nThe property that both objects have in common is colorfulbouncy..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyper oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nAlone together is ana contradiction, because being alone means being yourself, and together means alone someone else..",
-        "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. An event chain uses arrows to show the order of events. This event chain shows some main events from the American Revolution.nLookollow the arrows to see the order of events. An   shows that Declaration of Independence was the first published first letter says the Declaration was the first., the Declaration of Independence was written first..",
-        "Solution: Look Portuguese were you froms around blockingallowing them from sending around Africa. The example past of Spain, the Portuguese solution is this problem is be to give for other routes to the Indian Ocean. Look to the with the woulds neighborshold would not the. timey. up and be giving Spain would give trade on trade Indian to trade. trading Indian trade..nThe is shows that best of are and sea the, the countries and So had  ships Africa illegala difficult deal. the countries countries. The",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince rampart is not between the guide words reach - risk, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The common carp has one allele for normal scales (A) and one allele for mirror scales (a). So, the carp's genotype for the scale type gene is Aa..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Waterloo is history.nIn 20,  poetexploreror Napoleon conquer a stroke blow at the city of Waterloo,  was later to be the country match. thehe becomesdicaated. battlethrone.nThe allusion Waterloo means a place battle..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A desert is a type of ecosystem. Deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. So, Death Valley has dry, thin soil. It also has many different types of organisms..",
-        "Solution: This country is Saint Kitts and Nevis..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.nFirst, Trent planted the geraniums in a clay pot, and then he placed the pot on a sunny windowsill in his kitchen..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Slate does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, slate is not a mineral..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A bald eagle is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nE tiger shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs..",
-        "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Colton is pushing on the wheelchair. So, Newton's third law tells you that the wheelchair is pushing on Colton..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Scratchy is a property. A scratchy material is rough and itchy against your skin.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the bark is scratchier. If you touch touch  material,, it would feel rough and itchy..",
-        "Solution: Brendan wanted broccoli in his lunch and Isaac was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nBrendan has tomatoes. Isaac has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that Jupiter smallest planet is Mercury and that Mercury is made mainly of rock. So, the smallest planet is made mainly of rock..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Nerium oleander is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that social socially awkward doess knowledge of workplace safety. However is a personal attack that isn't relevant to Mr. Goodman's desire to prevent workplace injuries. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as falsead hominem..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.nHurdle refers to an obstacle that one must overcome. The also refers to an object that a runner jumps over..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a bowl of ice cream is 36\u00b0F.n36\u00b0C is too cold..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Eric or Eric.nE Greg talked with Eric about the research project, he felt better about collaborating on it.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nEric felt better about collaborating on the research project after Greg talked with him about it..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Instead people dye their hair. But this doesn not change their natural hair color.nChildren get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Victor's hair color is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Eli wants or needs:nEli will give up the chance to see the tamarins. He would have enjoyed seeing them more than the polar bears..",
-        "Solution: Jackson is the capital of Mississippi..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a hammer is 17 millimeters.n17 millimeters, too short. 17 kilometers and 17 kilometers are too long..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of an elephant is 5,725 kilograms.n5,725 grams is too light..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tell a request, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the sled and the center of Earth changed.nThe bottom of the hill was lower than the point where Rose started sledding. As Rose rode toward the bottom of the hill, the distance between the sled and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth decreased as Rose rode down the hill..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. LooknSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the clothes hanger.nThe clothes hanger is made of two different materials. The hang is made of metal and The rest of the hanger is made of wood..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nNeverland alludes to the story of Peter Pan, a boy who lived in Neverland and never grew up..",
-        "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects the Atlantic Ocean. It does not intersect the Indian Ocean or the Indian Ocean..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nTake him years to finish is an exaggeration, since it probably does not take him whole years to fetch coffee..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA piece of avocado turning brown is a chemical change. The avocado reacts with oxygen in the air and form a different type of matter.nB you scrape off the brown part of the avocado, the inside will still be white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change hasn't happened to that part of the avocado.nBoiling sugar to make caramel is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter to change into a different type of matter.Adding sugar, the type matter is not and sticky.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.n",
-        "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether washing cars is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs washing cars something you can touch? Yes.nIs washing cars a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, washing cars is a service..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Fluorite has all the properties of a mineral. So, fluorite is a mineral..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the hockey puck and the center of Earth changed.nThecause the hockey was level, the point on the table was level same distance from the center of Earth. As the puck puck slid toward the goal, the distance between the hockey and the center of Earth increasedstayed the same. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the hockey puck and Earth stayed the same as the puck slid toward the goal..",
-        "Solution: Hartford is the capital of Connecticut..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Group at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA soft object changes not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The three objects are hard.nA soft object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. The  and and the  bep are not translucent.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The of the objects are soft.nThe property that all three objects have in common is soft..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a garden snail is 42 millimeters.n42 centimeters and 42 meters are both too long..",
-        "Solution: This country is Jamaica.nDoes Cuba have any territorial disputes?nCuba claims to own Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States controls the area and uses it as a military base and prison. A treaty in 1903 gave the U.S. the right to rent the land from Cuba. But today, Cuba says that it had no choice but to accept the treaty. It wants the United States to leave the area and does not accept the rent money sent by the United States each year..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Senator Larsen cannot't empathize with low low-income constituents because he went to an elite university. However, Senator to an elite university does't necessarily mean that canre not of touch. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to mow the lawn is 40 minutes.n40 hours is too slow..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Scratches's observable version of the fur type trait is curly fur. So, Scratches's phenotype for the fur type trait is curly fur..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is South..",
-        "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The -food restaurant is in column 2..",
-        "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..",
-        "Solution: Des Moines is the capital of Iowa..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. The state flooded the town during the storm is a complete sentence. The subject is the river, and the verb is flooded..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.nEach vase and bowl in Ashley's collection of handmade pottery is unique. The colors and designs reflect both her cultural heritage and her individual artistic style.nThe first text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: unique or unusual. Ashley' a unique young, not unique be be the of thea kind. is be  to identify that Ashleya unique is not or someone olderedverb.ashe the unique young or different, or very unique.to is not not used intraditionally.nAsheley's collection of handmade pottery was featured in last week's edition of the Weston Journal, which identified her as \"one of the most unique young artists to debut this year.\"nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The tow truck pulls the car. The direction of the pull is toward the tow truck..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Brittany wants or needs:nThe maple tree will use up more space than the poppies would have used up..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Arctic Ocean..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with white spots or solid coloring, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the coat pattern trait. The question tells you that the a allele, which is for white spots, is recessive to the A allele, which is for solid coloring.nWhite spots is the recessive allele's version of the coat pattern trait. A cow with the recessive version of the coat pattern trait must have only recessive alleles for the coat pattern gene. So, offspring with white spots must have the genotype AAa.nAll are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype aa.nAll, coloring is the rece or",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. An icicle is a solid. A icicle can be into But it you icicle explode still, it will a size and shape of its own..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA is a color.nThis color is blue. The  and the baseballoch are are not blue.nA fragilebouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. All three objects are bouncy.nBlue fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. The of the objects are fragile.nThe property that all three objects have in common is fragilebouncy..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the leaf-mimic katydid.nThe leaf-mimic katydid has a green body-shaped body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe blue mantis has a green body-shaped body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves.nThe blue poison dart frog has ly colored skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the Sumatran orangutan.nThe Sumatran orangutan has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees. The Sumatran orangutan uses its long fingers and toes to hold on to branches while climbing.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Grebare-eared squirrel monkey has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees.nThe Grevy's zebra has long feetofed feet. It is not adapted for climbing trees. The Grevy's zebra uses its feet to walk and run..",
-        "Solution: Providence is the capital of Rhode Island..",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nBirds have the following traits:nThey have feathers.nThey have wings.nThey have a beak.nThey make eggs with shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA barnnow has the following traits:nIt has fins. not limbs.nIt has eggs with no shells.nA barnnow does not have all of the traits of a bird. A minnow is a fish.nA barn owl has the following traits:nIt has feathers.nIt has wings.nIt has a beak.nIt makes eggs with shells.nA barn owl does the traits of a bird. A barn owl is a bird..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A taiga is a type of ecosystem. Taigas have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, soil evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, Mount Rainier National Park has short, cold winters. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Richmond is the capital of Virginia..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play basketball. Instead, some people learn how to play basketball. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing basketball is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: A simple is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of an independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction or.nThe might be excited by all of the people and activity in Tokyo, or it might be a bit overwhelming..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: Topeka is the capital of Kansas..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nMany crops are grown in California's Central Valley. Thick fog often fills the valley during the cold winter months.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of fog cover in California valley Valley. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015n To table tells you that Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are the planets made mainly of rock. So these planets, Earth has the volume with the largest exponent. So, Earth is the largest planet that is made mainly of rock..",
-        "Solution: All living things need made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A hockey puck is not a living thing.nYlkey pucks do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nA swing is a living thing.nYeast grow grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. AnYy yeast grows  up of many one cell. plants of yeast are are made and They types cells are a small, thin skin.nA swingman is not a living thing.nS swingman does not have all of traits of a living thing. It does madea like a snow. it does not need food ornS swing set is not a living thing.nSwing sets do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two drops of honey are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder drop of honey has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom see eye to eye suggests that Mr. and Mrs. Chandler usually agree. When you see eye to eye with someone, you usually their opinion..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that thea pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of the Nile River is 6,850 kilometers.n6,850 centimeters is too short..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Dr. Sutton is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Candle wax does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, candle wax is not a mineral..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Milford. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: When two organisms of different species interact in a way that affects one or both organisms, they form a symbiotic relationship. The word symbiosis comes from a Greek word that means living together. Scientists define types of symbiotic relationships based on how each organism is affected.nThis table lists three common types of symbiotic relationships. It shows how each organism is affected in each type of symbiotic relationship.nType of symbiotic relationship | Organism of one species... | Organism of the other species...nCommensal | benefits | is not significantly affectednMutualistic | benefits | benefitsnParasitic | benefits | is harmed (but not usually killed) When  Alcon blue caterpillar lives with a Myrmica ant nest, the caterpillar mimic food and water from So, the caterpillar benefits from its relationship with the ants.nThe ants receive and protect the caterpillar when of other ants in the nest. So, the caterants benefit notharmed by the relationship with the caterpillar.nTheince the caterpillar benefits, the caterants are harmed, a commeic relationship is formed when an Alcon blue caterpillar lives in a Myrmica ant nest..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Emma Hammond cannot't understand rural, blue-collar workers because she is  with  urban newspaper. However, the Emma works doesn't necessarily mean anything about her ability to understandathize. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: When you write, you can use sensory details. These sense words help your reader understand what something looks, sounds, tastes, smells, or feels like.nSensory Category | DescriptionnSight | These are words like bright, clean, and purple. A reader can imagine looking at these details.nSound | These are words like sing, buzzing, and ringing. A reader can imagine hearing these details.nSoaste | These are words like, sweet, and burnt. A reader can imagine tasting these details.nSmell | These are words like fruity, sweet, and stinky. A reader can imagine smelling these details.nTouch | These are words like fruit, wet, and soft. A reader can imagine feeling these details.nMany sense words can describe more than one sense. For example, soft can describe a touch or a sound. For sweet can describe a smell or a smell.nLook at the picture.nThe word poppingchirping describes the sound these birds make.nQuacking and qu can also describe the.. they do not describe the sounds these birds make..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the Namaqua chameleon.nThe Namaqua chameleon has sand-colored scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Europeanhorned viper has sand-colored scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert.nThe European green lizard has whites green body brown, and brown body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert..",
-        "Solution: Richmond is the capital of Virginia..",
-        "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant.nIn this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables.nThe amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others.nThe number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A westernkay gecko is a fishtile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nToy geckos have  teeth on their toes. The pads help them swim trees plants and rocks.nA water buffalo is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nWater buffaloes live near the. They of raise water buffaloes in their milk.nA western toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA waterhorse is a rep. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nSeahorses  near shallow water warm water. They lay walk their tails to swim on to plants or.",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences run have been run together without appropriate punctuation.nAccording to a 2008 study, hog farms across five counties in eastern North Carolina produce more than fifteen million tons of manure every year, creating a waste management challenge of epic proportions for county officials..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince escape is between the guide words equal - everyday, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses contractional language (was bunch of random everyday peoplenThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution A has Solution B have the same number of blue particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a bathtub is 320 millliters.n320 milliliters is too little..",
-        "Solution: Boston is the capital of Massachusetts..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts Island..",
-        "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A comet moth is an insect. Like other insects, a comet moth does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.nA tokay gecko is a fishtile. Like other reptiles, a tokay gecko does a backbone..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Joehe Joe enjoyed the casserole,  he would have asked it. However, Joe may have enjoyed the casserole because asking a second serving. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilta false dichotomy..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Norma never lying the truth because she told she never lies. However, even \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People humans are born with five fingers on each hand. So, having five fingers is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nMammals have the following traits:nThey feed their offspring milk.nThey have fur or hair.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA harvestnow has the following traits:nIt spend fins. not limbs.nIt has eggs with no shells.nA minnow does not have all of the traits of a mammal. A minnow is a fish.nA harvest mouse has the following traits:nIt feeds its offspring milk.nIt has fur.nA harvest mouse has the traits of a mammal. A harvest mouse is a mammal..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the great egret.nThe great egret has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still. This allows the great egret to grab the prey without scaring it away.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe great blue heron has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still.nThe frigatebird has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Atlanta, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Ftlanta has a rainy season and a dry season.\" is incorrect.nCh average monthly precipitation does not change much throughout the year. So month has, and there is  dry season.nChoice \"Pre is wetter than March.\" is incorrect.nTheetter months have a higher average monthlyation than Marcharier months. So has a rain we average precipit precipitation than March., Atlanta has not wetter than March..nTheoice \"Precipitation does not change much from month to month in Atlanta.\" is incorrect.nThe average monthly precipitation does only slightly throughout the year..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The fire mall is in column 4..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article article should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A article should be in quotation marks.nThe correct title is \"To Help a Shy Child, Listen.\".",
-        "Solution: This country is Palau..",
-        "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A red-eyed tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nA white stork is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three baked potatoes have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 40\u00b0C potato is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.nA bump object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. None of the objects are soft.nA bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. All three objects are bumpy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is bumpy..",
-        "Solution: The a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words on is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is Hop on Pop..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nSo full I could explode is an exaggeration, since it is impossible that the speaker is already actually full danger of explodeexploding..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince platform is between the guide words perfect - polo, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nShaking up salad dressing is a physical change. The salad parts mix together, but they are still made of the same type of matter.nBreaking a piece of glass is a physical change. The glass gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to ride a bicycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a bicycle is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. The four objects are fragile.nA can see clearly through a transparent object. The   is the  bowlsk are not, but the glass bowlcup is not.nSugar has a sweet taste. The  tea cup is the glassicecle are not sweet.nThe property that all four objects have in common is fragile..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words to is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is \"Mother to Son.\".",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nThe thermometer and the cough syrup are in the medicine cabinet next to the cotton balls..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People humans are born with five toes on each foot. So, having five toes is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince nimble is not between the guide words nation - next, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Preston Clare's heavy baggage is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion catch-22 is literature.nJoseph Heller coined the term \"catch-22\" in his 1961 novel of the same name. In the novel, if an army pilot wants to avoid dangerous missions, he must be deemed mentally unfit, however, his desire to stay safe proves his resolvesanity, so he can never be excused from a mission. Heller called this sort of predicament or dilemma a catch-22.nThe allusion catch-22 means a no-win situation..",
-        "Solution: Look passage tell that jumping spiders are their food in anothera web way.. jump onto flies and other bugs..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Illinois is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A prairie grassland is a type of ecosystem. Prairie grasslands have the following features: warm summers and cool winters, a medium amount of rain, and soil that is rich in nutrients. So, the following statement describes the Buffalo Gap National Grassland ecosystem: hot summers and cool winters, a medium amount of rain, and soil that is rich in nutrients. It has warma medium amount of rain. The following statements do not describe Buffalo Gap National Grassland: hot summers and cool winters, a medium amount of rain, and soil that is rich in nutrients. It has cold winters and cool summers. It has  rain..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the glass marbles are smoother. If marbles are not feel rough or bumpy. you touch glass..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluboron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether carbon tetrachloride is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that a molecule of carbon tetrachloride is composed of two carbon atom and one chlorine atoms bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that carbon tetrachloride is composed of two chemical elements: chlorine and chlorine. Since carbon tetrachloride is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, carbon tetrachloride is a compound..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Falstaffian is Shakespeare.nSir John Falstaff, a characteral character in the of Shakespeare Shakespeare's plays, is known for his cheerful sociability and  off-color humor.nThe allusion Falstaffian means characterized by aoviality and enjoyment of food and drink..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to research or observation.nGeorgeapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThe statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThe statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact.nTheour is a physical discipline that involves getting from one point to another while navigating obstacles along the way.nIt can be proved by reading  article about Parkour trainingnThe first sentence states an opinion.nThe greatest benefit of Parkour training is that it teaches people to see obstacles and challenges as opportunities.nThe first benefit shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what Park is anour.s greatest beneficial thing challenging...",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could used without its antecedent.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Theym has been replaced with academic advisers.nBefore Jake decided on a double major in history and Russian literature, he talked to academic advisers about the requirements for each major..",
-        "Solution: Words are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.ndesk: short enkit / ten: short i / short enAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.ngo: long onhe / ro: long e / long onSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.nsky: long inba / by: long a / long e The word so ends with a consel sound has a short vowel sound. So, it has  open syllable..",
-        "Solution: There substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether propane is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for propane is C3H8. This formula contains one symbols: C for hydrogen and H for hydrogen. So, the formula tells you that propane is made of one chemical elements bonded together.nSubstances",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Looking objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA fragile object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. None three objects are hard.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. The   fragile fragile.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The diamond and not bouncy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is hard..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs quiet as a jackhammer suggests that the snoring is loud. A jackhammer is not quiet, and neither is Mr. Burton's snoring..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Quartz has all the properties of a mineral. So, quartz is a mineral..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Antarctica. It does not intersect North America or North America..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. Heli air in a fishbowl is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour water into a fishbowl into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space.nA hair clip is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If can bend a hair clip to hold your hair in of your hair. it hair clip will its shape.nA air inside a raft is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. A air inside a raft wills to fill  the space inside the raft. If you leaks out, the will expand into the space around the raft. ButnAlium is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. Aum is  than air. If, heli air put a space with heli",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nChheese is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nFheese is made by humans. But minerals are not made by living things.nSo, cheese is not a mineral.nChluorite is a mineral.nChrysotile is a mineral.",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Alvin's observable version of the eye color trait is brown eyes. So, Alvin's phenotype for the eye color trait is brown eyes..",
-        "Solution: The colony is South.nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. Chocolate tort clip is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A can bend a hair clip to hold your hair clip of your hair. it hair clip keeps its shape.nA tort shoe is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A youa balletr wears a ballet shoe, the will break a size. But it ballet shoes still has a size and shape of its own.nAoiceate syrup is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour chocolate syrup into a different, the chocolate syrup will take the shape of that container. But the chocolate syrup will still take up the same amount of space.nThe tortoise shell is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If solidoise shell is made of a solid. aatin. or like  hair.ails",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the cow.nThe cow has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter. The flat jaws can help the cow reach grass and grass. The flat teeth can help it cut and grind up the food into soft pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe silkzebra has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter.nThe silky anteater has a long jaw-shaped mouth and no teeth. Its mouth is not adapted to eat plant matter. The silky anteater uses its mouth to  insects out of holes and burrows..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBaking an apple pie is a chemical change. The type of matter in the pie changes when it is baked. The crust turns brown and but the crust turn soft.nMaking jam is a chemical change. The changes mixing together and sugar, and sugara different called ctin.nSte you ingredients are mixed, baked, the type bonds in their molecules do broken. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. make up the jam.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBh changes are caused by heating.n",
-        "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A common toad is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a common toad does a backbone.nA weaver ant is an insect. Like other insects, a weaver ant does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover..",
-        "Solution: A word sentence is  simple sentence. It has madea sentence clause clause.ntheenry Bacon's design of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., won him a gold medal from the American Institute of Architects.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a fish out of water suggests that Brody felt out of place. A fish out of water is someone out of his or her usual, comfortable environment..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each vial increased, which means that the thermal energy of each vial increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each vial..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion nose is growing suggests that Lauren was lying. In the story of Pinocchio, when Pinocchio lies, his nose grows longer..",
-        "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Acrochordus granulatus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.nAcrochordus granulatus is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that marine file snake is the common name..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution:  the environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of communities.nAn organism is  individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a community.nMultiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community.nTogether, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the  sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words curl and curlhurl rhyme. They both end with the i sound.nThe word hurl does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: People around the world live in four main kinds of places: urban areas, suburban areas, and rural areas.nAn urban area is a city. It has many people and businesses. The buildings are close to each other. The buildings are often taller have many floors. The there are so many people, traffic is usually bad. People will walk or take the bus, train, or subway to avoid traffic.nA suburban area, or suburb, is near a city. It is quieter and less crowded than an urban area. People usually live in houses with yards. Most people drive to get places.nA suburban area is less crowded than  urban and suburban areas. Peoples are much tall spread out. People usually have to drive to get places. People in rural areas often live on farms or ranches.nA places, like  towns, are't really fit into any of the types. A small town does not have as many people as  urban area, so it has more people than a suburban area. It is not near a city. so it is not near a suburb.. most are many people, rural areas, it suburb are usually taller than Peopleer can be up people than.",
-        "Solution: As of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence.nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man.nStatements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact. can be verified by lookingobserving two and similar  average average innDry Valleys, Antarctica, is the driest place on Earth, followed by Arica, Chile.nThe second sentence states an opinion.bearable shows ana personal judgment.nThe cold, sunless winter months in Dry Valleys, Antarctica, are unbearable..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The  balls is flexible, but the waterice cream rink is not.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. All four objects are smooth.nThe can see clearly through a transparent object. The  and the  are transparent transparent.nThe property that all four objects have in common is smooth..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion turn the other cheek is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Jesus counsels his followers to resist retaliation. He says that if they are struck on the right cheek, they shouldn't lash out. instead, they shouldn turn the other cheek toward their attacker.nThe allusion turn the other cheek means to respond without aggression..",
-        "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..",
-        "Solution: There substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether potassium nitrate is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for potassium nitrate is KNO3. This formula contains one symbols: KNO potassium and K for Na, and N for oxygen. So, the formula tells you that potassium nitrate",
-        "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..",
-        "Solution: Barry wanted broccoli in his lunch and Mona was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nBarry has tomatoes. Mona has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Sebastian is pulling on the suitcase. So, Newton's third law tells you that the suitcase is pulling on Sebastian..",
-        "Solution: Augusta is the capital of Maine..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Chandler wants or needs:nChhadler will give up the chance to eat the praline pecan ice cream. He likes this flavor more than caramel swirl..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Antarctic..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of an independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction but.nThe trek across New Zealand's South Island is exhausting, but the gorgeous views make it worth the effort..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince won is not between the guide words white - win, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion David and Goliath is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Davida man man named David andtrieslays Goliath, a man of  warrior, in his more than a sling and a spear.nThe allusion David and Goliath means a twoqual rivals..",
-        "Solution: This country is the Feder Islands.nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Jekyll and Hyde is literature.nInert Louis Stevenson's novel novel novella Je. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde tells the story of a man with two distinct personalities. Known to the world as a kind and dangerous respected doctor,  night he transforms into a personstrous person.nThe allusion Jekyll and Hyde means  and cruel..",
-        "Solution: Helena is the capital of Montana..",
-        "Solution: Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food.nThe food chain begins with the producer. A producer can change matter that is not food into food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. Carbon dioxide and water are not food, but sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other organisms. There can be several kinds of consumers in a food chain:nA primary consumer eats producers. The word primary tells you that this is the first consumer in a food chain.nA secondary consumer eats primary consumers. The word secondary tells you that this is the second consumer in a food chain.nA toptertiary consumer eats secondary consumers. The word tertiary tells you that this is the third consumer in a food chain.nA top consumer is the animal at the top of a food chain. Food chains can have different numbers of organisms. For example, when there are four organisms in the chain, the top consumer is the tertiary consumer. But if there are five organisms in the chain, the top consumer eats the tertiary consumer! In this food chain, the brown trout is a secondary consumer because it eats a primary consumer because The primary consumer in this food chain is the -...",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour rainwater into a different, the rainwater will take the shape of that bucket. But the rainwater will still take up the same amount of space.nA air inside a soccer ball is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. A air insides all the space inside the soccer ball. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the ball.nA air inside a soccer is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. A air inside a bubble expands all the space around the bubble. If air bubble expands, the air will expand into fill a space larger space.nAir slide is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A slide can a size and shape of its own. but though you push on it. If",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses contractional language (real quick).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.nBeep represents the sound of tells the caller to return recording a message..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses contractional language (real quick).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to fly across the United States in an airplane is 5 hours.n5 minutes is too slow..",
-        "Solution: Rosa Parks wasgrew up in the Midwest.nTheosa Parks wasgrew up in the South of the. She was the the Midwest.. at Rosa map below for",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the caribou.nThe the winter, the caribou has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The caribou uses its fur to keep warm in cold weather.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe snowy owl has skina thick coat of feathers covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.nThe naked mole rat has thin skin covering its body. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two wax candles are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter wax candle has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Carcharodon carcharias is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.nCarcharodon carcharias is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that great white shark is the common name..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to bake. Instead, many people learn how to bake. So, baking is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People humans are born with five toes on each foot. So, having five toes is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..",
-        "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:nThe feather fossil is in a deeperer layer in the rock sequence than the ginkgo leaf fossil. So, the feather fossil is most likely younger than the ginkgo leaf fossil..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between Herman and the center of Earth changed.nThe summit of the mountain was higher than the point where Herman started hiking. As he hiked toward the summit, the distance between Herman and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Herman and Earth increased as he hiked toward the summit..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nLlby and her sisters drew a map of the United States and hung it on the wall..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nAuscovite is a mineral.nA shark's tooth is made by a living thing. But minerals are not made by living things.nSo shark's tooth is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nCh, a shark's tooth is not a mineral.nChry",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. LooknSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the spatula.nThe spatula is made of two different materials. The handle is made of metal, and the handle is made of metal..",
-        "Solution: Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:nThey are solid.nThey are formed in nature.nThey are not made by living things.nThey are not pure substances. Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.nMar marble is made by humans. But rocks are not made by living things.nSo, a marble is not a rock.nDoble is a rock.nSolerite is a rock..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince looked is between the guide words like - lumber, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to ride a motorcycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a motorcycle is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the Arctic wolf.nDuring Arctic wolf has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The Arctic wolf uses its fur to keep warm in cold weather.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nDuring the winter, the Eurasian lynx has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.nThe Amazon milk frog has mois skin stickyt skin. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nWater freezing into ice is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The water changes from solid to liquid. But  ice is still made of the same type of matter as the liquid water.nBending a paper clip is a physical change. The you bend it, the paper clip will a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nWater change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither freezing is caused by cooling.. bending a paper clip is not.",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, rest. The verb endss you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a gray body or a golden body, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the body color trait. The question tells you that the b allele, which is for a golden body, is recessive to the B allele, which is for a gray body.nA gray body is the dominant allele's version of the body color trait. A guppy with the dominant version of the body color trait must have at least one dominant allele for the body color gene. So, offspring with a gray body must have the genotype BB or Bb.nAll are  boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype BB or Bb.",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSomewhat destroyed is a contradiction, because somewhat means somewhat or completelyly, and destroyed implies completely wrecked..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A air inside a balloon is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. A air inside a balloon expands to fill all the space inside the balloon. If air balloon iss, the air will expand to fill alla space larger space.nApe juice is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour grape juice into a different container, the grape juice will take the shape of that container. But the grape juice will still take up the same amount of space.nA screwdriver is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If meansdriver will a size handle and a shape handle. But the and plastic handle solids..nA hammer is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A hammer is  of  and. A metal and wood are solids..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Digby has two alleles for short fur (F). So, Digby's genotype for the fur length gene is FF..",
-        "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Helen's foot is pushing on the gas pedal. So, Newton's third law tells you that the gas pedal is pushing on Helen's foot..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Todd should't be class president because he reads romance novels for fun. However is a personal attack that Todd' isn't relevant to whether he should be classa class class president. However illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the barracuda.nThe barracuda has largea large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat. The barraccuda uses its large to cut up the into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe starry moray has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat.nThe seahorse haseat sea, thin mouth. Its mouth is not adapted for tearing through meat. The",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm summer wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, the following statement describe the Catoctin Mountain Park ecosystem: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. It has soil, wet summers and cold, wet winters. It has soil that is rich in nutrients. The following statement does not describe Catoctin Mountain Park: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. It has many different types of trees..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Kentucky is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. FactnThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The first sentence states a fact.nBirds are the only living animals that have feathers.nIt can be proved by looking a book about birds.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nPeacock feathers can make any room look fancy.nFancy shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes  fancy fancy..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA stretch object will break into pieces if you drop it. The  band and stretch fragile.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The four objects are stretchy.nA lemon has a sour taste. The ice marshmallow is not sour.nThe property that all four objects have in common is stretchy..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Nerium oleander is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells..",
-        "Solution: Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs. A seaspotted dolphin is a fishmmal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nDolphins live live like dolphins, other fish, but they are fish. a dolphin dolphin is born, it has hair around its neck. hair is out of  dolphin swim.nA can tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nF are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs lay very small. They can walk on thin branches.nA can ocean sunfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nScean sunfish live s large, and long,s. They can have underwater the ocean tos surface to look. water water.nA cane toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads live not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: warm-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the following statement describes the Kaeng Krachan National Park ecosystem: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. It has soil different types of organisms. The following statements do not describe Kaeng Krachan National Park: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. It has mostly that is rich in nutrients. It has mostly small plants..",
-        "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..",
-        "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A porcbug is  insect. Like other insects, a ladybug does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.nA porcupine is a birdmmal. Like other mammals, a porcupine has a backbone..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nAs Dale sat",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Delaware Hampshire is farthest east..",
-        "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nDeafening silence is a contradiction, because deafening describes something that loud, and silence is the absence of sound..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a leather belt is 30 inches.n30 feet, 30 yards, and 30 miles are all too long..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Knitting yarn into a scarf is a physical change. The yarn gets a different shape. but it is still made of the same type of matter..",
-        "Solution: A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0.nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F). Fahrenheit is one scale used to measure temperature.nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.nThere is a Fahrenheit scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 80 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 80\u00b0F. Find the top of the red liquid.nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid lines up with 80. So, the temperature is 110\u00b0F..",
-        "Solution: Baton Rouge is the capital of Louisiana..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbliteration, which repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nThey mysteries of the moon illustrates the soundsreasked..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Oklahoma is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the bilberry.TherenThe arrows to the collarlichen. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bilberry to the earthlichen. TherenThe arrows to the earth sedge. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bilberry to the collar sedge. TherenThe are two pathsarrows pointing to the earthed lemming. There arrow starts from the collar sedge. and the other arrow starts from the lichen. TheNeither the  sedge nor the lichen is any arrow pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bilberry to the earthed lemming..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nAalcopyrite is a mineral.nAartrtz is a mineral.nA shark's tooth is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nSo, a shark's tooth is not a mineral..",
-        "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, read. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a drinking straw is 25 millimeters.n25 millimeters, too short. 25 meters and 25 kilometers are too long..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses ana paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nNobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded at first appears to be contradictory, because if no one goes to the restaurant, then the restaurant should be empty, not crowded. However, it contains some truth: if a restaurant is too perceived to be too crowded, many people will no longer want to go there..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Hartford is the capital of Connecticut..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the box that is heavier.nA box holding 40 pounds is heavier than a box holding 30 pounds. So, the box holding 40 pounds needs a larger force to start moving upward at the same speed as the other box..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each bicycle moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each bicycle moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each bicycle moved for 10 hours. The bicycle that moved 115 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that bicycle must have moved at the lowest speed..",
-        "Solution: Ex exoskeleton is a hardsleton that covers not an an animal's body.. thets and  plantsslies, have oskeletons.. an are up they changeeatt and decay blood bonesoskeletons..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. FactnThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The second sentence states a fact.nGo modern sport of golf developed in Scotland in the late 1400 s.nIt can be proved by looking a history about golf modern of golf.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nGogolf is possibly the dumbest sport that was ever invented.nDumbest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what is dumbest.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBreaking a plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.nCutting your fingernails is a physical change. The fingernails are not after you cut them. But each pieces are still made of the same type of matter as the originalcut fingernails.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Mississippi is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three fish tanks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 66\u00b0F fish tank is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: All living things need made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A is not a living thing.nAain is  up one. uses living things stay and Rain it does not grow all of traits of a living thing. It does not grow or respond food or ItnA swing is nota living thing.nButterflies do and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Rainflies do made up of many cells.nButterflies are made. They need their food from sunlighttar,nA swing is not a living thing.nCrayons do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nA swing set is not a living thing.nSwing sets do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A cas turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nBox turtles live live in be over 100 years old!nA cas howler is a repmmal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nBoxlerss are fur  and but barkls. They loud can be heard by 100 miles away!nA casflamingo is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nFlamingos live near groups groups called A groups are called groupss.nA cassowary is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nCassowaries live large. but they cannot fly! They can walk very fast..",
-        "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that the park funding was responsible for litter increase in littering. However, even though littering increased, the was parks increased increased, that doesn't necessarily mean that the increase was responsible. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.nThe baker split the cookie in half, and crumbs fell to the floor..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..",
-        "Solution: Madison is the capital of Wisconsin..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spidey sense is a comic book.nIn comic book  Spider-Man reveals a spidey sense, makess him of dangerpending danger.nThe allusion spidey sense means a vague of danger...",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Coach danced for hours we were tired is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: We danced for hours and We were tired..",
-        "Solution: Look at the map. shows ancient Egypt. other ancient civilizations.nThen ancientientistss around the eastle River. Civil ancient civilizations started started along the. Look example, ancient Egyptopotamia civilizations started along the Nigris river beganphrates.s. which Egyptdus and civilizations started along the Nidus River. which many Egypt civilizations along the  and thetze riverss. Look",
-        "Solution: Tallahassee is the capital of Florida..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each refrigerator increased, which means that the thermal energy of each refrigerator increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each refrigerator..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a dose of cough syrup is 5 milliliters.n5 liters is too little..",
-        "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Cybister sugillatus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. SonSo, Cybister sugillatus is the scientific name..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that ferrets are wonderful companion. because they people are keeping ferr. However, even though ferr people are ferrets, that doesn't necessarily mean that theyets are wonderful companion. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People humans are born with five toes on each foot. So, having five toes is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **The Wizard of Oz**..",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.n Saweving a log in half is a physical change. The log getss into two pieces. But each pieces are still made of the same type of matter asnStretching a rubber band is a physical change. The rubber band gets longer after But it is still made of the same type of matter as the.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: The colony is New Jersey..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to ride a bicycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a bicycle is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a school bus is 14 kilometers.n14 kilometers is too long..",
-        "Solution: Montgomery is the capital of Alabama..",
-        "Solution: Plant cells are made up of many different parts. Each cell part has a function that helps the cell survive and grow.nSome cell parts are called organelles. Organelles are cell structures that are surrounded by their own membranes. The are some of the organelles in plant cells:nChloroplasts and  are together to make the cell survive the energy it needs. The oplasts use photosynthesis to make sugar. The  break down sugar sugar and release energy that the cell can use for other of its activities.nThe cleus storess cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The cleus contains instructions called chromosomes. The chromosomes are made mostly of editary material called DNA. DNA contains information that the cell uses for growth and activities. The instructions tell ribosomes how to build molecules called proteins that which make up cell structures and help chemical reactions happen in the cell.nThe oplasmic reticulum is  organelle made helps ribosomes build proteins. The endcleus sends instructions for making proteins that ribosomes. Ribosomes can attach to the endoplasmmic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes use these instructions to make proteins that the cell needs to survive and grow.nThe proteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, they can be transferred to the Golgi. The Golgi send  organelle made up of many, flexibleinsulated membranes. The Golgi helps and packages proteins and other substances. The Go, the Golgi sends these substances to different parts of the cell. These of these substances are sent to the cell membrane and stored from the cell.nThe plant cells, the Gocuole stores waste and water, and nutrients. as sugar. The plant cells have one vacuole. ThenThether cell parts are not surrounded by  own membranes. The cell parts are not elles.nThe cell wall is  cell's main outer covering. It helps the cell strength and stiffness. stiff the cell keep its shape..nThe the outside of the cell wall is thea thin layer called the cell wall. It layer is a thin. but it does not have a",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of an ice skate is 34 metersimeters.n34 meters and 34 kilometers are both too long..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Looking objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA stretch object keeps not change shape when pressed or squeezed. None of the objects are hard.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. All three objects are stretchy.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. The of the objects are fragile.nThe property that all three objects have in common is fragiley..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The icepron is not.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The apron is not rough..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Sidney wants or needs:nSidney will give up the chance to eat the vanilla custard. Sidney thinks vanilla custard would have tasted better than string cheese will..",
-        "Solution: During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her grammar and mechanics by fixing run-on sentences.nFor example, the writer could replace the sentence the underlined sentences-on sentences into two sentences sentences.nWhen I'm asked to name my favorite teacher, I immediately think of Mr. Sweeney. In fifth grade, Mr. Sweeney taught us all about architecture he had the class start by learning to measure things very accurately. We studied environmentally friendly building methods, and we designed and built our own homes of the future. Mr. Sweeney was always fun and interesting, he believed that we could do more than we thought we could do. He helped me break boundaries in my life, he was a positive influence on me and will always be one of the most inspirational people in my life..",
-        "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. An empty cup is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nIf you empty ana cup, milk, the cup will has  own...",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence..",
-        "Solution: People form governments because the main reasons.nGovernments are together with rules, rules rules, to differenta certain. Thes can people people from. People example,  laws are it difficult to drive. PeoplenPeoplews can be you how to do together. how disputess. People can Because about howa law of. soccer. A rules tell people people how to play.. example, the can that team is be the ball. they is over of bounds..s can because same way. a group. People",
-        "Solution: The colony is Rhode..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. Chalk is a solid. A can bend break chalk into pieces. each piece will still have a size and shape of its own.",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nWhere Darnel lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.nThis passage tells you about the usual precipitation where Darnel lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Arkansas is farthest south..",
-        "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..",
-        "Solution: Conifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce?nConifers can grow male and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when wind blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. After pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.nThe seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. A seed can germinate and grow into a new plant.nThe new plant can grow male cone female cones. The a seed does not grow into a female cone. a female cone..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night. The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe simile like the parched earth during a drought suggests that Emma's hands were dry and cracked. A drought is a period without rain, the ground during a drought can become hard and cracked..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses anaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nSr Simpsons the words one want, the beginning of each sentence..",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nAmphibians have the following traits:nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.nThey have moist skin.nThey make eggs with no shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA rough-skinned newt has the following traits:nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.nIt has moist skin.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA rough-skinned newt does the traits of an amphibian. A rough-skinned newt is an amphibian.nA Bengal tiger has the following traits:nIt feeds its offspring milk.nAt has black.nA Bengal tiger does not have all of the traits of an amphibian. A Bengal tiger is a mammal..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A sea otter is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nA barn owl is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA bumpbouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The  and the  are are not bouncy.nA bump object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. All of the objects are shiny.nA bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. All three objects are bumpy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is bumpy..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The four objects are stretchy.nA can see clearly through a transparent object. The of the objects are transparent.nA shiny object reflects lighta lot of light. The can see see clearly reflection in a shiny object. The  hat and shiny shiny.nThe property that all four objects have in common is shinyy..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nBetween jobs is an indirect way of saying unemployed..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses anapostrophe, ana direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nR wind, a direct address to wind wind, anda windhuman entity..",
-        "Solution: An environment is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A wetland is a type of ecosystem. Wetlands have the following features: land that is covered with water during most of the year, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only organism-s.. So, the Pantanal has soil that is covered with water during most of the year. It also has only that is rich in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that the Shahs' house is pizza pizza is  because they house is messy. However is a personal attack that isn't relevant to whether the Shah is valid. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, join. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince bit is not the guide words base - bury, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North..",
-        "Solution: Helena is the capital of Montana..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a paintbrush is 12 inches.n12 feet, 12 yards, and 12 miles are all too long..",
-        "Solution: Poetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.nLittle Betty Blue,nLost her holiday shoe.n\u2014From Mother GoosenInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.n\u2014From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.nHe watches from his mountain walls,nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.n\u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.nHe verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.nThe  bridge has a wrinkled face.nHe bends his backnFor us to go over.n\u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.nHepetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.nIn inty flying squirrelnIn vest of shining white,nIn coat of silver gray,nAnd vest of shining white.n\u2014Adapte",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses contractionbreviations language ( ASAPP).nThe second sentence does not use abbreviated language, so it is more formal overall.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion an albatross around her neck is a poem.nIn  Taylor Coleridge's poem \"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,\" a sailor kills and kills an albatross, an  that kills the ship and crew. The the crew members die, the marine Mariner feels his guilt hanging like the albatross around his neck.nThe allusion an albatross around her neck means a burden a person must bear..",
-        "Solution: The a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words and is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is Better Homes and Gardens..",
-        "Solution: This state is Georgia..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two glasses of grape juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 25\u00b0C glass of grape juice is colder than the 25\u00b0C glass of grape juice, it has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a cement truck is 24 tons.n24 ounces and 24 pounds are both too light..",
-        "Solution: The plants have flowers. These plants can use their flowers to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do plants use their flowers to reproduce?nFirst, the male part of the flower makes pollen, and the female part makes eggs. Animals, wind, or water can move pollen. Pollination is what happens when pollen is moved to the female part of the flower.nAfter pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with the eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds. The fruit grows around the seeds. Later, a seed can fall out of the fruit. It can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. The make seeds. a flower is pollinated,  cells from the pollen can with the. This new called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.nThe fruit grows grow into the seeds. The the fruit does not make seeds. It the fruit and the seeds grow into the of the plant..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A painted stork is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nStorks dode in shallow water to look for food. Storks eat fish, insects, andworms, and other small animals.nA red kangaroo is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nRangaroos live to hunt around. St use their tail bes to their while hopping..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Every living thing needs food to stay alive. Living things get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how living things in an ecosystem get their food.nProducers make their own food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. This sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other living things. Consumers cannot make their own food. In this food chain, the amphipod is a consumer because it eats another living thing. The amphipod in this food chain eats the am..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A palmate newt's scientific name is Lissotriton helveticus. The first word of its scientific name is Lissotriton.nAmissotriton vulgaris is in the genus Lissotriton. The first word of its scientific name is Lissotriton. So, Lissotriton vulgaris and Lissotriton helveticus are in the same genus.nTaricha torosa is in the genus Taricha. The first word of its scientific name is Taricha. So, Taricha torosa and Lissotriton helveticus are not in the same genus..nAmbystoma opacum is in the genus Ambystoma. The first word of its scientific name is Ambystoma. So, Ambystoma opacum and Lissotriton helveticus are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Louie's observable version of the cheek color trait is pale orange cheeks. So, Louie's phenotype for the cheek color trait is pale orange cheeks..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with vestigial wings or normal wings, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the wing type trait. The question tells you that the n allele, which is for vestigial wings, is recessive to the N allele, which is for normal wings.nVestigial wings is the recessive allele's version of the wing type trait. A fruit fly with the recessive version of the wing type trait must have only recessive alleles for the wing type gene. So, offspring with vestigial wings must have the genotype nn.nThere are  boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype",
-        "Solution: Ethan wanted broccoli in his lunch and Irma was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nEthan has tomatoes. Irma has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince parent is not between the guide words president - public, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nPhotosynthesis is a chemical change. Thes use their, carbon dioxide, water, and energy from sunlight. ThisnAal turning into shiny over time is called tarnishing. A penny tarnishing is a chemical change. The the touches the penny, the chemical of the penny changes from a different type of matter. matter makes the penny dull.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Instead, children get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Shelby's hair color is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nMammals have the following traits:nThey feed their offspring milk.nThey have fur or hair.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA barn manatee has the following traits:nIt feeds its offspring milk.nIt has hair.nA barn manatee does the traits of a mammal. A Florida manatee is a mammal.nA barn owl has the following traits:nIt has feathers.nIt has wings.nIt has a beak.nIt has eggs with shells.nA barn owl does not have all of the traits of a mammal. A barn owl is a ma..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick has 70\u00b0F has half as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two bricks are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder brick has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nGlared at him suggests that it bothered Keith that the essay wasn't finished. The essay was  a person who is bothering Keith..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the elementary idium bromide.nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether calcium oxide is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that calcium oxide is composed of two atoms and carbon oxideatoms bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that calcium oxide is composed of only chemical elements: oxygen and calcium. Since calcium oxide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, calcium oxide is a compound..",
-        "Solution: Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together, or compacted, to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by very high temperature and pressure. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. PPhyllite is ana metamorphic rock. Like other metamorphic rocks, it forms when a rock is changed by high temperature and pressure.nHeat and pressure can change the type and arrangement of minerals in a rock. This change forms a new rock with different properties. PhPhyllite can form when  metamorphic rocks are changed by heat and pressure..late is a type with is change into allite..",
-        "Solution: Helena is the capital of Montana..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the common loon.nThe common loon has a short, thin beak. a sharp tip. Its beak is adapted to catch fish. The common loon uses dive its beak to grab its pre water of a fish underwater. can dive catch a fish by bbing it with its beak.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe European kingfisher has a long, straight beak. a sharp tip. Its beak is adapted to catch fish.nThe European robin has a short, thin beak. Its beak is not adapted to catch fish. The European robin uses its beak to eat plants and small small vertebrates..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nOn average, the coldest month in Hof, Iceland, is January.nThis passage tells you about the usual temperature pattern in Hof. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Antarctica..",
-        "Solution: When a scientist identifies a new organism, he or she chooses its scientific name.nSometimes, an organism is named after the place where it was first found. Other times, an organism is named after the scientist who first identified it. Or, the scientific name might describe the organism's physical traits.nMany of the words that make up scientific names are based on words from old languages, like Latin and classical Greek. Sometimes, English words are changed to make them sound more like Latin or Greek. The new words are then used in an organism's scientific name. The organism's scientific name refers to Georg Wilhelm Steller.nThe word stelleri refers to Georg Wilhelm Steller. So, the Steller's jay's scientific name is Cyanocitta critelleri..",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second announcement is more formal. It uses more elevated language (pleased to announce). The other announcement sounds more conversational (so happy)..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.nJasmine adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundreds of years old.nThe second text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). The bridge is not, but it is not actually a million years old.nJasmine adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundredsa million years old.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The  bowl is scratch scratchy.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. The ceramic plate is fragile..",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. Grilling a hamburger is a physical change. The from the grill causes the matter in the hamburger to change. Theed meat is raw meat are made types of matter..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A other spiderfishes, a moon jellyfish is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has ana soft body.nA commonor bean tick is an insect. Like other insects, a castor bean tick is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA commonworm is a fishworm. Like other worms, a fireworm is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has ana soft body.nA common ostrich is a bird. Like other birds, ana common ostrich is ana vertebrate. It has a backbone..",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second letter opening is more formal. It uses the recipient's personal title and last name. The other opening uses the recipient's first name, suggesting a more familiar relationship..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. LooknSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the shoes.nThe shoes are made of two different materials. The soles are made of leather, and the soles are made of rubber..",
-        "Solution: This country is the.nDoes Haiti have any territorial disputes?nHaiti claims to own Navassa Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nNavassa Island is also claimed by the United States. The United States claimed the island in 1857 and has controlled it since then. But Haiti considers the island part of its territory and has protested the United States' claim since this time. No one lives on the island. Today, it is a nature preserve..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of blue particles..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Cairo, look at the graph.nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Sul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jep\" is incorrect.nCh has an average monthly precipitation of about 15 millimeters. This is higher than in any other month. So, January is the wettest month on average..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A flyyak is ana birdmmal. Like other mammals, a yak is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA Sur is  insect. Like other insects, a fly is  invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA Surafowl is a bird. Like other birds, a peafowl is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA Surinam horned frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a Surinam horned frog is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Erin must be recklessa reckless driver, because her brother is recklessa reckless driver. However, even though Erin's brother is reckless, that doesn't necessarily mean that Erin is reckless too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a warm swimming pool is 25\u00b0C.n25\u00b0F is too cold..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Silvergrove. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down..",
-        "Solution: Dover is the capital of Delaware..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Falstaffian is Shakespeare.nSir John Falstaff, a characteral character in the of Shakespeare Shakespeare's plays, is known for his cheerful sociability and sometimes off-color humor.nThe allusion Falstaffian means characterized by characterizedoviality and enjoyment of food and drink..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Bingo's observable version of the wool color trait is black wool. So, Bingo's phenotype for the wool color trait is black wool..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to calculus or trigonometry.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with calculus.nDave went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended calculus..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Stretch examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the nylon shorts would stretch more. If you pull on nylon of of a nylon of nylon fabrics, it will get longer..",
-        "Solution: tration and centr to separate materialss from theira mixture mixture well moves through a funnel. Centr",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a soda bottle cap is 12 iliters.n12 liters is too little..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The cucumber plant has two alleles for bumpy fruit (F). So, the plant's genotype for the fruit texture gene is FF..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A saturn butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a saturn butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA  earthworm is a worm. Like other worms, an earthworm is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has ana soft body.nAike other octopuses, a giant octopus is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has ana soft body.nA robin is a bird. Like other birds, a robin is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to by research or observation.nGeorge Washington became president of the United States in 1789.nThis statement is a fact. It can be proved by researching what year George Washington was inaugurated president.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be supported by evidence, but it cannot be proved true.nGeorge Washington was a better president than Thomas Jefferson.nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" president, so the statement cannot be proved. The second sentence states a fact.nAustralia is a continent in the Southern Hemisphere.nIt can be proved by looking out hard a map-nThe first sentence states an opinion.nIt can hard to understand Australian people's accents.nHard to what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes an accent hard to understand..",
-        "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether picking apples is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs picking apples something you can touch? Yes.nIs picking apples a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, picking apples is a service..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Virginia.nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Baton Rouge is the capital of Louisiana..",
-        "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant.nIn this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables.nThe amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others.nThe number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment..",
-        "Solution: A flower growss good.nA bird can come in many colors.nA bird grows in a garden..",
-        "Solution: A organism's genes contain information about its proteins. Each gene encodes, or contains the instructions for making, one protein or a group of proteins.nA permanent change in a gene is called a mutation. Because a mutation changes a gene, the mutation may change the structure of the protein encoded by that gene.nThe function of a protein depends on its structure. So, if a mutation in a gene changes a protein's structure, the mutation may also change the protein's function.nAn organism's observable traits are affected by the functions of its proteins. So, a gene mutation that affects a protein's function may also affect an organism's observable traits. A mutation in a gene may affect the protein it encodes.nSo, the mutation in the KRT13 gene affected the structure and function of the keratin protein..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that the course's Advanced Computer Science class is the reason why major to major in computer science. However course  that the students the students take take the course do to to their course. This, the course is not't necessarily the reason why are not. This example, the course who take the Advanced computer, not have taking in computer in in computer science. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt causation..",
-        "Solution: This country is Dominica..",
-        "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europe..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A gold green toad is  amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA goldfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nGoldfish live fish in pets in many countries... have first introduced in pets by the in the China.",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence iss a question and ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Kansas Jersey is farthest east..",
-        "Solution: This country is Antigua and Barbuda..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nWhere Nicole lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.nThis passage tells you about the usual precipitation where Nicole lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in balloona balloon is  a gas. Heli helium in balloons is a liquid. A gas expands to fill a space.nThe helium in balloons iss to fill  the space in the balloons. But youheli balloon expands, the helium will expand into fill alla space larger space..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Kimi, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Kimi down with a force of 600 N.nThe seat of the cart is pushing Kimi up with a force of 1,200 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Kimi..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Austin is the capital of Texas..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A red-eyed tree frog is  amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nA rabbit is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nIt was clear and sunny yesterday on the Croatian coast.nThis passage tells you about the ons cloud cover on the Croatia. Croatia. It passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBaking cookies is a chemical change. The are made from the dough. Buting cookies into dough dough into cookies. But cookie are stilla different type of matter than the cookie.nRust forming on a metal gate is a chemical change. Ru the gate rusts, the metal turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is formeddish-brown and falls apart easily.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeitheraking is caused by heating. But rust forming on a metal gate is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that giving are two reasons of students who good and don don study the  test to givinga test. because bad students won don't study. for  material to giving test. However, even is doesnly suggestss the validity of students' study because things situations. This example,  may be one good who don be thea they gave a test. because that would't. thea they did't. anya test. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilta false dichotomy..",
-        "Solution: This state is Indiana..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth changed.nDalle was lower than the balcony. As the water balloon fell toward Dale, the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth decreased as the water balloon fell toward Dale..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.nJoel took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. Chocolate syrup is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nIf you pour chocolate syrup into a different, the chocolate syrup will take the shape of that container. But the chocolate syrup will still take up the same amount of space..",
-        "Solution: This country is Saint Kitts and Nevis..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Antarctic America..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North America..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince presidentach is between the guide words pad - poison, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Illinois is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Asia..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The bulldozer pushes loose loose dirt out The direction of the push is away from the bulldozer..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Amy is explains the difference between cattle and buffalo is a complete sentence. The subject is Amy book, and the verb is explains.."
-    ],
-    "labels": [
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses apostrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nO goddess is a direct address to a goddess, a nonhuman entity..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: The colony is New Hampshire.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince dozen is not between the guide words daddy - definition, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince stockade is between the guide words shot - suit, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the lichen.nNo arrow points to the bilberry. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the lichen to the bilberry..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to bake lasagna in the oven is 33 minutes.n33 hours is too slow..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nGenuine imitation is a contradiction, because genuine means real, and imitation means fake or synthetic..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCompost forms from the remains of plants and animals, such as vegetable scraps and egg shells. Compost rotting is a chemical change. As the compost rots, it breaks down and turns into a different type of matter.nA piece of apple turning brown is a chemical change. The apple reacts with oxygen in the air and turns into a different type of matter.nIf you scrape off the brown layer of the apple, the inside is still white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change didn't happen to that part of the apple.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a woolly fleece or a hairy fleece, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the fleece type trait. The question tells you that the F allele, which is for a hairy fleece, is dominant over the f allele, which is for a woolly fleece.nA woolly fleece is the recessive allele's version of the fleece type trait. A sheep with the recessive version of the fleece type trait must have only recessive alleles for the fleece type gene. So, offspring with a woolly fleece must have the genotype ff.nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nAn opaque object does not let light through. All three objects are opaque.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The tortoise shell and the basketball are not slippery.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. The crown is shiny, but the basketball is not.nThe property that all three objects have in common is opaque..",
-        "Solution: World War I started in the summer of 1914. The two main sides of World War I were the Allied powers and Central powers. The table below shows the most important countries on each side at the beginning of the war.nOriginally, many people believed that the war would be over quickly. The people on each side believed that their armies could win the war easily. One popular saying during the time was that the war would be \"over by Christmas.\"nThe Allied powers and Central powers were almost equally matched in resources and strength. Both sides used modern weapons and technology. Because of the matched resources and new technology, World War I was deadlier than past wars. It ended up lasting four long years..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that Jupiter is the largest planet and that Jupiter is made mainly of gas. So, the largest planet is made mainly of gas..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Primary consumers eat producers. So, in a food web, primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.nThe rotifer has an arrow pointing to it from the green algae. The green algae is a producer, so the rotifer is a primary consumer.nThe copepod has an arrow pointing to it from the golden algae. The golden algae is a producer, so the copepod is a primary consumer.nThe black crappie has arrows pointing to it from the water flea, the rotifer, and the shiner. None of these organisms is a produce, so the black crappie is not a primary consumer.nThe bacteria have arrows pointing to them from the copepod and the shiner. Neither the copepod nor the shiner is a producer, so the bacteria are not primary consumers..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the Daintree rain forest has year-round rain. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: Dover is the capital of Delaware..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to knit. Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Maine is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince inherit is between the guide words imitate - iron, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Greta wanted broccoli in her lunch and Allie was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nGreta has tomatoes. Allie has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince streak is not between the guide words serpent - skirt, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nButter melting on a hot day is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The butter changes from solid to liquid, but it is still made of the same type of matter.nMixing sand and water is a physical change. Adding water makes the sand wet. But both the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nButter melting on a hot day is caused by heating. But mixing sand and water is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. An oak tree is a plant. It can have thick branches.nAcorns grow on oak trees. Acorns are small nuts with a seed inside.nAn orca is an animal. It swims in the ocean.nOrcas are also called killer whales. They hunt fish and other animals that live in the ocean..",
-        "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. A prudent leader has a more positive connotation. Prudent and cowardly both denote avoiding risks or danger. However, prudent suggests someone is wisely cautious, while cowardly suggests someone lacks bravery..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Asia..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince bruise is between the guide words blush - buffalo, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a cold, rainy day is 45\u00b0F.n45\u00b0C is too hot..",
-        "Solution: Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land. A Chinese alligator is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nAlligators live in and around water. They can live near ponds, rivers, marshes, and lakes.nAn eastern newt is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nSome newts live in water. Other newts live on land but lay their eggs in water.nA grass frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.nA California toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town. The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe metaphor all religions, arts, and sciences are branches of the same tree suggests that all religions, arts, and sciences are related. Those areas grow out of shared human motivations, just as the branches of a single tree grow from a shared trunk..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the path.nThe path is made of bricks..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. An ostrich is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nThe ostrich is the largest bird alive today. Ostriches cannot fly, but they can run very fast.nA cane toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words wife and life rhyme. They both end with the ife sound.nThe word hide does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0.nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F). Fahrenheit is one scale used to measure temperature.nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.nThere is a Fahrenheit scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 80 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 80\u00b0F. Find the top of the red liquid.nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid lines up with 100. So, the temperature is 100\u00b0F..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. The toothpaste is sticky, but the soccer shorts and the water slide are not.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. All three objects are blue.nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The water slide is hard, but the toothpaste and the soccer shorts are not.nThe property that all three objects have in common is blue..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a hiking trail is 4 kilometers.n4 millimeters, 4 centimeters, and 4 meters are all too short..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince glow is between the guide words garage - goose, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant.nIn this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables.nThe amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others.nThe number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment..",
-        "Solution: Jackson is the capital of Mississippi..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The pea plant has two alleles for a tall stem (H). So, the plant's genotype for the stem height gene is HH..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. The melted marshmallow is not blue.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The melted marshmallow is stretchy..",
-        "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Darnel is pushing on the wheelchair. So, Newton's third law tells you that the wheelchair is pushing on Darnel..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a warm grilled cheese sandwich is 55\u00b0C.n55\u00b0F is too cold..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a hiking trail is 5 kilometers.n5 meters is too short..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Rafflesia arnoldii is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with smooth fruit or fuzzy fruit, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the fruit texture trait. The question tells you that the F allele, which is for smooth fruit, is dominant over the f allele, which is for fuzzy fruit.nSmooth fruit is the dominant allele's version of the fruit texture trait. A tomato plant with the dominant version of the fruit texture trait must have at least one dominant allele for the fruit texture gene. So, offspring with smooth fruit must have the genotype FF or Ff.nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype FF or Ff.nFuzzy fruit is the recessive allele",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nDry ice is solid carbon dioxide. When dry ice gets warm, it changes state and becomes carbon dioxide gas. This change of state, from solid to gas, is called sublimation.nDry ice becoming a gas is a physical change. A change of state does not form a different type of matter.nBurning a marshmallow is a chemical change. The heat from the fire causes the type of matter in the marshmallow to change. The marshmallow becomes black and crispy.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nDry ice sublimating is a physical change. But burning a marshmallow is not.nBoth are chemical changes.nBurning a marshmallow is a chemical change. But dry ice sublimating is not.",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three meatballs have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 139\u00b0F meatball is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **The Lion and the Mouse**..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.nDust particles around nine nearby stars may have been caused by long-ago collisions between melting comets and asteroids..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.nMia",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. Like other tarantulas, a red-kneed tarantula is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA bull ant is an insect. Like other insects, a bull ant is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA chinchilla is a mammal. Like other mammals, a chinchilla is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA comet moth is an insect. Like other insects, a comet moth is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..",
-        "Solution: Hartford is the capital of Connecticut..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two cherry pies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 100\u00b0F pie is hotter than the 85\u00b0F pie, it has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, learns. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the following statement describes the Yasuni National Park ecosystem: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. It has many different types of organisms. The following statements do not describe Yasuni National Park: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. It has mostly small plants. It has soil that is rich in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. All three objects are fragile.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. None of the objects are yellow.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. None of the objects are bouncy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is fragile..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Jordan wants or needs:nJordan will give up the chance to look at the magnolia tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the chrysanthemums..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..",
-        "Solution: Words are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.ndesk: short enkit / ten: short i / short enAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.ngo: long onhe / ro: long e / long onSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.nsky: long inba / by: long a / long e The word me ends with a vowel and has a long vowel sound. So, it has an open syllable..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A pink-backed pelican's scientific name is Pelecanus rufescens.nPelecanus rufescens has the same scientific name as a pink-backed pelican. So, these organisms are in the same species.nBalearica pavonina does not have the same scientific name as a pink-backed pelican. So, Pelecanus rufescens and Balearica pavonina are not in the same species.nTyto alba does not have the same scientific name as a pink-backed pelican. So, Pelecanus rufescens and Tyto alba are not in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion to an ark suggests that Lacey thinks the storm will cause major flooding. In the Bible, it rains for forty days and forty nights; Noah, his family, and animals of every species survive the great flood in an ark that he builds..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses understatement, which involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nRather a gloom is an understatement, since a visit from Death would presumably ruin an evening..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of an eyedropper is 5 milliliters.n5 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: Boston is the capital of Massachusetts..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the Arctic wolf.nThis Arctic wolf has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nDuring the winter, the short-tailed weasel has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.nThe common hawk-cuckoo has a gray head, a gray-and-brown back, and a white belly with a gray-and-brown pattern. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in the snow..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Trojan horse is Greek mythology.nIn Greek mythology, the Greek army tricks the Trojan army into taking a large wooden horse into their carefully guarded city. The horse turns out to be filled with Greek warriors who, once inside the city of Troy, open the gates to the Greek army waiting outside.nThe allusion Trojan horse means a deceptive or harmful offering..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Goliath heron's scientific name is Ardea goliath. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.nArdea herodias is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea herodias and Ardea goliath are in the same genus.nFalco sparverius is in the genus Falco. The first word of its scientific name is Falco. So, Falco sparverius and Ardea goliath are not in the same genus.nTigrisoma mexicanum is in the genus Tigrisoma. The first word of its scientific name is Tigrisoma. So, Tigrisoma mexicanum and Ardea goliath are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: This country is Saint Lucia..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nIn June, Bridget and Max will graduate with honors from Lowell High School..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a warm, sunny day is 26\u00b0C.n26\u00b0F is too cold..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Bumpy is a property. A bumpy material is covered in lumps and bumps. It is not flat or smooth.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the bark is bumpier. If you could touch this tree bark, it would feel lumpy and bumpy..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Fromia monilis is an animal. Animal cells cannot make their own food. Animals get their food by digesting other organisms..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nTambor Beach is located in Costa Rica, a country in Central America. A temperature of 84\u00b0F was measured at Tambor Beach on Friday.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the temperature at Tambor Beach on Friday. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Writers can organize their ideas in different ways. These ways of organizing writing are called text structures. When you can tell how a text is organized, it's easier to understand how the writer's ideas go together. You can also use these text structures to organize your own writing.n | Text structure | Where you might find it | Words and phrases to look fornA sequential structure tells you about events that happen in a certain order. | a recipe for how to make a blueberry pie | first, until, second, after, next, then, before, finally, duringnA cause-effect structure shows the causes and the effects, or results, of an event. | an essay about how recycling helps the environment | because, led to, since, as a result, due to, so, reasonnA problem-solution structure explains a problem and offers possible solutions. | an article about ways to get more people to vote | issue, suggest, question, puzzle, fix, answernA compare-contrast structure shows how two (or more) things are the same or different. | a chapter about the differences between whales and sharks | like, unlike, too, on the other hand, both, while, same, instead, common, different, as well as, howevernA descriptive structure tells you a list of details about an object, scene, or topic. | a paragraph about what Tyrannosaurus rex looked like| for example, near, for instance beside, such as, most important, also The text uses a cause-effect structure to show what happens if you watch too much television. In the text, certain words and phrases help to organize ideas in a cause-effect structure. Notice the phrase results in and the words makes, means, and because..",
-        "Solution: This country is Nauru..",
-        "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Associationnfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokespersonnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenemphasize that the product is a financially wise choicenanticipate and refute potential counterclaimsnAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathos, or emotion, by evoking feelings of parental love and concern..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Pablo is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the orange oakleaf butterfly.nThe orange oakleaf butterfly has a brown leaf-shaped body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Surinam horned frog has orange-and-brown skin. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color.nThe strawberry poison frog has brightly colored skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.nPlop represents the sound of the phone landing in the toilet..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 2 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince nature is not between the guide words neither - nuisance, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Achilles's heel is Greek mythology.nIn Greek mythology, Achilles's mother dips him in a river that protects his body wherever it touches. His heel does not get wet, so it is the one part of his body left unprotected. During the Trojan War, an arrow hits Achilles in the heel and kills him.nThe allusion Achilles's heel means a sole weakness..",
-        "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a metaphor:nThe tired boy was a slow turtle.nThe words boy and turtle are compared without the word like or as.nThis sentence uses a simile:nThe tired boy was as slow as a turtle.nThe words boy and turtle are compared using the word as..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.nAs a geneticist, Suzie dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.nThe first text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.nAs a geneticist, Suzie enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.nImpossible to put down means that the book is so good that it is hard to stop reading. The phrase impossible to put down is also a joke about anti-gravity: if gravity pulls things down, perhaps anti-gravity does the opposite and makes them impossible to put down..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs comfortable as a bed of nails shows verbal irony because sitting on nails would not be comfortable..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A and Solution B have the same number of green particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..",
-        "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Argema mittrei is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.nSo, Argema mittrei is the scientific name..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. None of the objects are fuzzy.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. All three objects are smooth.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. None of the objects are stretchy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is smooth..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Asia..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. New Hampshire is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to go for a walk with a dog is 13 minutes.n13 seconds is too fast..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two drops of honey are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the drop of honey with more thermal energy has a higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the flamingo.nLong legs help the flamingo keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Eurasian spoonbill has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.nThe kookaburra has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The kookaburra uses its legs to walk and perch..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nThere are usually more days with low air pressure than high air pressure where Martha lives.nAir pressure is caused by the weight of the air in the atmosphere. When the air pressure is low, the sky is usually cloudy. When the air pressure is high, the sky is usually clear.nThis passage tells you about the usual pattern of air pressure where Martha lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Material that is carried by wind, water, or ice is called sediment. Sand and mud are examples of sediment. Sediment may be deposited, or laid down, in places such as deserts and the ocean floor.nOver time, sediment can be pressed together to form sedimentary rock. You can observe a sedimentary rock to learn about the environment in which the sediment was deposited.nEach type of sediment forms a different sedimentary rock. Here are some examples of sedimentary rocks:nSandstone forms from sand. Sand is usually deposited by wind in deserts and by water on beaches.nShale and mudstone form from mud. Mud is often deposited at the bottom of oceans and deep lakes.nLimestone forms from sediment made mostly of the shells of marine organisms. This type of sediment is often deposited in the ocean near coral reefs.nConglomerate forms from sediment of many different sizes, such as mud, sand, pebbles, and boulders. This type of sediment is usually carried by glaciers and fast-flowing rivers. The sediment can be deposited when a glacier melts or a river starts moving more slowly. Sandstone is likely to form from sediment deposited in a desert.nShale forms from layers of mud. Mud is usually deposited by water. Since deserts are dry environments, mud is rarely found in deserts..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words wife and life rhyme. They both end with the ife sound.nThe word swim does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Peter Pan is literature.nIn a J. M. Barrie novel, the character Peter Pan retreats to Neverland and refuses to grow up.nThe allusion Peter Pan means a person who won't take on adult responsibilities..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two mugs of cocoa have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 155\u00b0F mug of cocoa is hotter than the 115\u00b0F mug of cocoa, it has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Ken, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Ken down with a force of 400 N.nThe diving board is pushing Ken up with a force of 400 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Ken..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nA million dollars is an exaggeration, since it is unlikely that a laptop would actually cost a million dollars..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Each force acts on an object in a certain direction. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, they are called opposing forces. Find the direction Rusty pulls on the toy.nTwo dogs, Rusty and Coco, play with a toy. Think about two of the forces that act on the toy:nCoco pulls toward herself.nRusty pulls away from Coco.nThe text tells you that Rusty pulls away from Coco. The opposite direction is toward Coco. So, the direction of the opposing force is toward Coco..",
-        "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..",
-        "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 18 miles.n18 inches and 18 yards are both too short..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the backpack that is heavier.nA backpack carrying 9 pounds is heavier than a backpack carrying 6 pounds. So, the backpack carrying 9 pounds needs to be pulled with a larger force to start rolling at the same speed as the other backpack..",
-        "Solution: Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes =",
-        "Solution: Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the article.nAbby was surprised when the article said that at least one-third of American adults get less than seven hours of sleep each night..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince radio is not between the guide words rescue - road, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Babies do not need to learn how to hear sounds. They are able to hear naturally. So, the ability to hear is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a pot of boiling water is 100\u00b0C.n100\u00b0F is too cold..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that increased park funding was responsible for an increase in littering. However, even though littering increased after funding to parks was increased, that doesn't necessarily mean that the funding was responsible. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation..",
-        "Solution: All substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent chemical bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element. Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if hydrogen is an elementary substance or a compound.nIn this model, both balls are labeled with H. So, the model shows you that hydrogen is made of one chemical element.nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. So, hydrogen is an elementary substance..",
-        "Solution: The colony is South Carolina..",
-        "Solution: Topeka is the capital of Kansas..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.nHe couldn't find the time means he didn't have enough time to go looking. It also suggests that he didn't manage to find his watch..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Maryland..",
-        "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nNever say never at first appears to be contradictory: by saying the phrase itself, you have already said never. However, it contains some truth: people often change their minds as they age and so should not rule anything out by saying never..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is South America..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a cold, snowy day is 22\u00b0F.n22\u00b0C is too hot..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the chimpanzee.nThe chimpanzee uses its long limbs to reach branches while climbing. It uses its fingers and toes to grab the branches.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe three-toed sloth has long limbs with fingers and toes. Its limbs are adapted for climbing trees.nThe sea turtle has flippers. Its limbs are not adapted for climbing trees. The sea turtle uses its flippers to swim underwater..",
-        "Solution: When two organisms of different species interact in a way that affects one or both organisms, they form a symbiotic relationship. The word symbiosis comes from a Greek word that means living together. Scientists define types of symbiotic relationships based on how each organism is affected.nThis table lists three common types of symbiotic relationships. It shows how each organism is affected in each type of symbiotic relationship.nType of symbiotic relationship | Organism of one species... | Organism of the other species...nCommensal | benefits | is not significantly affectednMutualistic | benefits | benefitsnParasitic | benefits | is harmed (but not usually killed) When a rat tapeworm attaches itself to a rat's intestine, the tapeworm gets nutrients that it needs to grow and survive. So, the tapeworm benefits from its relationship with the rat.nThe rat loses nutrients from its food to the tapeworm. So, the rat is harmed by its relationship with the tapeworm.nSince the tapeworm benefits and the rat is harmed, a parasitic relationship is formed when a rat tapeworm attaches itself to the intestine of a rat..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two blocks of iron have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 135\u00b0C block is hotter than the 110\u00b0C block, it has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nPotato chips have a salty taste. The honey and the chocolate milkshake are not salty.nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. All three objects are sticky.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. None of the objects are scratchy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is sticky..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nModels can make things in nature easier to understand. Models can be simpler than the things they represent. A food web is a model that shows where living things in an ecosystem get their food. If a food web showed every living thing in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some living things in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one living thing to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one living thing eats another living thing. An arrow starts from the living thing that is eaten. The arrow points to the living thing that is doing the eating.nA living thing in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the living thing is eaten by more than one other living thing in the food web.nA living thing in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the living thing eats more than one other living thing in the food web. Decomposers help break down dead living things into simpler matter, such as nutrients. These nutrients can then help plants and other living things grow. In a food web, there is an arrow pointing from another living thing to a decomposer. There are no arrows pointing from a decomposer to another living thing.nThe kelp has an arrow pointing from it. So, the kelp is not a decomposer.nThe bat star does not have arrows pointing from it to other living things. So, the bat star is a decomposer..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! The properties of marble match the properties of a rock. So, marble is a rock..",
-        "Solution: All substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent chemical bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element. Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if ethane is an elementary substance or a compound.nIn this model, each ball is labeled with C for carbon or H for hydrogen. So, the model shows you that ethane is made of two chemical elements bonded together.nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, ethane is a compound..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Chop doesn't belong.nBlend, mix, and stir all describe ways to combine things..",
-        "Solution: Providence is the capital of Rhode Island..",
-        "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Gavia immer is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.nSo, Gavia immer is the scientific name..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Oregon is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince pink is between the guide words parrot - property, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.nRonald shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nThe second text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.nRonald shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. All three objects are yellow.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The rubber toys and the gold nugget are not slippery.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.nThe property that all three objects have in common is yellow..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A taiga is a type of ecosystem. Taigas have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the following statements describe the Cape Breton Highlands National Park ecosystem: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has long, cold winters and short, cool summers. It has many evergreen trees. The following statement does not describe Cape Breton Highlands National Park: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has soil that is rich in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince nor is not between the guide words nap - neither, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the lichen.nThe bilberry does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the lichen to the bilberry.There are two paths matter can take from the lichen to the mushroom: lichen->barren-ground caribou->mushroom. lichen->barren-ground caribou->grizzly bear->mushroom. brown lemming. The brown lemming has two arrows pointing to it. These arrows start from the bear sedge and the bilberry. Neither the bear sedge nor the bilberry has any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the lichen to the brown lemming.. short-tailed weasel. The only arrow pointing to the short-tailed weasel starts from the brown lemming. The brown lemming has two arrows pointing to it. These arrows start from the bear sedge and the bilberry",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word complained. It describes the washing machine as if it were a grumpy, overworked person..",
-        "Solution: The colony is New York.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Bryant wants or needs:nBryant will spend more money. Plane tickets for Bryant to get to Connecticut are more expensive than tickets to Iowa..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to her scooter or Mr. McDowell's car.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the scooter.nWhen Becky parked her scooter next to Mr. McDowell's car, she noticed that the scooter had a flat tire..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the common nighthawk.nA short, thin beak is light and easy to move. The common nighthawk uses its beak to grab fast-moving insects while flying.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe barn swallow has a short, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to catch insects.nThe hanging parrot has a small hooked beak. Its beak is not adapted to catch insects. The hanging parrot uses its beak to eat fruit and seeds..",
-        "Solution: Benjamin Franklin helped write the Declaration of Independence in 1776. So, he must have been born before then. The choice 1656 is too early. He would've been over 100 years old in 1776! So, the correct choice is 1706..",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nCrustaceans have the following traits:nThey have two pairs of antennae.nThey have an exoskeleton.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nAn earthworm has the following traits:nIt has a soft, cylindrical body.nIt has no limbs.nIt is made up of segments.nAn earthworm does not have all of the traits of a crustacean. An earthworm is a segmented worm.nA blue crab has the following traits:nIt has two pairs of antennae.nIt has an exoskeleton.nA blue crab has the traits of a crustacean. A blue crab is a crustacean..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Hartford is the capital of Connecticut..",
-        "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! The properties of dolerite match the properties of a rock. So, dolerite is a rock..",
-        "Solution: Evidence is information that tells you something happened.nHow do you look for evidence of a change to Earth's surface?nThere are many ways to find evidence of a change to Earth's surface. One way is to look at a picture that was taken after the change.nHere are some examples of what the evidence for different changes might be:nCause of the change | Evidence of the changenearthquake | cracks in the ground; houses with broken walls and roofsnvolcanic eruption | melted rock on Earth's surface; smoke coming out of a hole in the groundnerosion | a canyon with a river flowing through it; a river carrying sand and mudnBe careful when you are looking for evidence!nA picture of Earth's surface can contain a lot of information. Some of that information might be evidence of a change to the surface, but some of it is not!nFor example, a picture taken after an earthquake might show a blue sky. But the color of the sky is not evidence of an earthquake. So, that information is not evidence that an earthquake happened.n.",
-        "Solution: According to the Seventh Amendment, the jury has the final say in deciding who wins a court case. The judge is usually not allowed to change a jury's decision. A jury is a group of regular citizens who listen to a trial. Then they decide together which side is right. In the United States, juries are supposed to come from the area where the crime or disagreement took place. Most trial juries have between 6 and 12 people, called jurors. If you are an American citizen, you may be asked to be on a jury someday! Part of the text of the Seventh Amendment is below. What kind of trials does the amendment talk about? In suits at common law...the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Mia wants or needs:nMia will give up the chance to wear the costume she is more excited about..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction although.nAlthough she left her house early, Cara barely made it to the train station in time..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses disinterested in its traditional sense: unbiased or impartial.nAs a teacher of American history, Mr. McDowell tries to remain disinterested when discussing controversial issues, giving equal attention and consideration to each major viewpoint.nThe second text uses disinterested in its nontraditional sense: uninterested or indifferent.nAs an experienced teacher of American history, Mr. McDowell believes that playing history-based trivia games will revive even the most disinterested of students.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word disinterested because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The first sentence states a fact.nFelipe VI is the king of Spain.nIt can be proved by looking in a book about the government of Spain.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nIt is bad for a country to have a king or queen.nBad shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about whether something is good or bad..",
-        "Solution: Austen wanted broccoli in his lunch and Naomi was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nAusten has tomatoes. Naomi has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Icarus is Greek mythology.nIn Greek mythology, Icarus's father Daedalus built wings for his son but warned him not to fly too high. Too excited to heed his father's advice, Icarus flew so close to the sun that his wings melted and he fell from the sky.nThe allusion Icarus means an overconfident person who ignores his or her limitations..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nWell-fed is an indirect way of saying overweight..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Consumers eat other organisms. So, there are arrows in a food web that point from other organisms to consumers.nThe mushroom has arrows pointing to it from the barren-ground caribou and the grizzly bear. So, the mushroom is a consumer.nThe lichen does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the lichen is a producer, not a consumer..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of pink particles..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. In the story, a giant hid a bag of gold and jewels is a complete sentence. The subject is a giant, and the verb is hid..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air inside of a freezer is 15\u00b0F.n15\u00b0C is too hot..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Casanova is history.nThe autobiography of Giovanni Giacomo Casanova, an eighteenth-century Italian adventurer, details and perhaps exaggerates his amorous adventures and success with women.nThe allusion Casanova means a womanizer..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses alliteration, the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nClasps the crag with crooked hands repeats the c sound..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that nuclear power plants are a threat to world safety because they use the same process as nuclear bombs. However, this is not evidence that nuclear power plants are a threat to world stability. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two basketballs are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter basketball has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nIt was partly cloudy in the Canary Islands last Tuesday.nThis passage tells you about the cloud cover over the Canary Islands last Tuesday. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: This country is Haiti.nDoes Haiti have any territorial disputes?nHaiti claims to own Navassa Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nNavassa Island is also claimed by the United States. The United States claimed the island in 1857 and has controlled it since then. But Haiti considers the island part of its territory and has protested the United States' claim since this time. No one lives on the island. Today, it is a nature preserve..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words of and and are not important, so they should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is The Adventures of Chuck and Friends..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A and Solution B have the same number of green particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..",
-        "Solution: Every living thing needs food to stay alive. Living things get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how living things in an ecosystem get their food.nProducers make their own food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. This sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other living things. Consumers cannot make their own food. In this food chain, the yucca moth is a consumer because it eats another living thing. The yucca moth in this food chain eats the Mojave yucca..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion a rose by any other name is Shakespeare.nIn Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the two central characters are denied their love because they belong to warring families, the Montagues and Capulets. Juliet wonders how a mere family name can make someone an enemy, observing that a rose would smell sweet no matter what its name.nThe allusion a rose by any other name means something so special that what it's called seems unimportant..",
-        "Solution: Frankfort is the capital of Kentucky..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Polytrichum commune is a plant. Plant cells can make their own food. Plant cells make food using photosynthesis..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA slice of banana turning brown is a chemical change. The part of the banana in contact with the air reacts with oxygen and turns into a different type of matter.nCooking chicken is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the chicken to change. Cooked chicken and raw chicken are different types of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nCooking is caused by heating. But a slice of banana turning brown is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A brown tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nThere are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches.nA woodpecker is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nWoodpeckers have strong beaks. They use their beaks to drill into wood to hunt for food..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe correct title is The Fresno Bee..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words sob and job rhyme. They both end with the ob sound.nThe word bib does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that the speaker's bad experience downtown indicates that all people who live in cities are rude. However, the speaker's experience with a handful of people in one city does not necessarily reflect the behavior of all people in cities everywhere. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement that shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play tennis. Instead, some people learn how to play tennis. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing tennis is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: The Sixth Amendment says that all criminal trials must be speedy and public. It also says that anyone accused of a crime has the right to get help from a lawyer. A lawyer is a person trained in the law. If someone cannot afford to hire a lawyer, the government will pay for one. Usually these lawyers are called public defenders. There are more than 15,000 public defenders in the United States. They defend people in millions of criminal cases every year. Part of the text of the Sixth Amendment is below. Notice the phrases \"speedy and public trial\" and \"assistance of counsel.\" Does the text mention any other rules for trials? In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed...and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to slide down a slide is 3 seconds.n3 minutes is too slow..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the elementary substance zirconium.nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. The color of a ball represents a specific chemical element. The atomic symbol for that chemical element is shown in the legend. Use the model to determine whether beryllium is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.nIn the space-filling model shown above, all of the balls are the same color:n. The legend shows that light green represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol Be. So, the model shows you that beryllium is composed of one chemical element.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that beryllium is composed of only one chemical element. So, beryllium is an elementary substance..",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. An alligator is an animal. It eats other animals.nAlligators can live in ponds, rivers, marshes, and lakes.nA hippopotamus is an animal. It eats plants.nHippopotamuses keep cool by lying in mud or water.nIvy is a plant. It has green star-shaped leaves.nIvy is a climbing plant. It can grow up the sides of walls, trees, and rocks. But its roots grow in the ground.nA water buffalo is an animal. It eats plants.nWater buffalo live near water. They can live near rivers or swamps..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a passenger helicopter is 4 tons.n4 ounces and 4 pounds are both too light..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a kitchen sink is 13 gallons.n13 fluid ounces and 13 cups are both too little..",
-        "Solution: Boston is the capital of Massachusetts..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince come is between the guide words clover - cry, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.nTisha's little brother looked a little sick after eating mounds of candy and then going on the nauseous rides at the state fair.nThe first text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.nTisha's little brother looked a little nauseous after eating mounds of candy and then going on the dizzying rides at the state fair.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: When a scientist identifies a new organism, he or she chooses its scientific name.nSometimes, an organism is named after the place where it was first found. Other times, an organism is named after the scientist who first identified it. Or, the scientific name might describe the organism's physical traits.nMany of the words that make up scientific names are based on words from old languages, like Latin and classical Greek. Sometimes, English words are changed to make them sound more like Latin or Greek. The new words are then used in an organism's scientific name. This organism's scientific name refers to P. M. A. Morelet.nThe word moreletii refers to P. M. A. Morelet. So, the Morelet's crocodile's scientific name is Crocodylus moreletii..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOpen secret is a contradiction, because open describes something that is freely or publicly known, and a secret is hidden..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the flower vase.nThe flower vase is made of glass.nGlass is a clear, breakable material. If you knock over a glass flower vase, it might break..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (took, went).nThe second sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. Like other spiders, a trapdoor spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA birdwing butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a birdwing butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nLike other scorpions, a forest scorpion is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA wombat is a mammal. Like other mammals, a wombat is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: Topeka is the capital of Kansas..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. None of the objects are translucent.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. None of the objects are fragile.nAn opaque object does not let light through. All three objects are opaque.nThe property that all three objects have in common is opaque..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nTurner wants broccoli. Mona wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The fish bowl is transparent.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The fish bowl is not stretchy..",
-        "Solution: This country is Australia.nIs Australia a country or a continent?nBoth! Australia is a country in Oceania, a region made up of many lands and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Many people say that Australia is the world's smallest continent. But some people call Oceania a continent instead..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince slide is between the guide words satisfy - suggest, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince brilliant is between the guide words bookcase - burden, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nBlue Nile Falls is in Ethiopia. The winds in this part of Africa usually blow from the southeast.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual wind patterns at Blue Nile Falls. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the egg carton.nThe egg carton is made of styrofoam.nNot all egg cartons are made of styrofoam. Some egg cartons are made of soft, gray cardboard..",
-        "Solution: Tallahassee is the capital of Florida..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Uncle Jim is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: This country is Tuvalu..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a bottle of nail polish is 11 milliliters.n11 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. All three objects are shiny.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. None of the objects are fuzzy.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. None of the objects are blue.nThe property that all three objects have in common is shiny..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Maryland..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a cold glass of water is 3\u00b0C.n3\u00b0F is too cold..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA piece of pizza rotting is a chemical change. The matter in the pizza breaks down and slowly turns into a different type of matter.nBurning a candle is a chemical change. Both the wick and the melted wax burn. They react with oxygen in the air and turn into soot, carbon dioxide, and water.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBurning is caused by heating. But a piece of pizza rotting is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Louisiana is farthest east..",
-        "Solution: This country is Cuba.nDoes Cuba have any territorial disputes?nCuba claims to own Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States controls the area and uses it as a military base and prison. A treaty in 1903 gave the U.S. the right to rent the land from Cuba. But today, Cuba says that it had no choice but to accept the treaty. It wants the United States to leave the area and does not accept the rent money sent by the United States each year..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Temperature is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average temperature for each month. The average temperature can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA line graph can be used to show the average temperature each month. Months with higher dots on the graph have higher average temperatures. To describe the average temperature trends in Rome, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Apr\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.nThe average temperatures in July and August are around 23\u00b0C. These months have the highest average temperatures of all of the months. So, they are the hottest months on average..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Rhode Island..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Pygmalion is Greek mythology.nIn Greek mythology, Pygmalion was a king who fell in love with his sculpture of an ideal woman. The statue then came to life in answer to his prayer.nThe allusion Pygmalion means a person who becomes overly invested in his or her creation..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the cougar.nThe cougar has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat. The cougar uses its large mouth to grab its prey. It uses its sharp teeth to cut up the meat of the prey into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe tiger has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat.nThe marmot has large front teeth. It does not have sharp teeth. So, its mouth is not adapted to tear through meat. The marmot uses its mouth to gnaw on plant matter..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. The water in a sink is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nIf you move the water from a sink into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Gina must watch reality television, because her sister watches reality television. However, even though Gina's sister watches reality television, that doesn't necessarily mean that Gina does, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.nMia adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundreds of years old.nThe first text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). The bridge is old, but it is not actually a million years old.nMia adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally a million years old.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, harm. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nNeverland alludes to the story of Peter Pan, a boy who lived in Neverland and never grew up..",
-        "Solution: Annapolis is the capital of Maryland..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that a rise in video games has increased the number of PhD degrees in computer science. However, this isn't necessarily true. There could be common explanation for both increases. For example, increased access to computers could be responsible for both the rise in video games and the increase in computer science PhDs. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A short story should be in quotation marks.nThe correct title is \"Pigs Is Pigs.\".",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: This country is Palau..",
-        "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..",
-        "Solution: Trenton is the capital of New Jersey..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Decomposers help break down dead organisms into simpler matter, such as nutrients. These nutrients can then help plants and other organisms grow. In a food web, there is an arrow pointing from another organism to a decomposer. There are no arrows pointing from a decomposer to another organism.nThe water mold does not have arrows pointing from it to other organisms. So, the water mold is a decomposer.nThe bacteria do not have arrows pointing from them to other organisms. So, the bacteria are decomposers.nThe green algae has arrows pointing from it. So, the green algae is not a decomposer.nThe golden algae has an arrow pointing from it. So, the golden algae is not a decomposer..",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A giant water lily is a plant. It can grow big flowers.nGiant water lilies grow in the Amazon river in South America.nA chameleon is an animal. It walks and climbs.nChameleons can grab onto branches with their tails. This helps chameleons walk between tree tops..",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nReptiles have the following traits:nThey have scaly, waterproof skin.nThey make eggs with shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA common snapping turtle has the following traits:nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.nIt makes eggs with shells.nA common snapping turtle has the traits of a reptile. A common snapping turtle is a reptile.nA salmon has the following traits:nIt has fins, not limbs.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA salmon does not have all of the traits of a reptile. A salmon is a fish..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A North American beaver's scientific name is Castor canadensis. The first word of its scientific name is Castor.nCervus canadensis and Castor canadensis are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Cervus canadensis and Castor canadensis have the same species name within their genus, canadensis. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Cervus canadensis is in the genus Cervus, and Castor canadensis is in the genus Castor.nCastor fiber is in the genus Castor. The first word of its scientific name is Castor. So, Castor fiber and Castor canadensis are in the same genus.nGoura scheepmakeri is in the genus Goura. The first word of its scientific name is Goura. So, Goura scheepmakeri and Castor canadensis are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a hot day in the desert is 45\u00b0C.n45\u00b0F is too cold..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the polar bear.nThe polar bear has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nDuring the winter, the Arctic hare has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.nThe camel has sand-colored fur covering its skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in the snow..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: When two organisms of different species interact in a way that affects one or both organisms, they form a symbiotic relationship. The word symbiosis comes from a Greek word that means living together. Scientists define types of symbiotic relationships based on how each organism is affected.nThis table lists three common types of symbiotic relationships. It shows how each organism is affected in each type of symbiotic relationship.nType of symbiotic relationship | Organism of one species... | Organism of the other species...nCommensal | benefits | is not significantly affectednMutualistic | benefits | benefitsnParasitic | benefits | is harmed (but not usually killed) When a bristle worm lives on a white sea urchin, the worm is protected from predators by the sea urchin's sharp spines. So, the worm benefits from its relationship with the sea urchin.nThe sea urchin's ability to survive does not change when a worm lives on it. So, the sea urchin is not significantly affected by its relationship with the worm.nSince the worm benefits and the sea urchin is not significantly affected, a commensal relationship is formed when a bristle worm lives on a white sea urchin..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two baked potatoes have the same temperature and are made of the same type of matter. So, the baked potato with more mass has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nFits you well ironically suggests that the cap was too big. The cap was falling over Kinsley's eyes, so it didn't fit her well at all..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a hammer is 25 centimeters.n25 meters is too long..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Joe Di Maggio or Willie Mays.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. He has been replaced with Mays.nAccording to Rebecca, Willie Mays hit 660 career home runs, although Joe DiMaggio had a higher batting average. She said that Mays is her favorite player..",
-        "Solution: Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:nThey are solid.nThey are formed in nature.nThey are not made by living things.nThey are not pure substances. Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.nGranodiorite is a rock.nA brick is made in a factory. But all rocks are formed in nature.nSo, a brick is not a rock.nLimestone is a rock..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. He won't get lost I will give him directions is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: He won't get lost and I will give him directions..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The rain boots and the rubber duck are not rough.nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. The rain boots and the rubber duck are not sticky.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. All three objects are yellow.nThe property that all three objects have in common is yellow..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Delaware is farthest east..",
-        "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Carcharodon carcharias is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.nSo, Carcharodon carcharias is the scientific name..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Christchurch, look at the graph.nChoice \"Apr\" is incorrect.nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nMay has an average monthly precipitation of about 70 millimeters. This is higher than in any other month. So, May is the wettest month on average..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two mugs of cider are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the mug of cider with less thermal energy has a lower temperature..",
-        "Solution: Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land. An olive toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA great white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nGreat white sharks can live for up to 70 years.nA western gorilla is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nGorillas live in groups called troops. The largest male in the troop is usually the leader.nAn American alligator is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nAlligators live in and around water. They can live near ponds, rivers, marshes, and lakes..",
-        "Solution: A pet is an animal.nA pet lives with people.nYou have to feed a pet..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Ms. Thompson thinks algebra is useless because she would let students take statistics instead. However, Ms. Thompson only claimed that students should be allowed to take statistics instead of algebra. She did not suggest that algebra is a useless subject. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Southern Ocean.nThe Southern Ocean reaches from the shores of Antarctica to 60\u00b0 South latitude..",
-        "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought.nWe called a taxi for Mr. McClure. Whose car was towed from the no-parking zone in front of the firehouse.nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:nWe called a taxi for Mr. McClure, whose car was towed from the no-parking zone in front of the firehouse..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: This country is New Zealand..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses disinterested in its traditional sense: unbiased or impartial.nAs a teacher of American history, Mr. Gordon tries to remain disinterested when discussing controversial issues, giving equal attention and consideration to each major viewpoint.nThe second text uses disinterested in its nontraditional sense: uninterested or indifferent.nAs an experienced teacher of American history, Mr. Gordon believes that playing history-based trivia games will revive even the most disinterested of students.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word disinterested because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Missouri is farthest south..",
-        "Solution: The city is Atlanta, Georgia. Oklahoma City, Nashville, and Miami are marked with gray circles on the map below..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town. The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe metaphor the only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career suggests that there was a benefit to Zeke's job loss. A light would be beneficial in helping someone escape a dark, difficult-to-navigate situation. Similarly, Zeke's new career was beneficial in helping him escape the emotionally difficult experience of losing his job..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A poem should be in quotation marks.nThe correct title is \"The Mountain and the Squirrel.\".",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince beauty is not between the guide words blame - bunk, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Jasper won the school costume contest, his mom felt proud is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: Jasper won the school costume contest and His mom felt proud..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince smile is between the guide words slate - strong, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBaking cookies is a chemical change. Cookies are made from cookie dough. Baking turns the cookie dough into cookies. The cookies are a different type of matter than the dough.nWater evaporating from a puddle is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nWater evaporating is a physical change. But baking cookies is not.nBoth are chemical changes.nBaking cookies is a chemical change. But water evaporating from a puddle is not.nBoth are caused by heating.nBoth changes are caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of an ear of corn is 12 ounces.n12 pounds and 12 tons are both too heavy..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the bat star.There are four paths matter can take from the phytoplankton to the bat star: phytoplankton->zooplankton->kelp bass->bat star. phytoplankton->zooplankton->plainfin midshipman->kelp bass->bat star. phytoplankton->zooplankton->black rockfish->kelp bass->bat star. phytoplankton->plainfin midshipman->kelp bass->bat star. There are three paths matter can take from the zooplankton to the bat star: zooplankton->kelp bass->bat star. zooplankton->plainfin midshipman->kelp bass->bat star. zooplankton->black rockfish->kelp bass->bat star. sea otter. The only arrow pointing from the sea otter leads to the orca. The only arrow pointing from the orca leads to the sea cucumber. No arrows point from the sea cucumber to any other organism",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince other is not between the guide words occur - oil, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information..",
-        "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Laura Ellis is responsible for the decline in student performance and teacher morale. However, even though things declined after Ellis became vice president of the parent-teacher association, that doesn't necessarily mean that she caused the downturn. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of an eraser is 2 ounces.n2 pounds and 2 tons are both too heavy..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is South America..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015n To decide which four planets are the smallest, look at the volumes and compare the exponents. The volumes of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars have the smallest exponents. So, these four planets are the smallest.nThese four planets are made mainly of rock. So, of the four smallest planets, none are made mainly of gas..",
-        "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nErosion caused by wind is a physical change. The wind carries away tiny pieces of rock. But the pieces of rock do not become a different type of matter.nIce melting in a cup is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The solid ice becomes liquid, but it is still made of water.nThe links between atoms in the water molecules do not change. So, a different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nIce melting is caused by heating. But erosion caused",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Scarlett has many responsibilities. If you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a normal-sized body or a dwarf body, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the body size trait. The question tells you that the b allele, which is for a dwarf body, is recessive to the B allele, which is for a normal-sized body.nA normal-sized body is the dominant allele's version of the body size trait. A rat with the dominant version of the body size trait must have at least one dominant allele for the body size gene. So, offspring with a normal-sized body must have the genotype BB or Bb.nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of an apple is 100 grams.n100 kilograms is too heavy..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A penguin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nPenguins live near water. Penguins cannot fly! They use their wings to swim.nA water buffalo is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nWater buffaloes live in Asia. Some people raise water buffaloes for their milk.nA great white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nGreat white sharks can live for up to 70 years.nA poison dart frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nPoison dart frogs come in many bright colors. Their bright color warns other animals that these frogs are poisonous..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two bottles of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 10\u00b0C bottle of water is colder than the 20\u00b0C bottle of water, it has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town. The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe metaphor the only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career suggests that there was a benefit to Alvin's job loss. A light would be beneficial in helping someone escape a dark, difficult-to-navigate situation. Similarly, Alvin's new career was beneficial in helping him escape the emotionally difficult experience of losing his job..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, invited. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the memory card or the digital camera.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the card.nEmma took the memory card out of the digital camera and put the card in her desk drawer..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nClara wants broccoli. Harry wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion prodigal son is the Bible.nIn a Biblical parable, the prodigal son irresponsibly spends the inheritance given to him by his father. When he returns home, he expects to be shamed, but his father forgives him.nThe allusion prodigal son means a person who behaves recklessly but later makes a repentant return..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA lemon has a sour taste. Both objects are sour.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. Neither of the objects are stretchy.nThe property that both objects have in common is sour..",
-        "Solution: The colony is New York.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Virginia.nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, needs. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA piece of a pear turning brown is a chemical change. The substances in the pear react with oxygen in the air and turn into a different type of matter.nIf you scrape off the brown part of the pear, the inside will still be white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change hasn't happened to that part of the pear.nAcid rain weathering a marble statue is a chemical change. The acid rain reacts with the outside of the statue and breaks it down into a different type of matter. This new matter is then washed away by the rain. Acid rain is a type of pollution. It forms when smoke from automobiles and factories mixes with water in clouds.nAcid rain is a type of pollution. It forms when automobiles and factories release smoke containing sulfur or nitrogen. Some of these chemicals react with water in the atmosphere. The reaction forms droplets of water that can fall back to the ground as acid rain.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Omnivores are consumers that eat both producers and other consumers. So, an omnivore has arrows pointing to it from at least one producer and at least one consumer.nThe black bear has an arrow pointing to it from the persimmon tree, which is a producer. The black bear also has arrows pointing to it from the swallowtail caterpillar and the beaver, which are consumers. The black bear eats a producer and consumers, so it is an omnivore.nThe gray fox has two arrows pointing to it. These arrows start from the swallowtail caterpillar and the pine vole, which are both consumers. So, the gray fox is a consumer but not an omnivore.nThe pine vole has an arrow pointing to it from the persimmon tree, which is a producer. The pine vole also has an arrow pointing to it from the swallowtail caterpillar, which is a consumer. The pine vole eats a producer and a consumer, so it is an omnivore.nThe silver maple does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the silver maple is",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction after.nAfter",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nPlants making food is a chemical change. Plants use energy from sunlight to change air and water into food. The food is sugar. Sugar is a different type of matter than air or water.nMetal turning less shiny over time is called tarnishing. A penny tarnishing is a chemical change. When air touches the penny, the surface of the penny changes into a different type of matter. This matter makes the penny dull.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nAn opaque object does not let light through. All four objects are opaque.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. The ceramic mug is fragile, but the rock and the binder are not.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. The ceramic mug is smooth, but the rock are not.nThe property that all four objects have in common is opaque..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, ornremaining motionless.nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:nspeeding up,nslowing down, ornchanging direction. The mango is remaining motionless. So, the mango has a constant velocity..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nReid wants broccoli. Daniel wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. The ceramic mug is fragile.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The ceramic mug is not flexible..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Hampton College is better than Greenpoint University because Hampton College receives more applications. However, the popularity of a school does not necessarily indicate its quality. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Circles the date on her wall calendar is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a human front tooth is 14 millimeters.n14 centimeters, 14 meters, and 14 kilometers are all too long..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to knit. Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Nicole's foot is pushing on the gas pedal. So, Newton's third law tells you that the gas pedal is pushing on Nicole's foot..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. Neither of the objects are blue.nA lemon has a sour taste. Both objects are sour.nThe property that both objects have in common is sour..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Minnie's observable version of the whisker type trait is straight whiskers. So, Minnie's phenotype for the whisker type trait is straight whiskers..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The dogs pull the sled. The direction of the pull is toward the sled dog team..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that all seafood restaurants are overpriced. However, even though one seafood restaurant was overpriced, that doesn't necessarily mean that all seafood restaurants are overpriced. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization..",
-        "Solution: This state is Indiana..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince wealthy is between the guide words wand - what, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.nDuring last night's thunderstorm, a flurry of tiny hailstones danced across the roof of our house",
-        "Solution: Humans have invented many ways to use natural resources. We use energy from natural resources in our daily activities, including cooking food, moving objects, and powering machines.nSome ways of using natural resources for energy add to air pollution, and others do not.nWood, oil, and coal are examples of natural resources that are fuels. Burning a fuel provides energy. But it also releases chemicals that can be harmful to our health and to the environment. These chemicals add to air pollution.nSunlight, wind, and water are natural resources that can provide energy. Using energy from the Sun, wind, or water does not burn material. These uses of energy do not release chemicals that add to air pollution..",
-        "Solution: Look at the map.nThe markers representing Christianity and Judaism are close together, so they originated in the same region of the world. Both religions started in the Middle East. In fact, Christianity actually started as a form of Judaism!nThe other choices are not correct. Hinduism and Buddhism originated in present-day India, and Yoruba is an African religion that started near present-day Nigeria..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is South America..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the scarlet macaw.nThe scarlet macaw has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts. The scarlet macaw uses its thick beak to crack the shell of a nut by squeezing it. The hooked shape of the beak can help the bird hold the nut in place while cracking it.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe African gray parrot has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts.nThe white-tipped sicklebill has a long, thin, curved beak. Its beak is not adapted to crack large, hard nuts. The white-tipped sicklebill uses its beak to drink nectar out of long flowers..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Maryland..",
-        "Solution: Trenton is the capital of New Jersey..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a watering can is 24 cups.n24 fluid ounces is too little and 24 gallons is too much..",
-        "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the stroller that is heavier.nA stroller holding a kid that weighs 27 pounds is heavier than a stroller holding a kid that weighs 26 pounds. So, the stroller holding the kid that weighs 27 pounds needs to be pushed with a larger force to start moving forward at the same speed as the other other stroller..",
-        "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..",
-        "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Sphalerite has all the properties of a mineral. So, sphalerite is a mineral..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three cups of black tea have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 154\u00b0F cup of black tea is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Eurasian beaver's scientific name is Castor fiber.nOvis canadensis does not have the same scientific name as a Eurasian beaver. So, Castor fiber and Ovis canadensis are not in the same species.nLontra canadensis does not have the same scientific name as a Eurasian beaver. So, Castor fiber and Lontra canadensis are not in the same species.nCastor fiber has the same scientific name as a Eurasian beaver. So, these organisms are in the same species..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Mrs. Chapman or her assistant.nMrs. Chapman informed her assistant that she had to book a flight to Seoul immediately.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nMrs. Chapman told her assistant to book a flight to Livingston immediately..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A snowy owl's scientific name is Bubo scandiacus.nBubo scandiacus has the same scientific name as a snowy owl. So, these organisms are in the same species.nArdea herodias does not have the same scientific name as a snowy owl. So, Bubo scandiacus and Ardea herodias are not in the same species.nPelecanus erythrorhynchos does not have the same scientific name as a snowy owl. So, Bubo scandiacus and Pelecanus erythrorhynchos are not in the same species..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nAn opaque object does not let light through. None of the objects are opaque.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The glass and the glass flask are not flexible.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. All three objects are transparent.nThe property that all three objects have in common is transparent..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince width is between the guide words whoop - wren, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to ethos, or character. It includes an endorsement (seal of approval) from a respected organization..",
-        "Solution: The two bananas are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the banana with less thermal energy has a lower temperature..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Rhode Island..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A keel-billed toucan is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nToucans have large beaks. A toucan's beak can be half as long as its body.nA gray wolf is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nWolves often live in family groups. A wolf mother, father, and their children travel together..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a fish out of water suggests that Luca felt out of place. A fish out of water is someone out of his or her usual, comfortable environment..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a cement truck is 20 tons.n20 ounces and 20 pounds are both too light..",
-        "Solution: The colony is New York.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.nWhen matter is a gas, it spreads out to fill a space.nMany gases are invisible. So, you can\u2019t see them. Air is a gas. The air inside a balloon is a gas. A gas spreads out to fill a space. The air inside a balloon spreads out to fill all the space in the balloon. If the balloon pops, the air will spread out to fill a much larger space.nA tent is a solid. You can fold a tent or spread it out. But it will still have a size and shape of its own.nWet paint is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour wet paint out of a can, the paint will change shape. But the wet paint will still take up the same amount of space..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a sofa is 3 meters.n3 millimeters and 3 centimeters are too short. 3 kilometers is too long..",
-        "Solution: According to the Tenth Amendment, the Constitution lists all the powers given to the United States government. Any power not listed in the Constitution belongs to either the American people or the state governments. The full text of the Tenth Amendment is below. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince bright is between the guide words believe - burrow, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Barbara has many responsibilities. If you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses ironic in its traditional sense: contrary to what was intended, often in an amusing way. It's ironic because Dale tried to get away from the snow but found himself in a snowstorm regardless.nLast winter, Dale took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.nThe first text uses ironic in its nontraditional sense: marked by coincidence. It was a coincidence that Dale's friends were in Florida the week before.nLast winter, Dale took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word ironic because it is generally considered incorrect..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Rebecca must watch reality television, because her sister watches reality television. However, even though Rebecca's sister watches reality television, that doesn't necessarily mean that Rebecca does, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Oil is a resource for gasoline. When oil became more expensive, it was harder to get. There was less of it that could be made into gasoline. So, the supply of gasoline went down..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the Alexandrine parakeet.nThe Alexandrine parakeet has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts. The Alexandrine parakeet uses its thick beak to crack the shell of a nut by squeezing it. The hooked shape of the beak can help the bird hold the nut in place while cracking it.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe scarlet macaw has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts.nThe bald ibis has a long curved beak. Its beak is not adapted to crack large, hard nuts..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Smelly is a property. A smelly material has a strong smell.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine smelling the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the toothpaste would smell more. Toothpaste has a strong smell..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a drinking straw is 10 inches.n10 feet, 10 yards, and 10 miles are all too long..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nAs Bert sat",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought.nAt the conclusion of the War of 1812, the youngest general in the army was Winfield Scott. Whose tactical methods and regulations came to define the U.S. Army for most of the nineteenth century.nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:nAt the conclusion of the War of 1812, the youngest general in the army was Winfield Scott, whose tactical methods and regulations came to define the U.S. Army for most of the nineteenth century..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that larger houses lead to better health. However, that's not necessarily true. For instance, perhaps having a bigger home and better health care both result from being rich. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they could refer to the vases or the tables.nThe manager put the antique vases on these tables to show that they are reserved.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nTo show that these tables are reserved, the manager put the antique vases on them..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Lacey is intelligent because she's smart. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..",
-        "Solution: This country is Jamaica..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that President Townsend is an effective communicator because he communicates well. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction until.nUncle Kendrick will keep snoring until he rolls over onto his stomach..",
-        "Solution: The colony is New Hampshire.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each vial increased, which means that the thermal energy of each vial increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each vial..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Algernon has two alleles for brown fur (f). So, Algernon's genotype for the fur color gene is ff..",
-        "Solution: To stay alive, animal cells must get water and oxygen. Animal cells also produce carbon dioxide, a waste that must be removed. An animal's respiratory and circulatory systems work together to do these jobs.nAn animal's respiratory system is made up of organs that work together to bring in oxygen gas from the environment. The respiratory system also removes carbon dioxide gas from the animal's body. Some animals have lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the air. Other animals have gills to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with water.nAn animal's circulatory system is made up of organs that work together to move blood through its body. The heart pumps blood through blood vessels throughout the body. As blood moves through blood vessels, it delivers oxygen, nutrients from food, and water to cells. Blood also absorbs waste, including carbon dioxide. When the blood is pumped into the lungs or gills, it releases carbon dioxide and absorbs oxygen. The circulatory system brings oxygen, nutrients, and water to cells. It also helps remove carbon dioxide waste.nThe circulatory system does not break down food into small pieces. This job is done by the digestive system. After the digestive system breaks down food, blood vessels in the intestines absorb the nutrients from the food. The blood then carries the nutrients to cells throughout the body..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each motorboat moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each motorboat moved for 10 hours. The motorboat that moved 150 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at the lowest speed..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince tile is between the guide words tarpaulin - transport, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nThe windiest months on Mount Everest are November, December, and January.nThis passage tells you about the usual wind pattern on Mount Everest. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the wool sweater is more flexible. If you fold a wool sweater, it will not break..",
-        "Solution: Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Arianna wanted broccoli in her lunch and Clarence was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nArianna has tomatoes. Clarence has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The water in a glass is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nIf you pour water from a glass into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space..",
-        "Solution: During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her organization by clearly stating the main idea.nFor example, the writer could begin with a topic sentence that matches the contents of the paragraph.nI discovered my passion shortly after my freshman year. That summer, at my parents' suggestion, I attended a weeklong seminar sponsored by a local university. Although I was nervous about being the only high school student, I stretched myself and learned a lot. Through the seminar, I mastered the basics of reporting and feature writing. The following summer, I took a creative writing workshop and completed several short stories. In my school's creative writing class this year, I am sharing my stories with others and receiving helpful critiques to improve my craft..",
-        "Solution: Albany is the capital of New York..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Bertholletia excelsa is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Kiera wants or needs:nKiera will give up the chance to look at the fir tree. She thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the crocuses..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015n To decide which planets are larger than Earth, look at the volumes of the other planets and compare the exponents to the exponent of Earth's volume. Earth's volume is 1.08 x 1012 km3. Earth's volume is the only volume with an exponent of 12.nThe volumes of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune have exponents greater than 12, so these four planets are larger than Earth. There are eight planets total. So, one-half of the planets are larger than Earth..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to cook. Instead, many people learn how to cook. So, cooking is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the flamboyant cuttlefish.nThe flamboyant cuttlefish has a poisonous body with brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the flamboyant cuttlefish is poisonous.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe opalescent nudibranch has stinging cells in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.nThe lichen katydid has green and white patches on its body. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Singapore, look at the graph.nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.nNovember, December, and January each have over 200 millimeters of precipitation..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! The properties of scoria match the properties of a rock. So, scoria is a rock..",
-        "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the gray heron.nLong legs help the gray heron keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe painted stork has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.nThe common kingfisher has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The common kingfisher uses its legs to walk and perch..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Paula wants or needs:nPaula will spend more ride tickets on the scorpion than she would have spent on the flying bobsled..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways",
-        "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. The fridge magnet is pulling on the paper clip. So, Newton's third law tells you that the paper clip is pulling on the fridge magnet..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Kansas is farthest south..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: This country is Saint Vincent and the Grenadines..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a mustard bottle is 9 fluid ounces.n9 cups and 9 gallons are both too much..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement that shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence..",
-        "Solution: Statements of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence.nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man.nStatements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact. It can be verified by researching why and where landslides occur.nLandslides are caused by many factors, including earthquakes, storms, and volcanic eruptions, and they can occur in any U.S. state.nThe second sentence states an opinion. Scarier indicates a personal judgment.nTornadoes are scarier than other natural disasters like earthquakes, hurricanes, and volcanic eruptions..",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nBirds have the following traits:nThey have feathers.nThey have wings.nThey have a beak.nThey make eggs with shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA Galapagos giant tortoise has the following traits:nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.nIt makes eggs with shells.nA Galapagos giant tortoise does not have all of the traits of a bird. A Galapagos giant tortoise is a reptile.nA common loon has the following traits:nIt has feathers.nIt has wings.nIt has a beak.nIt makes eggs with shells.nA common loon has the traits of a bird. A common loon is a bird..",
-        "Solution: Words are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.ndesk: short enkit / ten: short i / short enAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.ngo: long onhe / ro: long e / long onSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.nsky: long inba / by: long a / long e The word he ends with a vowel and has a long vowel sound. So, it has an open syllable..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. From across the room, Uncle Devin's laughter was booming thunder.nThe words laughter and thunder are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor..",
-        "Solution: This country is Papua New Guinea.nWhy does Papua New Guinea share its island with another country?nPapua New Guinea takes up the eastern half of the island of New Guinea. The western half is part of Indonesia, an Asian country.nBeginning in the 17 th century, several countries took control of different parts of the island of New Guinea. By 1922, Australia controlled the entire eastern half of the island, and the Netherlands controlled the western half. In 1963, control over the western half was transferred to Indonesia, which had just gained independence from the Netherlands. Many people in western New Guinea did not want to become part of Indonesia, though, and some people in this area are still fighting to leave Indonesia today. The eastern part gained independence from Australia in 1975 and became Papua New Guinea..",
-        "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The pliers pull the nail. The direction of the pull is toward the pliers..",
-        "Solution: Richmond is the capital of Virginia..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, wait. The verb tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words rope and hope rhyme. They both end with the ope sound.nThe word nose does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: Annapolis is the capital of Maryland..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word asleep. It describes the machines as if they were people who were sleeping..",
-        "Solution: Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a rowboat is 4 yards.n4 inches and 4 feet are too short. 4 miles is too long..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a parking space is 6 meters.n6 centimeters is too short..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nRust forming on a bike frame is a chemical change. The metal on the bike changes into rust. Metal and rust are different types of matter.nMetal turning less shiny over time is called tarnishing. A penny tarnishing is a chemical change. When air touches the penny, the surface of the penny changes into a different type of matter. This matter makes the penny dull.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Southern Ocean.nThe Southern Ocean reaches from the shores of Antarctica to 60\u00b0 South latitude..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Ivan wants or needs:nIvan will give up the chance to be in the Theater Club. He would have had more fun in the Theater Club than in the Photography Club..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Gale has two alleles for blue body feathers (b). So, Gale's genotype for the body feather color gene is bb..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.nPlop represents the sound of the phone landing in the toilet..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nBoth poles of each magnet line up with both poles of the other magnet. The south pole of each magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Greenville College is better than Springtown University because Greenville College receives more applications. However, the popularity of a school does not necessarily indicate its quality. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy..",
-        "Solution: This country is Fiji..",
-        "Solution: Evidence is information that tells you something happened.nHow do you look for evidence of a change to Earth's surface?nThere are many ways to find evidence of a change to Earth's surface. One way is to look at a picture that was taken after the change.nHere are some examples of what the evidence for different changes might be:nCause of the change | Evidence of the changenearthquake | cracks in the ground; houses with broken walls and roofsnvolcanic eruption | melted rock on Earth's surface; smoke coming out of a hole in the groundnerosion | a canyon with a river flowing through it; a river carrying sand and mudnBe careful when you are looking for evidence!nA picture of Earth's surface can contain a lot of information. Some of that information might be evidence of a change to the surface, but some of it is not!nFor example, a picture taken after an earthquake might show a blue sky. But the color of the sky is not evidence of an earthquake. So, that information is not evidence that an earthquake happened.n.",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince clever is between the guide words cheese - cover, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that there are five planets larger than Venus: Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. There are eight planets total. Five-eighths is less than three-quarters. So, five-eighths of the planets are larger than Venus..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nYouth would be an ideal state if it came a little later in life at first appears to be contradictory, as it is impossible to be young late in life. However, it contains some truth: it is easier to appreciate the pleasant qualities of youth, such as liveliness and curiosity, when one has the life experience that comes with age..",
-        "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Susan investigated whether adding worms to compost containers affects how well food breaks down. There were no worms in the containers that did not get worms. So, they were part of a control group..",
-        "Solution: Look at the passage. It tells you what instrument Yo-Yo plays.nYo-Yo Ma is a famous cello player. He makes beautiful music. Yo-Yo's name comes from the Chinese word yo, which means \"friendly.\" Yo-Yo's parents were from China. His mother was a singer, and his father was a music teacher..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The flower petals are flexible, but the wax candle, the ice hockey rink, and the trombone are not.nPotato chips have a salty taste. The trombone is not salty.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. All four objects are smooth.nThe property that all four objects have in common is smooth..",
-        "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which these ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there An estuary is a type of ecosystem. It has a mix of fresh and salty water, muddy soil that is rich in nutrients, and many different types of organisms.nChoice 1 is an estuary ecosystem. It is a place where freshwater and salt water meet. Estuaries have muddy soil that is rich in nutrients.nChoice 2 is a tide pool ecosystem. Several times each day, it floods with seawater. Then the water drains back into the ocean..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. A rubber balloon is a solid. You can bend a balloon. But it will still have a size and shape of its own..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015  1000n= 1.43 x 1015  103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Mercury.nThen compare the result to the volume of Mars. The volume of Mars is 1.63 x 1011 km3, which is less than 6.08 x 1011 km3. So, the volume of Mars is less than ten times as large as Mercury's..",
-        "Solution: Annapolis is the capital of Maryland..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, whisper. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Job is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Job remains faithful and loyal to God, even after the unjust loss of his possessions, family, and health.nThe allusion Job means someone who patiently endures adversity..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 42 kilometers.n42 millimeters, 42 centimeters, and 42 meters are all too short..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.nQuinn",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together, or compacted, to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by very high temperature and pressure. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Conglomerate is a sedimentary rock. Like other sedimentary rocks, it forms from layers of sediment.nMaterial that is eroded in nature is called sediment. Sand, mud, and pebbles are all types of sediment. Over time, layers of these sediments can build up in places like riverbeds. The top layers press down on the bottom layers, squeezing out water and air. Conglomerate forms when the bottom layers of sediment are pressed together to form rock..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMaking paper from wood is a chemical change. Paper is made by mixing tiny pieces of wood with special chemicals. The wood reacts with the chemicals to form pulp. Wood and pulp are different types of matter.nRoasting a marshmallow is a chemical change. The type of matter on the outside of the marshmallow changes. As a marshmallow is roasted, it turns brown and crispy.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nRoasting is caused by heating. But making paper from wood is not.nBoth are caused by",
-        "Solution: This country is Jamaica..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, pitch. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together..",
-        "Solution: Janet wanted broccoli in her lunch and Kari was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nJanet has tomatoes. Kari has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A desert is a type of ecosystem. It has a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms.nChoice 1 is a desert ecosystem. It is dry and is home to many different types of organisms.nChoice 2 is a wetland ecosystem. It is covered with water for most of the year. Wetlands also have soil that is rich in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the golden dart frog.nThe golden dart frog has poisonous glands in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the golden dart frog is poisonous.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe lionfish has venomous spines and brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.nThe impala has yellow-brown fur. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two pieces of rope are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter piece of rope has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a teakettle is 8 cups.n8 fluid ounces is too little and 8 gallons is too much..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. The crayons are not translucent.nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. The crayons are colorful..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nNot exactly a team player is an indirect way of saying that someone doesn't work well with others..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The soccer shorts are not bouncy.nA bendable object can be bent without breaking. The soccer shorts are bendable..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans are not born knowing how to drive a car. Instead, many people learn how to drive when they are older. So, driving is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince police is between the guide words pageant - prevail, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: The Great Depression was the most severe period of economic decline and hardship in the 20 th century.nHow bad was the Great Depression?nThe Great Depression was a period of economic hardship for much of the world, including the United States. Several things made it especially bad:nMany banks and businesses were forced to close.nAt times, about 1 in 4 workers in the United States were unemployed, or without a job.nMany people lost their homes or farms when they could not pay their bills.nTo make matters worse, the Great Depression lasted for over 10 years!.",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMilk going sour is a chemical change. The type of matter in the milk slowly changes. The new matter that is formed gives the milk its sour taste.nBaking a loaf of bread is a chemical change. Bread is made from dough. Baking turns the dough into bread. The bread is a different type of matter than the dough.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBaking is caused by heating. But milk going sour is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the horned viper.nThe horned viper has sand-colored scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Namaqua chameleon has sand-colored scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert.nThe fire salamander has brightly colored skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. All three objects are hard.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The building blocks and the magnifying glass are not slippery.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. The metal bar and the magnifying glass are shiny, but the building blocks are not.nThe property that all three objects have in common is hard..",
-        "Solution: Des Moines is the capital of Iowa..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nHavana is the capital of Cuba. The winds there were blowing from the east last weekend.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the wind direction in Havana last weekend. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe brush grabbed describes the brush as if it were human, with actual hands..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nDefinite maybe is a contradiction, because definite describes something that is sure, and maybe refers to something that is unsure..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on the slice of pizza, look at the forces:nQuinn is pulling the slice of pizza left with a force of 50 N.nBrad is pulling the slice of pizza right with a force of 45 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 50 N and 45 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on the slice of pizza..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism your services will no longer be required means that the gardener is being fired..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nIt is 65\u00b0F in Jackie's backyard.nThis passage tells you about the temperature in Jackie's backyard right now. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince purse is not between the guide words patriot - pleasant, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Des Moines is the capital of Iowa..",
-        "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect North America or Asia..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Virginia.nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A reticulated python's scientific name is Python reticulatus.nPython reticulatus has the same scientific name as a reticulated python. So, these organisms are in the same species.nSciurus vulgaris does not have the same scientific name as a reticulated python. So, Python reticulatus and Sciurus vulgaris are not in the same species.nPython reticulatus is in the same genus as Python bivittatus, but they are not in the same species.nOrganisms in the same species have the same scientific names. Python reticulatus and Python bivittatus are different species within the same genus..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.nAs a geneticist, Julie dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.nThe first text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.nAs a geneticist, Julie enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each refrigerator increased, which means that the thermal energy of each refrigerator increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each refrigerator..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a sofa is 5 feet.n5 inches is too short and 5 yards is too long..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each ship moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each ship moved for 5 hours. The ship that moved 190 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at the lowest speed..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Asimina triloba is a plant. Plant cells can make their own food. Plant cells make food using photosynthesis..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.nAnn is",
-        "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant.nIn this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables.nThe amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others.nThe number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nIce melting in a cup is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The solid ice becomes liquid, but it is still made of water.nThe links between atoms in the water molecules do not change. So, a different type of matter is not formed.nDew appearing on grass in the morning is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Water vapor in the air touches the cool grass and becomes liquid.nThe water vapor changes state to become dew, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, or article should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **My Brother the Pig**..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nThe Red Sea is a popular place for windsurfing. Wind speeds reached 30 miles per hour there on Thursday.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the wind speed at the Red Sea on Thursday. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of blue particles..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Both magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. A reason has a more positive connotation. An excuse is usually not a very good reason..",
-        "Solution: This country is Trinidad and Tobago..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nBrandon wants broccoli. Derek wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word carelessly. It describes the wind as if it were a person who didn't care..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses slang (totally awesome).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the slang, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nConnor wants broccoli. Maura wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Temperature is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average temperature for each month. The average temperature can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA line graph can be used to show the average temperature each month. Months with higher dots on the graph have higher average temperatures. To describe the average temperature trends in Detroit, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.nThe average temperatures in January and February are between 25\u00b0F and 30\u00b0F. These months have the lowest average temperatures of all of the months. So, they are the coolest months on average..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. The population of Oak Grove fell by 8,000 people. Many of the people who have left are probably trying to sell their houses. Since more people are trying to sell their houses, the number of suppliers of houses for sale in Oak Grove has gone up. So, the supply of houses for sale probably went up, too..",
-        "Solution: This country is Saint Lucia..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles..",
-        "Solution: This state is North Dakota..",
-        "Solution: There is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage. At the current price, there are too many jars of peanut butter for sale. There are 100 jars for sale, but only 74 people want to buy a jar.nSo, there is a surplus of peanut butter. The grocery store will not get any money for the leftover jars..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, Catoctin Mountain Park has cold, wet winters. It also has soil that is rich in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A clownfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nClownfish live with animals called anemones. In the image of the clownfish, you can see the green anemone behind the clownfish.nA helmeted iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nIguanas are a type of lizard. Iguanas eat plants and fruit..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A common kestrel's scientific name is Falco tinnunculus. The first word of its scientific name is Falco.nArdea goliath is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea goliath and Falco tinnunculus are not in the same genus.nFalco novaeseelandiae is in the genus Falco. The first word of its scientific name is Falco. So, Falco novaeseelandiae and Falco tinnunculus are in the same genus.nHaliaeetus pelagicus is in the genus Haliaeetus. The first word of its scientific name is Haliaeetus. So, Haliaeetus pelagicus and Falco tinnunculus are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: The city is Los Angeles, California. Atlanta, Houston, and New York City are marked with gray circles on the map below..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, and the particles in both samples have the same average speed. So, the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy.nBecause the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy, the samples must have the same temperature..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three glasses of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 14\u00b0C glass of water is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Decomposers help break down dead organisms into simpler matter, such as nutrients. These nutrients can then help plants and other organisms grow. In a food web, there is an arrow pointing from another organism to a decomposer. There are no arrows pointing from a decomposer to another organism.nThe bat star does not have arrows pointing from it to other organisms. So, the bat star is a decomposer.nThe sea otter has an arrow pointing from it. So, the sea otter is not a decomposer.nThe kelp bass has an arrow pointing from it. So, the kelp bass is not a decomposer.nThe sea cucumber does not have arrows pointing from it to other organisms. So, the sea cucumber is a decomposer.nThe black rockfish has an arrow pointing from it. So, the black rockfish is not a decomposer..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.nWhen matter is a gas, it spreads out to fill a space.nMany gases are invisible. So, you can\u2019t see them. Air is a gas. Rain is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you put rainwater into a bucket, the rainwater will take the shape of the bucket. But the rainwater will still take up the same amount of space.nThe air inside a bubble is a gas. A gas spreads out to fill a space. The air inside a bubble fills all the space in the bubble. If the bubble pops, the air will spread out to fill a much larger space.nA piece of paper is a solid. You can fold a piece of paper. But it will still have a size and shape of its own..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode! The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nThe hyperbole dinosaurs were still roaming the Earth suggests that Caleb hasn't cleaned his room in a very long time. He did not actually clean his room millions of years ago when dinosaurs existed..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince even is between the guide words engineer - except, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show air temperatures.nThe map's legend tells you the temperature that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower temperatures than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -25\u00b0C up to -20\u00b0C. Areas that are the next darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -20\u00b0C up to -15\u00b0C. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which air temperatures those colors represent.n15\u00b0C.n-24\u00b0C is within this range.n-4\u00b0C and 3\u00b0C are outside of this range..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a hammer is 21 centimeters.n21 kilometers is too long..",
-        "Solution: This country is Samoa..",
-        "Solution: Saint Paul is the capital of Minnesota..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Faustian bargain is literature.nIn a play by Christopher Marlowe based on the legend of Faust, a man strikes a deal with the devil. Disregarding the long-term consequences of his actions, he sells his soul in exchange for power.nThe allusion Faustian bargain means a compromise of one's values for personal gain..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the rocking chair.nThe chair is made of wood.nChairs are not always made of wood. Chairs can also be made of plastic or metal. Some chairs are made of several different materials. Are you sitting on a chair? If so, what is it made of?.",
-        "Solution: Montgomery is the capital of Alabama..",
-        "Solution: When a scientist identifies a new organism, he or she chooses its scientific name.nSometimes, an organism is named after the place where it was first found. Other times, an organism is named after the scientist who first identified it. Or, the scientific name might describe the organism's physical traits.nMany of the words that make up scientific names are based on words from old languages, like Latin and classical Greek. Sometimes, English words are changed to make them sound more like Latin or Greek. The new words are then used in an organism's scientific name. This organism's scientific name refers to Georgia O'Keeffe.nThe word okeeffeae refers to Georgia O'Keeffe. So, this archosaur's scientific name is Effigia okeeffeae..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is older:nThe ginkgo leaf fossil is in a deeper layer in the rock sequence than the insect fossil. So, the ginkgo leaf fossil is most likely older than the insect fossil..",
-        "Solution: This state is South Dakota..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the bear sedge.nThe only arrow pointing to the barren-ground caribou starts from the lichen. No arrow points to the lichen. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bear sedge to the barren-ground caribou.nNo arrow points to the bilberry. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bear sedge to the bilberry..",
-        "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..",
-        "Solution: This country is Dominica..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that an open window caused Rudy's migraine. However, that's not necessarily true. For instance, the migraine might have occurred for no particular reason while the window happened to be open. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Colorado is farthest south..",
-        "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 3 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 7 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There were 2 more solute particles on the left side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the left than to the right..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Christmas tree worm's scientific name is Spirobranchus giganteus.nNerodia clarkii does not have the same scientific name as a Christmas tree worm. So, Spirobranchus giganteus and Nerodia clarkii are not in the same species.nNerodia cyclopion does not have the same scientific name as a Christmas tree worm. So, Spirobranchus giganteus and Nerodia cyclopion are not in the same species.nSpirobranchus giganteus has the same scientific name as a Christmas tree worm. So, these organisms are in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses disinterested in its traditional sense: unbiased or impartial.nAs a teacher of American history, Mr. Patton tries to remain disinterested when discussing controversial issues, giving equal attention and consideration to each major viewpoint.nThe second text uses disinterested in its nontraditional sense: uninterested or indifferent.nAs an experienced teacher of American history, Mr. Patton believes that playing history-based trivia games will revive even the most disinterested of students.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word disinterested because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe correct title is East Bay Express..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Colin wants or needs:nColin will spend more time in the Photography Club than he would have spent in the Theater Club..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n An Indian rock python's scientific name is Python molurus.nNerodia cyclopion does not have the same scientific name as an Indian rock python. So, Python molurus and Nerodia cyclopion are not in the same species.nPython molurus has the same scientific name as an Indian rock python. So, these organisms are in the same species.nLacerta agilis does not have the same scientific name as an Indian rock python. So, Python molurus and Lacerta agilis are not in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom the ball is in his court suggests that Richard needs to act next. In tennis, when the ball is in a player's court, it is that person's turn..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A taiga is a type of ecosystem. Taigas have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the following statement describes the Eastern Siberian Taiga ecosystem: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has long, cold winters and short, cool summers. The following statements do not describe the Eastern Siberian Taiga: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has mostly small plants. It has soil that is rich in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: At first, World War I was called the Great War. People didn't call it World War I until World War II started. They didn't know there would be more than one world war. So, they didn't think they needed to number it.nWorld War I is usually considered the first modern, worldwide war. Today, it is usually called World War I or the First World War. It can also be abbreviated as \"WWI.\".",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Dwayne wants or needs:nDwayne will spend more ride tickets on the spinning teacups than he would have spent on the scrambler..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two glasses of apple juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 5\u00b0C glass of apple juice is colder than the 10\u00b0C glass of apple juice, it has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. Both objects are rough.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. Neither of the objects are stretchy.nThe property that both objects have in common is rough..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words sock and rock rhyme. They both end with the ock sound.nThe word truck does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: Some words are alike. They go together in a group.nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. Snow, sun, and rain go together. They are weather words. Time is not a weather word, so it is not like the other words..",
-        "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nA tortoise's shell protects it from predators. When a tortoise feels threatened, it can pull its head and legs inside its shell.nA sea otter is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nSea otters have very thick fur. Their fur keeps them warm in cold water..",
-        "Solution: Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together, or compacted, to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by very high temperature and pressure. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Scoria is an igneous rock. Like other igneous rocks, it forms when melted rock cools and hardens.nMelted rock at the earth's surface is called lava. Scoria forms from a type of lava that is rich in iron and magnesium. As the lava erupts from a volcano, it can trap small bubbles of air or water. When the lava becomes solid, the bubbles leave behind gaps in the rock..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Rita's shoes are the best, because they're made with snakeskin rather than synthetic materials. However, even though the shoes are made from snakes, that doesn't necessarily mean that they are better. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature..",
-        "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect North America or South America..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A common toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nA catfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. All three objects are rough.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The rock and the tree bark are not stretchy.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The tree bark and the velcro are not bouncy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is rough..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Edna is telling the truth because she says she never lies. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (some things, bring up).nThe second sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. The fog made it hard to see, Dad drove slowly is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: The fog made it hard to see and Dad drove slowly..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of blue particles..",
-        "Solution: This country is Tuvalu..",
-        "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..",
-        "Solution: The city is Houston, Texas. Nashville, New Orleans, and Charlotte are marked with gray circles on the map below..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince devour is between the guide words dare - disturb, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, learns. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they could refer to the Davidsons or their relatives.nThe Davidsons see their relatives whenever they visit Florida.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nWhenever the Davidsons visit Florida, they see their relatives..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, make. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to drink a small glass of water is 55 seconds.n55 hours is too slow..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each goose moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each goose moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each goose moved for 10 hours. The goose that moved 925 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that goose must have moved at the highest speed..",
-        "Solution: Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words cream and dream rhyme. They both end with the eam sound.nThe word such does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells someone to do something, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince linen is between the guide words leather - lying, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Nairobi, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Apr\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"More precipitation falls in April than in August.\" is incorrect.nApril has a higher average monthly precipitation than August.nChoice \"Nairobi gets about the same amount of precipitation each month.\" is incorrect.nOn average, less precipitation falls between June and October than between November and May.nChoice \"February is the wettest month of the year.\" is incorrect.nThe wettest month is the one with the highest average monthly precipitation. April, not February, has the highest average precipitation..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a cup of hot cocoa is 70\u00b0C.n70\u00b0F is too cold..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of purple particles..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in London, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nJuly has an average monthly precipitation of about 45 millimeters. This is lower than in any other month. So, July has the lowest average precipitation..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a pen is 19 centimeters.n19 kilometers is too long..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: This country is the Marshall Islands.nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.nRuth is",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Maine is farthest east..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nPotato chips have a salty taste. All three objects are salty.nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. None of the objects are colorful.nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. None of the objects are sticky.nThe property that all three objects have in common is salty..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion cry wolf is a fable.nIn the fable \"The Boy Who Cried Wolf,\" a shepherd boy repeatedly tricks people in his village by falsely claiming that a wolf is coming to eat his flock. When a wolf actually comes and the boy cries for help, nobody believes him or comes to his aid.nThe allusion cry wolf means to raise a false alarm..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.nI need to shovel this snow, or someone might slip and fall..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the bearded dragon.nThe bearded dragon has a sand-colored body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe horned viper has sand-colored scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert.nThe blue poison dart frog has brightly colored skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nVivian wants broccoli. Jamal wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Europe..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Mia must be a reckless driver, because her brother is a reckless driver. However, even though Mia's brother is reckless, that doesn't necessarily mean that Mia is, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nSo full I could explode is an exaggeration, since it is clear that the speaker is not actually in danger of exploding..",
-        "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Texas is farthest south..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Smelly is a property. A smelly material has a strong smell.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine smelling the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the gasoline would smell more. Gasoline has a strong smell..",
-        "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. A crown is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nIf you put a crown on your head, the crown will keep its shape..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes for an ice cube to melt on a hot sidewalk is 4 minutes.n4 hours is too slow..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A gray tree frog's scientific name is Hyla versicolor. The first word of its scientific name is Hyla.nAtelopus zeteki is in the genus Atelopus. The first word of its scientific name is Atelopus. So, Atelopus zeteki and Hyla versicolor are not in the same genus.nHemidactylus turcicus is in the genus Hemidactylus. The first word of its scientific name is Hemidactylus. So, Hemidactylus turcicus and Hyla versicolor are not in the same genus.nHyla cinerea is in the genus Hyla. The first word of its scientific name is Hyla. So, Hyla cinerea and Hyla versicolor are in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak. An emu is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nEmus cannot fly, but they can run very fast. They run to avoid predators.nA box turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nBox turtles can live to be over 100 years old!nA sea otter is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nSea otters have very thick fur. Their fur keeps them warm in cold water.nA piranha is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nPiranhas have sharp teeth. Piranhas hunt in groups. A group of piranhas can eat a large animal..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Deb wants or needs:nDeb will give up the chance to eat the apple crisp. Deb thinks apple crisp would have tasted better than sunflower seeds will..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the kudu.nThe kudu has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter. The long jaws can help the kudu reach leaves and shoots. The flat teeth can help it cut and grind up the food into soft pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe spotted deer has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter.nThe Nile crocodile has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is not adapted to eat plant matter. The Nile crocodile uses its mouth to eat other animals..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nJanice wants broccoli. Abdul wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Southern Ocean.nThe Southern Ocean reaches from the shores of Antarctica to 60\u00b0 South latitude..",
-        "Solution: A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nWater evaporating from a puddle is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.nDust settling out of the air is a physical change. As the dust settles, or falls, it might land on furniture or the ground. This separates dust particles from the air, but does not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nWater evaporating is caused by heating. But dust settling out",
-        "Solution: An echinoderm is a type of sea invertebrate that usually has sharp or spiky skin. A sea urchin is a type of echinoderm..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Rover's observable version of the fur length trait is long fur. So, Rover's phenotype for the fur length trait is long fur..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aunt Lucy is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. The silk tie is smooth.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The silk tie is not transparent..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Casanova is history.nThe autobiography of Giovanni Giacomo Casanova, an eighteenth-century Italian adventurer, details and perhaps exaggerates his amorous adventures and success with women.nThe allusion Casanova means a womanizer..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Southern Ocean.nThe Southern Ocean reaches from the shores of Antarctica to 60\u00b0 South latitude..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. We went to Texas we saw an old fort is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: We went to Texas and We saw an old fort..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. None of the objects are scratchy.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. None of the objects are soft.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. All three objects are fragile.nThe property that all three objects have in common is fragile..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs quiet as a jackhammer suggests that the snoring is loud. A jackhammer is not quiet, and neither is Mr. Long's snoring..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word proud. It describes the ancient structure as if it were a person with a sense of pride..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with black fur or brown fur, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the fur color trait. The question tells you that the f allele, which is for brown fur, is recessive to the F allele, which is for black fur.nBlack fur is the dominant allele's version of the fur color trait. A rabbit with the dominant version of the fur color trait must have at least one dominant allele for the fur color gene. So, offspring with black fur must have the genotype FF or Ff.nThere are 3 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype FF or Ff. These boxes are highlighted below.nBrown fur is",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nWater evaporating from a lake is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.nStretching a rubber band is a physical change. The rubber band gets longer. But it is still made of the same type of matter as before.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nWater evaporating is caused by heating. But stretching a rubber band is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: This state is Idaho..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A blue jay's scientific name is Cyanocitta cristata.nLarus michahellis does not have the same scientific name as a blue jay. So, Cyanocitta cristata and Larus michahellis are not in the same species.nGoura victoria does not have the same scientific name as a blue jay. So, Cyanocitta cristata and Goura victoria are not in the same species.nCyanocitta cristata has the same scientific name as a blue jay. So, these organisms are in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Augusta is the capital of Maine..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A great gray owl's scientific name is Strix nebulosa. The first word of its scientific name is Strix.nCyanea capillata is in the genus Cyanea. The first word of its scientific name is Cyanea. So, Cyanea capillata and Strix nebulosa are not in the same genus.nNeofelis nebulosa and Strix nebulosa are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Neofelis nebulosa and Strix nebulosa have the same species name within their genus, nebulosa. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Neofelis nebulosa is in the genus Neofelis, and Strix nebulosa is in the genus Strix.nStrix varia is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix varia and Strix nebulosa are",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, teaches. The verb ends in -es and tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Ashland. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Lauren wants or needs:nLauren will give up the chance to wear the costume she is more excited about..",
-        "Solution: Tallahassee is the capital of Florida..",
-        "Solution: Bill wanted broccoli in his lunch and Anita was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nBill has tomatoes. Anita has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. The kiwi and the stuffed dice are not blue.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. All three objects are fuzzy.nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. The socks and the stuffed dice are not sticky.nThe property that all three objects have in common is fuzzy..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 2 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. In a Venn diagram, each circle shows information that is true for a particular topic. In any area where circles overlap, the information is true for all of the overlapping topics. This Venn diagram compares two famous Renaissance artists.nThe detail from Florence appears in the Leonardo da Vinci circle. This tells you that he was from Florence..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a fish bowl is 3 liters.n3 milliliters is too little..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of yellow particles..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The fruit fly has two alleles for vestigial wings (n). So, the fly's genotype for the wing type gene is nn..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Charleston is the capital of West Virginia..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. A coffee mug is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nWhen you pour coffee into a coffee mug, the mug keeps its shape. If you drop a coffee mug, it may break into pieces. But each piece will still have a size and shape of its own..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that being socially awkward determines knowledge of workplace safety. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to Mr. Wells's desire to prevent workplace injuries. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem..",
-        "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The school is in column 3..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two bowls of oatmeal are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the bowl of oatmeal with less thermal energy has a lower temperature..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europe..",
-        "Solution: Notice how the two ironclads have smooth, reflective surfaces. Ironclads gained their name because they were made of metal. Iron is a type of metal. Before the Civil War, naval ships were made of wood. Metal ships such as ironclads were stronger than ships made of wood..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Montpelier is the capital of Vermont..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of the Red Sea is 2,240 kilometers.n2,240 millimeters, 2,240 centimeters, and 2,240 meters are all too short..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth changed.nAlec was lower than the balcony. As the water balloon fell toward Alec, the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth decreased as the water balloon fell toward Alec..",
-        "Solution: One object can make another object move with a push or a pull.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. Hitting a baseball with a bat is a type of push. The baseball player hits the ball away from his bat. The ball flies into the field. The direction of the push is away from the baseball bat..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of an adult great white shark is 5 meters.n5 millimeters and 5 centimeters are too short. 5 kilometers is too long..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.nCandice decided to make escargots using the small snails from her garden, but she prepared them terribly. Since she'd forgotten to add garlic, the taste was disappointing.nThe first text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.nCandice made escargots using the small snails from her garden. She prepared them according to the recipe but found the chewy texture terribly disappointing.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: People around the world live in three main kinds of places: urban areas, suburban areas, and rural areas.nAn urban area is a city. It has many people and businesses. The buildings are close to each other. The buildings are often tall and have many floors. Since there are so many people, traffic is usually bad. People will walk or take the bus, train, or subway to avoid traffic.nA suburban area, or suburb, is near a city. It is quieter and less crowded than an urban area. People usually live in houses with yards. Most people drive to get places.nA rural area is less crowded than both urban and suburban areas. Houses are much more spread out. People usually have to drive to get places. People in rural areas often live on farms or ranches.nSome places, like small towns, don't really fit into any of the types. A small town does not have as many people as an urban area, but it has more people than a rural area. It is not near a city, so it is not called a suburb. Farms are almost always in rural areas. They take up a lot of space. Rural areas have a lot of open space. There aren't many buildings or people..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a tennis racket is 55 centimeters.n55 millimeters is too short. 55 meters and 55 kilometers are too long..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of pink particles..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles..",
-        "Solution: Some words are alike. They go together in a group.nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. Daughter, brother, and son go together. They are people in a family. Teacher is not a person in a family, so it is not like the other words..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. Mrs. Robertson is an owl, working at night and sleeping during the day.nThe words Mrs. Robertson and owl are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each car moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each car moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each car moved for 5 hours. The car that moved 65 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that car must have moved at the lowest speed..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince blessing is between the guide words billow - brown, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion pyrrhic victory means that the victory came at a great cost. A pyrrhic victory is a victory that is so costly that it could actually be considered a failure..",
-        "Solution: Poets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms.nAnaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines.nOut of the cradle endlessly rocking,nOut of the mocking-bird's throat, the musical shuttle,nOut of the Ninth-month midnightn\u2014From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\"nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.n\u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:nHark! the honey bee is humming.n\u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.nWhere the wild men watched and waitednWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.n\u2014From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"nAssonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines.nI wandered lonely as a CloudnThat floats on high o'er Vales and Hills,nWhen all at once I saw a crowd,nA host of golden Daffodils.n\u2014From William Wordsworth, \"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\"nMeter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed.nA poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs speedy as a snail suggests that the Internet connection was very slow. A snail is not speedy, and neither was Katie's Internet connection..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Pollyanna is literature.nThe character Pollyanna, from Eleanor Porter's children's book, is a young girl who finds good in everything and everyone.nThe allusion Pollyanna means an overly optimistic person..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence makes a demand, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period..",
-        "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects the Atlantic Ocean. It does not intersect the Indian Ocean or the Pacific Ocean..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nKiara wants broccoli. Fernando wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne ship moved 245 kilometers in 5 hours.nThe other ship moved 350 kilometers in 5 hours.nNotice that each ship spent the same amount of time moving. The ship that moved 245 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at a lower speed..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. North Carolina is farthest east..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Antarctica..",
-        "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the saddle-billed stork.nThe saddle-billed stork has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still. This allows the saddle-billed stork to grab the prey without scaring it away.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe black-headed heron has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still.nThe northern pintail has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Delaware is farthest south..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nJasmine lives in a windy place.nThis passage tells you about the usual amount of wind where Jasmine lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Luther investigated whether baking soda can remove crayon from a wall. The sections of wall scrubbed with water only did not get baking soda. So, they were part of a control group..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Georgia..",
-        "Solution: During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her academic voice by maintaining an objective tone.nFor example, the writer could revise the underlined text.nMany people don't recycle because throwing things away is easier, even though doing so can be damaging to the environment. People are lazy and selfish, always wanting what is good for themselves, not necessarily what is good for society. As a result, many people do not take the steps that are required to recycle different materials. For example, some towns require residents to sort items before leaving them at the curbside; this causes some to skip recycling altogether, even though doing so is unethical..",
-        "Solution: During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her ideas and development by removing a second main idea.nFor example, the writer could remove the underlined text and focus only on the main idea: the importance of wearing bicycle helmets.nWearing a bicycle helmet is the best way to protect yourself against fatal head injuries. Several studies have shown that riders who wore helmets had a reduction in their risk of head and brain injuries. More and better bike lanes in our cities would help protect cyclists from danger. Children especially benefit from wearing helmets, since they experience the majority of bicycling accidents that cause serious head injuries..",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A wetland is a type of ecosystem. Wetlands have the following features: land that is covered with water during most of the year, soil that is rich in nutrients, and other water ecosystems nearby. So, the Okefenokee Swamp has land that is covered with water during most of the year. It also has soil that is rich in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A brown tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nThere are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches.nA great white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nGreat white sharks can live for up to 70 years.nA red crowned crane is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nCranes wade in shallow water to look for food. Cranes eat insects, worms, and plants.nA red kangaroo is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nKangaroos hop to move around. They use their large tails for balance while hopping..",
-        "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Haliaeetus pelagicus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.nHaliaeetus pelagicus is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that Steller's sea eagle is the common name..",
-        "Solution: This country is Saint Vincent and the Grenadines..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Cutting your fingernails is a physical change. Your fingernails are shorter after you cut them. But the pieces are still made of the same type of matter as the uncut fingernails..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. All three objects are shiny.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. None of the objects are soft.nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. The sapphire is translucent, but the car bumper and the metal bar are not.nThe property that all three objects have in common is shiny..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Peter Pan is literature.nIn a J. M. Barrie novel, the character Peter Pan retreats to Neverland and refuses to grow up.nThe allusion Peter Pan means a person who won't take on adult responsibilities..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nWhere Desmond lives, winds blowing from the northeast are rare in July.nThis passage tells you about the usual wind pattern where Desmond lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The magnet on the first train car pulls the second train car. The direction of the pull is toward the first train car..",
-        "Solution: Many plants have flowers. These plants can use their flowers to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do plants use their flowers to reproduce?nFirst, the male part of the flower makes pollen, and the female part makes eggs. Animals, wind, or water can move pollen. Pollination is what happens when pollen is moved to the female part of the flower.nAfter pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with the eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds. The fruit grows around the seeds. Later, a seed can fall out of the fruit. It can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. Flowers make seeds. After a flower is pollinated, male cells from the pollen combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.nThe fruit can grow around the seeds. But the fruit does not make seeds. Both the fruit and the seeds grow from parts of the flower..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince mint is between the guide words marriage - modest, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Miranda's hand is pushing on the door. So, Newton's third law tells you that the door is pushing on Miranda's hand..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nIn ancient times, mustard was used as a medicine for toothaches and insect stings..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince roam is between the guide words reality - rudder, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion an albatross around her neck is a poem.nIn Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem \"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,\" a sailor shoots and kills an albatross, an action that curses the ship and crew. As his crew members die, the Ancient Mariner feels his guilt hanging like the albatross around his neck.nThe allusion an albatross around her neck means a burden a person must bear..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A ladybug is an insect. Like other insects, a ladybug is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA fire salamander is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a fire salamander is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nLike other tarantulas, a metallic tarantula is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA peacock mantis shrimp is a crustacean. Like other crustaceans, a peacock mantis shrimp is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. South Dakota is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: Poets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms.nAnaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines.nOut of the cradle endlessly rocking,nOut of the mocking-bird's throat, the musical shuttle,nOut of the Ninth-month midnightn\u2014From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\"nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.n\u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:nHark! the honey bee is humming.n\u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.nWhere the wild men watched and waitednWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.n\u2014From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"nAssonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines.nI wandered lonely as a CloudnThat floats on high o'er Vales and Hills,nWhen all at once I saw a crowd,nA host of golden Daffodils.n\u2014From William Wordsworth, \"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\"nMeter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed.nA poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Asia..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The first sentence states a fact.nMorocco is a country on the northwest coast of Africa.nIt can be proved by checking a map of Africa.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nMorocco is the most exciting country to visit.nMost exciting shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what is exciting..",
-        "Solution: Marvin wanted broccoli in his lunch and Ken was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nMarvin has tomatoes. Ken has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion malapropism is literature.nMrs. Malaprop, a character in Richard Brinsley Sheridan's 1775 play The Rivals, conflates or confuses words that sound alike but have totally different meanings.nThe allusion malapropism means an amusingly incorrect use of a word..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, float. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, strained. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened..",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A sea otter is an animal. It eats animals that live in the ocean.nSea otters have very thick fur. Their fur keeps them warm in cold water.nA hydrangea bush is a plant. It can grow colorful flowers.nHydrangea bushes can have blue, white, purple, or pink flowers..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night. The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe simile like the parched earth during a drought suggests that Kendra's hands were dry and cracked. A drought is a period without rain; the ground during a drought can become hard and cracked..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince pot is between the guide words plus - prospect, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince smooth is between the guide words seize - spank, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word of is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is The Return of Jafar..",
-        "Solution: This country is Antigua and Barbuda..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.nBeep represents the sound that tells the caller to start recording a message..",
-        "Solution: Boston is the capital of Massachusetts..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Georgia..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the rock is the hardest. If you squeeze a rock, it will not change shape..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun their could refer to hares' or rabbits'.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Their has been replaced with hares'.nHares are often mistaken for rabbits, even though hares' legs, feet, and ears are usually bigger..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. All three objects are blue.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. The water slide and the binder are not fuzzy.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The jeans and the binder are not bouncy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is blue..",
-        "Solution: A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North America..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nAustin wants broccoli. Colin wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aiden is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Temperature is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average temperature for each month. The average temperature can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA line graph can be used to show the average temperature each month. Months with higher dots on the graph have higher average temperatures. To describe the average temperature trends in Cape Town, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Apr\" is incorrect.nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.nThe average temperatures in December, January, February, and March are around 20\u00b0C. These months have the highest average temperatures of all of the months. So, they are the hottest months on average..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..",
-        "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. Whine about something has a more negative connotation. If you whine about something, you talk about it in a complaining way..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A great gray owl's scientific name is Strix nebulosa.nGoura victoria does not have the same scientific name as a great gray owl. So, Strix nebulosa and Goura victoria are not in the same species.nCyanocitta cristata does not have the same scientific name as a great gray owl. So, Strix nebulosa and Cyanocitta cristata are not in the same species.nStrix nebulosa has the same scientific name as a great gray owl. So, these organisms are in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nAn opaque object does not let light through. The caramel corn is opaque, but the tape is not.nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. All three objects are sticky.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. The cake batter and the caramel corn are not blue.nThe property that all three objects have in common is sticky..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Peter Pan is literature.nIn a J. M. Barrie novel, the character Peter Pan retreats to Neverland and refuses to grow up.nThe allusion Peter Pan means a person who won't take on adult responsibilities..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A peregrine falcon's scientific name is Falco peregrinus.nPhoebastria nigripes does not have the same scientific name as a peregrine falcon. So, Falco peregrinus and Phoebastria nigripes are not in the same species.nFalco peregrinus has the same scientific name as a peregrine falcon. So, these organisms are in the same species.nArdea alba does not have the same scientific name as a peregrine falcon. So, Falco peregrinus and Ardea alba are not in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Bumpy is a property. A bumpy material is covered in lumps and bumps. It is not flat or smooth.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the asphalt road is bumpier. If you touch an asphalt road, it will feel lumpy and bumpy..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince see is between the guide words scurry - shelter, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the earthworm.nNo arrows point from the mushroom to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the mushroom to the earthworm.nThe only arrow pointing from the lichen leads to the barren-ground caribou. There are two arrows pointing from the barren-ground caribou to other organisms. One arrow points to the grizzly bear. The only arrow pointing from the grizzly bear leads to the mushroom. The other arrow pointing from the barren-ground caribou leads to the mushroom. No arrows point from the mushroom to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the lichen to the earthworm.nThere are two arrows pointing from the barren-ground caribou to other organisms. One arrow points to the grizzly bear. The only arrow pointing from the grizzly bear leads to the mushroom. The other arrow pointing from the barren-ground caribou leads to the mushroom. No",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two blocks of iron have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 75\u00b0C block is hotter than the 70\u00b0C block, it has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second holiday greeting is more formal. It uses more elevated language (Independence Day, the entire staff). The other holiday greeting uses casual language (happy 4 th, the crew) that is more familiar in tone..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the Spanish shawl nudibranch.nThe Spanish shawl nudibranch has stinging cells in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the Spanish shawl nudibranch is toxic and dangerous.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe crown-of-thorns sea star has venomous spines and brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.nThe peppered moth has gray and brown patches on its body. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the crested black macaque.nThe crested black macaque has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees. The crested black macaque uses its long fingers and toes to hold on to branches while climbing.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe lar gibbon has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees.nThe chital has four hoofed feet. It is not adapted for climbing trees. The chital uses its feet to walk and run..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: The colony is New Hampshire.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nJulia Child alludes to the famous chef who is known for popularizing French cuisine in the United States..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Christchurch, look at the graph.nChoice \"Apr\" is incorrect.nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.nMay has an average monthly precipitation of about 70 millimeters. This is higher than in any other month. So, May is the wettest month on average..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are the planets made mainly of rock. Of these planets, Earth is the largest. So, Earth is the largest planet that is made mainly of rock..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Scheherazade is ancient legend.nThe Arabian Nights presents the ancient legend of how Scheherazade successfully postpones her imminent death by mesmerizing her captor with a thousand and one fascinating tales.nThe allusion Scheherazade means a person who uses his or her arts to distract someone and avoid consequences..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 15 miles.n15 inches, 15 feet, and 15 yards are all too short..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of blue particles..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nJonah wants broccoli. Cassie wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, make. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: Homologous structures have the same basic parts and suggest different species shared a common ancestor. A person's arm and a frog's arm are both made of a similar set of bones, even though the bones within a frog's arm are differently sized and shaped than those in a human's..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMetal turning less shiny over time is called tarnishing. A penny tarnishing is a chemical change. When air touches the penny, the surface of the penny changes into a different type of matter. This matter makes the penny dull.nA sandwich rotting is a chemical change. The matter in the sandwich breaks down and slowly turns into a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Soft is a property. A soft material changes shape when pressed or squeezed.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the cotton towel is softer. If you squeeze cotton fabric, it will change shape..",
-        "Solution: Pierre is the capital of South Dakota..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A human is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nHumans are a type of animal called a primate. Monkeys and apes are also primates.nA Japanese tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nThere are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches..",
-        "Solution: Nashville is the capital of Tennessee..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..",
-        "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a passenger airplane is 47 tons.n47 ounces and 47 pounds are both too light..",
-        "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Associationnfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokespersonnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenemphasize that the product is a financially wise choicenanticipate and refute potential counterclaimsnAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathos, or emotion, by evoking a fear of social exclusion..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nIt is snowing in Sam's town today.nThis passage tells you about the precipitation today in Sam's town. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. Tracy went down the slide face-first, like a penguin.nThe words Tracy and penguin are compared using the word like. So, the sentence uses a simile..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. The curious girl looked into the damp cellar is a complete sentence. The subject is the curious girl, and the verb is looked..",
-        "Solution: Look back at the map. The labels on the map show the name of each region. The shaded area shows the territory controlled by the Mongol Empire.nThe map shows that the Mongol Empire controlled many parts of East Asia, Central Asia, Siberia, and the Middle East.nThe Mongol Empire did not control Southeast Asia or South Asia..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to blow your nose is 5 seconds.n5 minutes is too slow..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. An arrowhead is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. An arrowhead is made of rock.nThe water from a faucet is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you put water from a faucet into a container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space.nA book is a solid. When you read a book, you bend the spine and turn the pages. But the book still has a shape of its own.nA stone statue is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. Stone statues are made of one or more pieces of rock. Each piece of rock has a size and shape of its own..",
-        "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Shampoo does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, shampoo is not a mineral..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. All three objects are flexible.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. The rubber duck is yellow, but the trampoline and the metal paper clip are not.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. None of the objects are fuzzy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is flexible..",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A wetland is a type of ecosystem. Wetlands have the following features: land that is covered with water during most of the year, soil that is rich in nutrients, and other water ecosystems nearby. So, the Okavango Delta has soil that is rich in nutrients. It also has other water ecosystems nearby..",
-        "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Jessica investigated whether adding vinegar to salt water affects how quickly steel squares rust. The steel squares soaked in salt water did not get vinegar. So, they were part of a control group..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of yellow particles..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the long-beaked echidna.nA tube-shaped snout helps the long-beaked echidna reach into a burrow. A long, sticky tongue helps it catch the insects.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe aardvark has a tube-shaped mouth and a long, sticky tongue. Its mouth is adapted to eat insects that live inside burrows.nThe brown hyena has a wide snout. Its mouth is not adapted to get insects out of burrows. The brown hyena uses its mouth to tear through meat..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth. This continent is South America..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, give. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A short story should be in quotation marks.nThe correct title is \"Words for Living By.\".",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the phytoplankton.There are two paths matter can take from the phytoplankton to the sea cucumber: phytoplankton->plainfin midshipman->sea cucumber. phytoplankton->zooplankton->plainfin midshipman->sea cucumber. There is one path matter can take from the phytoplankton to the black rockfish: phytoplankton->zooplankton->black rockfish. orca. The only arrow pointing to the orca starts from the sea otter. The only arrow pointing to the sea otter starts from the sea urchin. The only arrow pointing to the sea urchin starts from the kelp. No arrow points to the kelp. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the phytoplankton to the orca.. sea urchin. The only arrow pointing to the sea urchin starts from the kelp. No arrow points to the kelp. So, in this food web,",
-        "Solution: Chew doesn't belong.nSnicker, giggle, and chuckle all name ways to laugh..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. The wet ice cube is not colorful.nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. The wet ice cube is translucent..",
-        "Solution: Mammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk. A parrotfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nParrotfish have fins and live underwater near coral reefs. They get their name from their bird-like beak!nAn elephant seal is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nSeals have flippers instead of arms! They use their flippers to swim underwater or to crawl on the beach.nA fire salamander is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFire salamanders can release poison from their skin. This poison helps protect them from predators.nAn ostrich is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nThe ostrich is the largest bird alive today. Ostriches cannot fly, but they can run very fast..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that obesity rates and rainforests are somehow interconnected. However, these two ideas aren't related. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a red herring..",
-        "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Svengali is literature.nIn George du Maurier's novel Trilby, Svengali is a hypnotist who exerts such power over the central character that she is suddenly able to sing, which she was unable to do before.nThe allusion Svengali means a person with an unduly strong influence over someone else..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism your services will no longer be required means that the gardener is being fired..",
-        "Solution: This country is Papua New Guinea.nWhy does Papua New Guinea share its island with another country?nPapua New Guinea takes up the eastern half of the island of New Guinea. The western half is part of Indonesia, an Asian country.nBeginning in the 17 th century, several countries took control of different parts of the island of New Guinea. By 1922, Australia controlled the entire eastern half of the island, and the Netherlands controlled the western half. In 1963, control over the western half was transferred to Indonesia, which had just gained independence from the Netherlands. Many people in western New Guinea did not want to become part of Indonesia, though, and some people in this area are still fighting to leave Indonesia today. The eastern part gained independence from Australia in 1975 and became Papua New Guinea..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A carp is a fish. Like other fish, a carp is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA koala is a mammal. Like other mammals, a koala is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA luna moth is an insect. Like other insects, a luna moth is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA toucan is a bird. Like other birds, a toucan is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Idaho is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.nSince 1923, the United States Flag Code has provided advisory rules for displaying and handling the U.S.",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each runner moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne runner moved 140 kilometers in 10 hours.nThe other runner moved 100 kilometers in 10 hours.nNotice that each runner spent the same amount of time moving. The runner who moved 140 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that runner must have moved at a higher speed..",
-        "Solution: There is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage. At the current price, there are too many picture frames for sale. There are 25 frames for sale, but only 18 people want to buy one.nSo, there is a surplus of picture frames. The art supply store will not get any money for the leftover picture frames..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that the smallest planet is Mercury and that Mercury is made mainly of rock. So, the smallest planet is made mainly of rock..",
-        "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether hydrogen peroxide is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for hydrogen peroxide is H2 O2. This formula contains two symbols: H for hydrogen and O for oxygen. So, the formula tells you that hydrogen peroxide is made of two chemical elements",
-        "Solution: Lansing is the capital of Michigan..",
-        "Solution: The Fifth Amendment says that anyone accused of a crime has the right to remain silent. The amendment also says that no person can be put on trial for the same crime more than once. Putting a person on trial for the same crime twice is called double jeopardy. To be in jeopardy is to be in danger of losing something, such as life or freedom. In the United States, no one can ever be put in double jeopardy. Part of the text of the Fifth Amendment is below. It never uses the phrase \"double jeopardy.\" Where do you think the phrase comes from? Nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A savanna grassland is a type of ecosystem. Savanna grasslands have the following features: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, Serengeti National Park has warm summers and warm winters. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: The colony is New York.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each duck moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each duck moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each duck moved for 5 hours. The duck that moved 260 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that duck must have moved at the highest speed..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Connecticut..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The rose plant's observable version of the thorns trait is not having thorns. So, the plant's phenotype for the thorns trait is not having thorns..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the chimpanzee.nThe chimpanzee uses its long limbs to reach branches while climbing. It uses its fingers and toes to grab the branches.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Sumatran orangutan has long limbs with fingers and toes. Its limbs are adapted for climbing trees.nThe okapi has long, thin limbs. Its limbs are not adapted for climbing trees. The okapi uses its limbs for walking and running..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the dead leaf mantis.nThe dead leaf mantis has a reddish-brown body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe plated leaf chameleon has reddish-brown scales coverings its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color.nThis Arctic wolf has white fur covering its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves..",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. An orca is an animal. It swims in the ocean.nOrcas are also called killer whales. They hunt fish and other animals that live in the ocean.nA walnut tree is a plant. It has many green leaves.nPeople pick and eat walnuts from walnut trees. Walnuts are the tree's seeds!nA dandelion is a plant. It can grow small yellow flowers.nDandelion seeds can be blown long distances by the wind.nA lavender bush is a plant. It has many purple flowers.nLavender has a sweet smell. Some people use the oil from lavender bushes for perfume..",
-        "Solution: Hartford is the capital of Connecticut..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.nBrenn",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is South America..",
-        "Solution: Look at the passage. It tells you how thick fur helps animals in wintertime.nPeople put on winter coats when it's cold outside, and some animals have winter coats, too! They grow extra-thick coats of fur to keep warm in winter. The thick fur traps their body heat and keeps it close to their skin. Many wild animals grow winter coats. But so do some cats and dogs..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n An axolotl's scientific name is Ambystoma mexicanum. The first word of its scientific name is Ambystoma.nPython reticulatus is in the genus Python. The first word of its scientific name is Python. So, Python reticulatus and Ambystoma mexicanum are not in the same genus.nAmbystoma opacum is in the genus Ambystoma. The first word of its scientific name is Ambystoma. So, Ambystoma opacum and Ambystoma mexicanum are in the same genus.nTigrisoma mexicanum and Ambystoma mexicanum are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Tigrisoma mexicanum and Ambystoma mexicanum have the same species name within their genus, mexicanum. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Tigrisoma mexicanum",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMixing chocolate syrup into milk is a physical change. The chocolate syrup and milk make a mixture. Making a mixture does not form a different type of matter.nStapling an envelope shut is a physical change. The envelope and the staple get new shapes. Both are still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is older:nThe palm leaf fossil is in a deeper layer in the rock sequence than the crocodile egg fossil. So, the palm leaf fossil is most likely older than the crocodile egg fossil..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A scarecrow is not a living thing.nA scarecrow does not have all the traits of a living thing. It is shaped like a person, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water.nRain is not a living thing.nRain is made of water. It helps living things survive. But it does not have all the traits of a living thing. Rain does not grow or need food.nA rabbit is a living thing.nRabbits grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Rabbits are made up of many cells.nAn ice cube is not a living thing.nAn ice cube can change. It will melt in warm weather! But it does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does not need food..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A helmeted iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nIguanas are a type of lizard. Iguanas eat plants and fruit.nA poison dart frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nPoison dart frogs come in many bright colors. Their bright color warns other animals that these frogs are poisonous..",
-        "Solution: This country is Antigua and Barbuda..",
-        "Solution: A chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products. Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to ammonium nitrate in this chemical reaction.nTo help relieve pain during a dental visit, a dentist may give a patient nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide is made in factories by carefully heating ammonium nitrate. At 170\u00b0C, ammonium nitrate breaks down and forms a mixture of nitrous oxide gas and water vapor. After the mixture is collected, the water vapor is separated from the nitrous oxide gas.nThe underlined text tells you that when ammonium nitrate breaks down, nitrous oxide and water are formed. When ammonium nitrate reacts, or goes through a chemical change, its atoms are rearranged to form nitrous oxide and water. Because ammonium nitrate reacts in this chemical reaction, ammonium nitrate is a reactant..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A savanna grassland is a type of ecosystem. Savanna grasslands have the following features: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the following statements describe the Cerrado ecosystem: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has a rainy season and a dry season. It has warm summers and warm winters. The following statement does not describe the Cerrado: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has a small amount of rain..",
-        "Solution: Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes =",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A cedar tree is a plant. It has small leaves.nCedar trees grow in many parts of the world. Many cedar trees grow on mountains.nA mole is an animal. It eats insects and worms.nMoles live mostly underground..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. Marie went down the slide face-first, like a penguin.nThe words Marie and penguin are compared using the word like. So, the sentence uses a simile..",
-        "Solution: Jaylen wanted broccoli in his lunch and Porter was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nJaylen has tomatoes. Porter has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. All three objects are rough.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. None of the objects are soft.nThe property that all three objects have in common is rough..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.nPreston took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince sailor is not between the guide words sour - stone, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode! The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nThe hyperbole dinosaurs were still roaming the Earth suggests that Dustin hasn't cleaned his room in a very long time. He did not actually clean his room millions of years ago when dinosaurs existed..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: This country is Nauru..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince impulse is between the guide words illustrate - interrupt, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the golden eagle.nThe golden eagle has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey. The sharp claws can help the golden eagle attack and kill its prey. The long toes can help it hold on to its prey.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe common buzzard has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey.nThe Malayan tapir has large, heavy feet. Its feet are not adapted for grabbing prey. The Malayan tapir uses its feet to walk and run..",
-        "Solution: Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: Look at the diagram of the rock sequence. The double-headed arrow on the left tells you how the rock layers are arranged by age. In this diagram, the older layer is shown below the younger layer.nThe sandstone layer is older than the limestone layer..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. New York is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The second sentence states a fact.nJackie Robinson played baseball for the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1947 to 1956.nIt can be proved by reading a history book about Jackie Robinson.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nJackie Robinson was the most noteworthy baseball player of the 1940 s and 1950 s.nMost noteworthy shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a baseball player noteworthy..",
-        "Solution: Boston is the capital of Massachusetts..",
-        "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 3 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 5 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 4 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 1 more solute particle on the left side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the left than to the right..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nGlared at him suggests that it bothered Daniel that the essay wasn't finished. The essay is like a person who is bothering Daniel..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince argue is between the guide words album - avoid, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Primary consumers eat producers. So, in a food web, primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.nThe black rockfish has an arrow pointing to it from the zooplankton. The zooplankton is not a producer. So, the black rockfish is not a primary consumer.nThe phytoplankton does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the phytoplankton is not a primary consumer.nThe orca has an arrow pointing to it from the sea otter. The sea otter is not a producer. So, the orca is not a primary consumer.nThe sea urchin has an arrow pointing to it from the kelp. The kelp is a producer, so the sea urchin is a primary consumer.nThe kelp bass has an arrow pointing to it from the kelp. The kelp is a producer, so the kelp bass is a primary consumer..",
-        "Solution: A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0.nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Celsius (\u00b0C). Celsius is one scale used to measure temperature.nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.nThere is a Celsius scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 30 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 30\u00b0C. Find the top of the red liquid.nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid lines up with 15. So, the temperature is 15\u00b0C..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.nAs a geneticist, Eliana dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.nAs a geneticist, Eliana enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nArachnids have the following traits:nThey have eight legs.nThey have an exoskeleton.nThey have no antennae.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA trichina worm has the following traits:nA trichina worm does not have all of the traits of an arachnid. A trichina worm is a roundworm.nA wolf spider has the following traits:nIt has eight legs.nIt has an exoskeleton.nIt has no antennae.nA wolf spider has the traits of an arachnid. A wolf spider is an arachnid..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a washing machine is 36 gallons.n36 fluid ounces and 36 cups are both too little..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a car's gas tank is 15 gallons.n15 fluid ounces and 15 cups are both too little..",
-        "Solution: Nashville is the capital of Tennessee..",
-        "Solution: This country is Fiji..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (some things, bring up).nThe second sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of blue particles..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015n To decide which planet is the smallest, look at the volumes shown in the table and compare the exponents. Mercury's volume has an exponent of 10, which is the smallest out of all the planets.nMercury is made mainly of rock. So, the smallest planet is made mainly of rock..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the spectacled cobra.nWhen frightened, the spectacled cobra can spread out its hood to appear larger and more dangerous. If a predator is nearby, the hood can help scare it away.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe bearded dragon has spiny scales around its neck. It uses its neck to appear larger and more dangerous to a predator.nThe green anole has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted to help it appear larger and more dangerous to a predator..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nMaya wants broccoli. Hanson wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A snowy owl is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nSnowy owls live in cold places. Even their feet have feathers to keep warm!nA gray crowned crane is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nCranes wade in shallow water to look for food. Cranes eat insects, worms, and plants.nA black howler is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nHowler monkeys have loud calls, or howls. Their calls can be heard over three miles away!nA Banggai cardinalfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nCardinalfish often live near coral reefs. They are nocturnal, which means that they are active mostly at night..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Christmas tree worm's scientific name is Spirobranchus giganteus.nSphodromantis viridis does not have the same scientific name as a Christmas tree worm. So, Spirobranchus giganteus and Sphodromantis viridis are not in the same species.nMacropus giganteus does have the same species within its genus as a Christmas tree worm, but they are not in the same genus! They do not have the same scientific name as each other. So, these organisms are not in the same species.nSpirobranchus giganteus has the same scientific name as a Christmas tree worm. So, these organisms are in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Kurt wants or needs:nKurt will spend some time and money to get the costume..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that the company's snacks are the best because they use natural ingredients. However, snacks with natural ingredients aren't necessarily the best. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! The properties of andesite match the properties of a rock. So, andesite is a rock..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince common is between the guide words civilian - crank, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.nMrs. Lloyd will bake brownies for dessert, or she will make peach cobbler..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in London, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nJuly has an average monthly precipitation of about 45 millimeters. This is lower than in any other month. So, July has the lowest average precipitation..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to do ten jumping jacks is 18 seconds.n18 hours is too slow..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. New Hampshire is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. Both objects are smooth.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. Neither of the objects are rough.nThe property that both objects have in common is smooth..",
-        "Solution: This country is Grenada..",
-        "Solution: In an environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups.nA single organism is an individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a population.nMultiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community.nTogether, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem..",
-        "Solution: Plant and animal cells have many parts in common, but not all. This table shows some of their similarities and differences.nCell part | Plant cell | Animal cellncell wall | yes | noncell membrane | yes | yesncytoplasm | yes | yesnmitochondria | yes | yesnvacuole | yes | yesnchloroplasts | yes | nonnucleus | yes | yesnchromosomes | yes | yesnThink about how plant and animal cells are different:nPlant cells have a cell wall, but animal cells do not. The cell wall helps plant cells keep a fixed shape. Most animal cells do not have a fixed shape.nPlant cells have chloroplasts, but animal cells do not. Chloroplasts make sugar that plants cells can use as food. Animal cells cannot make their own food.n.",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince describe is between the guide words dangle - differ, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant.nIn this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables.nThe amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others.nThe number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBaking an apple pie is a chemical change. The type of matter in the pie changes. The apples become soft, and the crust turns brown.nPlants making food is a chemical change. Plants use energy from sunlight to change air and water into food. The food is sugar. Sugar is a different type of matter than air or water.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBaking is caused by heating. But plants making food is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: The Second Amendment says that the American people have the right to own weapons. It does not say only certain people have that right. The amendment applies to all Americans. The complete text of the Second Amendment is below. According to the text, why is it important for Americans to have the right to own weapons? A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed..",
-        "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether building a deck is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs building a deck something you can touch? No.nIs building a deck a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.nSo, building a deck is a service..",
-        "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. A bubble map uses lines to connect things that are related. This bubble map shows information about different kinds of marsupials.nKoalas is directly connected to sleep during the day. This tells you that koalas sleep during the day..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a pen is 18 centimeters.n18 millimeters is too short. 18 meters and 18 kilometers are too long..",
-        "Solution: People around the world live in three main kinds of places: urban areas, suburban areas, and rural areas.nAn urban area is a city. It has many people and businesses. The buildings are close to each other. The buildings are often tall and have many floors. Since there are so many people, traffic is usually bad. People will walk or take the bus, train, or subway to avoid traffic.nA suburban area, or suburb, is near a city. It is quieter and less crowded than an urban area. People usually live in houses with yards. Most people drive to get places.nA rural area is less crowded than both urban and suburban areas. Houses are much more spread out. People usually have to drive to get places. People in rural areas often live on farms or ranches.nSome places, like small towns, don't really fit into any of the types. A small town does not have as many people as an urban area, but it has more people than a rural area. It is not near a city, so it is not called a suburb. Rural areas have much less traffic. There aren't as many people or cars in rural areas..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Benedict Arnold is U.S. history.nBenedict Arnold was an American officer who secretly aided the British during the American Revolution.nThe allusion Benedict Arnold means a traitor..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs tidy as an overgrown garden shows verbal irony because an overgrown garden is not tidy..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a bathtub is 335 liters.n335 milliliters is too little..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince clatter is between the guide words cinder - couple, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the polar bear.nThe polar bear has skin with thick fur on top and a thick layer of fat underneath it. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The polar bear uses its fur and fat to keep warm in cold weather.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe snowy owl has a thick coat of feathers covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.nThe hairy armadillo has scales covering much of its skin. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places..",
-        "Solution: Pierre is the capital of South Dakota..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents the compound pyrite.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether silicon carbide is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that silicon carbide is composed of carbon atoms and silicon atoms bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that silicon carbide is composed of two chemical elements: carbon and silicon. Since silicon carbide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, silicon carbide is a compound..",
-        "Solution: Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce sugars and oxygen.nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Because producers make their own food, they typically do not eat other organisms.nTheir cells contain chloroplasts, which are cell structures where photosynthesis occurs.nTheir chloroplasts often contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll captures light energy from the Sun to power photosynthesis.nThey use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides energy that helps the organisms live, grow, and reproduce. This organism is photosynthetic:nThe text tells you that Racomitrium lanuginosum moss cells contain chlorophyll. This is evidence that Racomitrium lanuginosum moss is a photosynthetic organism.nThis organism is not photosynthetic:nThe text does not provide evidence that the moss mantis is photosynthetic..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Both magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A baseball is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If you hit a baseball with a bat, the baseball will still have a size and shape of its own.nThe air from a hair dryer is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. A hair dryer uses a fan to blow warm air out. When the air leaves the hair dryer, the air expands to fill a much large space.nThe water in a waterfall is a liquid. A liquid can change shape. But it still takes up the same amount of space. As water flows down a waterfall, the water changes shape.nA chair is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. When you sit on a chair, it keeps its shape..",
-        "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a hiking trail is 2 kilometers.n2 centimeters is too short..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.nMarcy couldn't tolerate the nauseous odor emanating from the landfill, so she rolled up her car windows as she drove past.nThe first text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.nThe odor emanating from the landfill made Marcy so nauseous that she had to roll up the car windows as she drove past.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to bake lasagna in the oven is 44 minutes.n44 hours is too slow..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nDull roar is a contradiction, because dull describes something muffled or soft, and a roar is loud..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. All four objects are slippery.nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The ice hockey rink is hard, but the dish soap, the yogurt, and the butter are not.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The ice hockey rink is not flexible.nThe property that all four objects have in common is slippery..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a fire truck is 16 tons.n16 ounces and 16 pounds are both too light..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Erik wants or needs:nErik will give up the chance to look at the birch tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the tulips..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town. The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe metaphor the only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career suggests that there was a benefit to Quincy's job loss. A light would be beneficial in helping someone escape a dark, difficult-to-navigate situation. Similarly, Quincy's new career was beneficial in helping him escape the emotionally difficult experience of losing his job..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: This country is Fiji..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the stroller that is heavier.nA stroller holding a kid that weighs 29 pounds is heavier than a stroller holding a kid that weighs 22 pounds. So, the stroller holding the kid that weighs 29 pounds needs to be pushed with a larger force to start moving forward at the same speed as the other other stroller..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Ms. Weber is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The equator is the line at 0\u00b0 latitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect Europe or North America..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Des Moines is the capital of Iowa..",
-        "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether a banana is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs a banana something you can touch? Yes.nIs a banana a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, a banana is a good..",
-        "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. Like other tarantulas, a red-kneed tarantula does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.nA green toad is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a green toad has a backbone..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses conversational language (real quick).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A clownfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nA helmeted iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nOf a certain age is an indirect and generally more polite way of referring to older people..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the earthworm.nNo arrows point from the mushroom to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the mushroom to the earthworm.There are three paths matter can take from the bear sedge to the earthworm: bear sedge->brown lemming->Arctic fox->earthworm. bear sedge->brown lemming->snowy owl->earthworm. bear sedge->brown lemming->parasitic jaeger->rough-legged hawk->earthworm. There are four paths matter can take from the bilberry to the earthworm: bilberry->Arctic fox->earthworm. bilberry->brown lemming->Arctic fox->earthworm. bilberry->brown lemming->snowy owl->earthworm. bilberry->brown lemming->parasitic jaeger->rough-legged hawk->earthworm. There is one path matter can take from the",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each bowhead whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne bowhead whale moved 80 kilometers in 10 hours.nThe other bowhead whale moved 45 kilometers in 10 hours.nNotice that each bowhead whale spent the same amount of time moving. The bowhead whale that moved 80 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that bowhead whale must have moved at a higher speed..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a passenger helicopter is 2 tons.n2 ounces and 2 pounds are both too light..",
-        "Solution: This state is Alabama..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nSugar has a sweet taste. The pretzel is not sweet.nA bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. The pretzel is bumpy..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Peridotite does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, peridotite is not a mineral..",
-        "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for pyrite contains two symbols: Fe for iron and S for sulfur. So, pyrite is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, pyrite is a",
-        "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Carassius auratus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.nCarassius auratus is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that goldfish is the common name..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nA dime a dozen means common..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the friend who is heavier.nA friend who weighs 25 pounds is heavier than a friend who weighs 24 pounds. So, to move the wagon at the same speed each time, Logan needs to use a larger force to start moving the wagon with a friend who weighs 25 pounds..",
-        "Solution: The colony is New Hampshire.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce sugars and oxygen.nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Because producers make their own food, they typically do not eat other organisms.nTheir cells contain chloroplasts, which are cell structures where photosynthesis occurs.nTheir chloroplasts often contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll captures light energy from the Sun to power photosynthesis.nThey use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides energy that helps the organisms live, grow, and reproduce. This organism is photosynthetic:nThe text tells you that giant kelp are producers that use carbon dioxide and water to make food. This is evidence that the giant kelp is a photosynthetic organism.nThis organism is not photosynthetic:nThe text does not provide evidence that the leafy sea dragon is photosynthetic..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A human is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nHumans are a type of animal called a primate. Monkeys and apes are also primates.nA green tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nThere are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches..",
-        "Solution: This country is Trinidad and Tobago..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the cart that is heavier.nA cart holding 62 pounds is heavier than a cart holding 50 pounds. So, the cart holding 62 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other cart..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three meatballs have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 44\u00b0C meatball is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The velcro is rough.nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. The velcro is not colorful..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince dad is not between the guide words degree - doll, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to brush your teeth is 2 minutes.n2 seconds is too fast..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince brave is between the guide words book - bulletin, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion spartan is Greek history.nSoldiers from the city of Sparta in ancient Greece were known for their self-restraint, self-discipline, and indifference to luxury.nThe allusion spartan means simple and austere..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Duncan wants or needs:nDuncan will give up the chance to be in the Theater Club. He would have had more fun in the Theater Club than in the Photography Club..",
-        "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..",
-        "Solution: New doesn't belong.nSometimes, rarely, and usually all describe how often something happens..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a bench is 11 feet.n11 inches is too short. 11 yards and 11 miles are too long..",
-        "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to logos, or reason. It uses a graph to display factual information..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince robber is between the guide words riddle - rye, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with yellow pods or green pods, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the pod color trait. The question tells you that the d allele, which is for yellow pods, is recessive to the D allele, which is for green pods.nYellow pods is the recessive allele's version of the pod color trait. A pea plant with the recessive version of the pod color trait must have only recessive alleles for the pod color gene. So, offspring with yellow pods must have the genotype dd.nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype d",
-        "Solution: Concord is the capital of New Hampshire..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. All four objects are soft.nA lemon has a sour taste. The melted marshmallow is not sour.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. The melted marshmallow, the apron, and the stuffed dice are not shiny.nThe property that all four objects have in common is soft..",
-        "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. Mutter about something has a more negative connotation. If you mutter about something, you whisper about it in an unhappy or angry way..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nTake him years to finish is an exaggeration, since it probably does not take him entire years to fetch coffee..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Job is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Job remains faithful and loyal to God, even after the unjust loss of his possessions, family, and health.nThe allusion Job means someone who patiently endures adversity..",
-        "Solution: Many plants have flowers. These plants can use their flowers to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do plants use their flowers to reproduce?nFirst, the male part of the flower makes pollen, and the female part makes eggs. Animals, wind, or water can move pollen. Pollination is what happens when pollen is moved to the female part of the flower.nAfter pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with the eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds. The fruit grows around the seeds. Later, a seed can fall out of the fruit. It can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. Seeds can be big or small. This coconut seed is big.nSeeds can be many different shapes. These maple seeds are long and flat.nSeeds can be more than one color. These pistachio seeds are green and brown..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of pink particles..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince mission is between the guide words mechanic - monk, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The muskmelon plant has two alleles for sweet fruit (f). So, the plant's genotype for the fruit taste gene is ff..",
-        "Solution: This state is New Jersey..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the box.nThe jewelry box is made of two different materials. The box is made of wood, and the hinges are metal..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the Arctic hare.nDuring the winter, the Arctic hare has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The Arctic hare uses its fur to keep warm in cold weather.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nDuring the winter, the caribou has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.nThe scarlet snake has thin scales covering its body. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places..",
-        "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is older:nThe fern fossil is in a deeper layer in the rock sequence than the crocodile egg fossil. So, the fern fossil is most likely older than the crocodile egg fossil..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince oh is between the guide words oar - orphan, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two mugs of cider have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 40\u00b0C mug of cider is hotter than the 30\u00b0C mug of cider, it has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The hiker pulls the litter up off of the ground. The direction of the pull is toward her hand..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The force of Earth's gravity pulls the diver downward. The direction of the pull is toward the center of Earth..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nBert noticed that the wind was blowing in from the ocean this afternoon.nThis passage tells you about the wind direction where Bert was this afternoon. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A golden frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.nA cardinalfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nCardinalfish often live near coral reefs. They are nocturnal, which means that they are active mostly at night..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. I wear an apron it keeps my dress clean is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: I wear an apron and It keeps my dress clean..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA soft object changes shape when you squeeze it. The dress is soft.nA hard object keeps its shape when you squeeze it. The dress is not hard..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nTearing a piece of paper is a physical change. The paper tears into pieces. But each piece is still made of paper.nStapling an envelope shut is a physical change. The envelope and the staple get new shapes. Both are still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA sticky object can stick to other things. Neither of the objects are sticky.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. Both objects are blue.nThe property that both objects have in common is blue..",
-        "Solution: This country is Grenada..",
-        "Solution: This country is the Federated States of Micronesia..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nMonica wants broccoli. Diana wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the sturgeon.nThe sturgeon's mouth is located on the underside of its head and points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding. The sturgeon uses its mouth to find food hidden in the sediment at the bottom of rivers, lakes, and the ocean.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe bat ray's mouth is located on the underside of its head. Its mouth points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding.nThe emperor angelfish's mouth is not located on the underside of its head. Its mouth is not adapted for bottom feeding..",
-        "Solution: Diana wanted broccoli in her lunch and Gabby was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nDiana has tomatoes. Gabby has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Mr. Vincent is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Reba has many responsibilities. If you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.nManny took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of an ice skate is 12 inches.n12 feet, 12 yards, and 12 miles are all too long..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. The printing press was a new technology. It made the process of copying books easier and faster. So, the supply of books went up..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them is used without its antecedent.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the officers.nWhen Maria called the officers at the bank, she learned that her checking account was overdrawn..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: The city is San Antonio, Texas. Chicago, New York City, and San Francisco are marked with gray circles on the map below..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.nThe pond has frozen over, so Nellie will go ice skating..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince boulder is between the guide words bike - bridge, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that the speaker's father wants the speaker to stop spending time with friends. However, this misrepresents the father's argument. The speaker's father only asked the speaker to spend more time on household chores. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two oranges are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter orange has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The pineapple is rough.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The pineapple is not stretchy..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the short-tailed weasel.nDuring the winter, the short-tailed weasel has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nDuring the winter, the Arctic fox has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.nThis screech owl has gray and brown feathers on its skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in the snow..",
-        "Solution: Camouflage is at work when an animal is hard to see because it looks like its environment. For example, some butterflies look like leaves, so they are better hidden from predators..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Sacramento is the capital of California the state government meets there is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Sacramento is the capital of California and The state government meets there..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Megan or Carly.nWhen Megan ran into Carly at the post office, she smiled and said hello.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nMegan smiled and said hello when she ran into Carly at the post office..",
-        "Solution: This country is Samoa..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each pizza decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each pizza decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each pizza to the surroundings..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a water pitcher is 11 cups.n11 fluid ounces is too little and 11 gallons is too much..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a can of soda pop is 345 milliliters.n345 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: Charleston is the capital of West Virginia..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is a run-on sentence. It is formed from two sentences run together, joined without punctuation.nThe first car that Mr. Castro bought is still the most precious in his collection it's a 1971 Chevrolet Chevelle.nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:nThe first car that Mr. Castro bought is still the most precious in his collection; it",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A black howler's scientific name is Alouatta caraya.nOvis orientalis does not have the same scientific name as a black howler. So, Alouatta caraya and Ovis orientalis are not in the same species.nOvis canadensis does not have the same scientific name as a black howler. So, Alouatta caraya and Ovis canadensis are not in the same species.nAlouatta caraya has the same scientific name as a black howler. So, these organisms are in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words pack and back rhyme. They both end with the ack sound.nThe word tune does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. None of the objects are blue.nSugar has a sweet taste. All three objects are sweet.nA lemon has a sour taste. None of the objects are sour.nThe property that all three objects have in common is sweet..",
-        "Solution: Trenton is the capital of New Jersey..",
-        "Solution: This country is New Zealand..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Precision refers to how close measurements are to each other. On a bull's-eye, a series of precise dart throws would all cluster around the same spot..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a bottle of hair spray is 10 fluid ounces.n10 cups and 10 gallons are both too much..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.nSusan finished her book, but she got two more from the library..",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second confirmation text message is more formal. It avoids abbreviations (4, ur, C, U, Mon) and writes out \"@.\".",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Amy or Annie.nAmy asked Annie to make a flourless chocolate cake for their book club meeting because she has a gluten allergy.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nBecause Annie has a gluten allergy, Amy asked her to make a flourless chocolate cake for their book club meeting..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have a hard outer cover on their body. Other invertebrates have a soft body. Like other spiders, an orb weaver is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.nA cat is a mammal. Like other mammals, a cat is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the short-tailed weasel.nDuring the winter, the short-tailed weasel has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe polar bear has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.nThe porcupine has black-and-white spines covering its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in the snow..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Bullseye's observable version of the fur color trait is brown fur. So, Bullseye's phenotype for the fur color trait is brown fur..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince accuse is not between the guide words another - away, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Saint Paul is the capital of Minnesota..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion to an ark suggests that Christine thinks the storm will cause major flooding. In the Bible, it rains for forty days and forty nights; Noah, his family, and animals of every species survive the great flood in an ark that he builds..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Idaho is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The first sentence states a fact.nThe United States government can collect taxes.nIt can be proved by looking at a list of government powers.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nPeople are taxed too much.nToo much shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what level of taxes is too much..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, raise. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. All four objects are fragile.nAn opaque object does not let light through. The ceramic plate is opaque, but the icicle, the window, and the glass are not.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The window and the glass are transparent, but the ceramic plate is not.nThe property that all four objects have in common is fragile..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that four out of the eight planets are made mainly of rock. So, one-half, or 50%, of the planets are made mainly of rock..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nA skull is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nSo, a skull is not a mineral.nQuartz is a mineral.nHornblende is a mineral..",
-        "Solution: Concord is the capital of New Hampshire..",
-        "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..",
-        "Solution: This country is the Marshall Islands.nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Texas is farthest south..",
-        "Solution: Write doesn't belong.nTell, announce, and say all name ways to speak aloud..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nKevin wants broccoli. Aaliyah wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. Living things use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives.nAll living things sense changes in the world around them. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A spruce tree is a living thing.nSpruce trees grow and respond to the world around them. They need food and water.nSpruce trees are plants. They make their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight.nA street lamp is not a living thing.nStreet lamps do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to the world around them. They do not need food or water..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two bath towels are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter bath towel has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nLet go is an indirect and more polite way of saying fired..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a paper drinking cup is 150 milliliters.n150 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a garden snail is 35 millimeters.n35 centimeters and 35 meters are both too long..",
-        "Solution: Holi celebrates the beginning of spring. The holiday takes place over two days in late February or early March. After winter, people are excited for the warmth and bright colors that come with spring..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word for is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is Bad Kitty for President..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A wombat is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nWombats have strong claws on their front feet. They use their claws to dig underground holes called burrows.nA barn owl is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nBarn owls live on every continent except Antarctica.nA flamingo is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nFlamingos live in large groups. These groups are called flocks.nAn ocean sunfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nOcean sunfish have a flat body and wide fins. They sometimes swim to the ocean's surface to rest in the sun..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A toy car is not a living thing.nIf this toy car is wound up, it will roll forward. But toy cars do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow. They do not need food or water.nA hedge maze is a living thing.nHedge mazes grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Hedge mazes are made up of many cells.nHedge mazes are made from shrubs. People cut the shrubs into shapes that form a maze.nA ferris wheel is not a living thing.nA ferris wheel does not have all the traits of a living thing. It moves in a circle, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water.nA crayon is not a living thing.nCrayons do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water..",
-        "Solution: Dover is the capital of Delaware..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.nImpossible to put down means that the book is so good that it is hard to stop reading. The phrase impossible to put down is also a joke about anti-gravity: if gravity pulls things down, perhaps anti-gravity does the opposite and makes them impossible to put down..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (some things, bring up).nThe second sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince shower is between the guide words seven - strange, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince scooter is not between the guide words shop - swept, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A dwarf crocodile is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nA gorilla is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion We're not in Kansas anymore is a movie.nIn the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, Dorothy, a young farm girl from Kansas, finds herself in Oz, an unusual place that looks nothing like her home. She says to her dog, \"Toto, I've a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore.\"nThe allusion We're not in Kansas anymore means we're in an unfamiliar place..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the common swift.nA short, thin beak is light and easy to move. The common swift uses its beak to grab fast-moving insects while flying.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe barn swallow has a short, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to catch insects.nThe hanging parrot has a small hooked beak. Its beak is not adapted to catch insects. The hanging parrot uses its beak to eat fruit and seeds..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A tawny owl's scientific name is Strix aluco. The first word of its scientific name is Strix.nGoura cristata is in the genus Goura. The first word of its scientific name is Goura. So, Goura cristata and Strix aluco are not in the same genus.nThis organism and the tawny owl are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Strix aluco.nCyanocitta cristata is in the genus Cyanocitta. The first word of its scientific name is Cyanocitta. So, Cyanocitta cristata and Strix aluco are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: Nashville is the capital of Tennessee..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The second sentence states a fact.nFor thousands of years, the natives of Greenland used kayaks for hunting and fishing.nIt can be proved by reading a book about Greenland history.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nPaddling a kayak down a river is the most unforgettable experience.nMost unforgettable shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what an experience is like..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.nLara's little brother looked a little sick after eating mounds of candy and then going on the nauseous rides at the state fair.nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.nLara's little brother looked a little nauseous after eating mounds of candy and then going on the dizzying rides at the state fair.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word in is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is \"The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing.\".",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Krysta doesn't have school spirit, because she doesn't go to football games. However, there may be a number of reasons why Krysta doesn't go to football games. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the tape is more flexible. If you bend a piece of tape, it will not break..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBleaching clothes is a chemical change. The bleach reacts with dark stains on the clothes. The reaction changes the stains into different types of matter that wash away easily.nA piece of apple turning brown is a chemical change. The apple reacts with oxygen in the air and turns into a different type of matter.nIf you scrape off the brown layer of the apple, the inside is still white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change didn't happen to that part of the apple.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are",
-        "Solution: Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The wet bar of soap is not transparent.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The wet bar of soap and the jello are not bouncy.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. All three objects are slippery.nThe property that all three objects have in common is slippery..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The Channel catfish's observable version of the body color trait is a brown body. So, the catfish's phenotype for the body color trait is a brown body..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the bear sedge.nArrows point to the grizzly bear from the bilberry and the barren-ground caribou. The only arrow pointing to the barren-ground caribou starts from the lichen. No arrow points to the lichen or the bilberry. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bear sedge to the grizzly bear..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nIguazu Falls is one of the largest waterfalls in the world. It is located in South America. Low rainfall in 1978 caused the falls to run dry that year.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the amount of precipitation that fell near Iguazu Falls in 1978. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the hawfinch.nThe hawfinch has a short, thick beak. Its beak is adapted to crack hard seeds. The hawfinch uses its short, thick beak to press down on a seed and crack open its hard shell.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe Asian golden weaver has a short, thick beak. Its beak is adapted to crack hard seeds.nThe common swift has a short, thin beak. Its beak is not adapted to crack hard seeds. The common swift uses its beak to eat insects and other small invertebrates..",
-        "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that of the eight planets, two are made mainly of gas and two are made mainly of ice. So, four of the eight, or half, of the planets are made mainly of gas or ice..",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A wombat is an animal. It eats plants.nWombats have strong claws. They use their claws to dig tunnels called burrows.nA maple tree is a plant. It has star-shaped leaves.nMaple trees have green leaves in the spring and summer. In the fall, their leaves turn yellow, red, or brown..",
-        "Solution: This state is Missouri..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the lichen.nNo arrow points to the bear sedge. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the lichen to the bear sedge..",
-        "Solution: Both the picture and the text tell you about the traits of African wild dogs. Start with the picture.nThese African wild dogs have black, brown, and white fur. They also have four legs and two ears.nNext, read the text about African wild dogs.nAfrican wild dogs live in groups called packs. Between 3 and 20 adult African wild dogs live together in a pack.nAfrican wild dogs do live in groups. But the groups are not made up of thousands of dogs..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the door.nThis door is made of two different materials. The body of the door is made of wood. The door knob is made of metal.nNot all doors are made of wood. The body of a door can be made of metal or even glass..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.nAn avid reader, Philip attends weekly book club meetings, and he",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Senator Fischer hates children, because she wants to cut education funding. However, the fact that Senator Fischer wants to cut education funding doesn't necessarily suggest that she hates children. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion a Cinderella story is a fairy tale.nThe character Cinderella, from the fairy tale of the same name, transforms from a disrespected and neglected young woman to the wife of a prince.nThe allusion a Cinderella story means a dramatic gain in wealth or status..",
-        "Solution: This country is The Bahamas..",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. An orange tree is a plant. It can grow fruit.nOrange trees grow in sunny, warm places. They can be damaged by cold weather.nAn orca is an animal. It swims in the ocean.nOrcas are also called killer whales. They hunt fish and other animals that live in the ocean..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. A famous group will sing here on Saturday is a complete sentence. The subject is a famous group, and the verb is will sing..",
-        "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 4 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 6 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 1 more solute particle on the left side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the left than to the right..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe correct title is The Elephant Man..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n An agile wallaby's scientific name is Macropus agilis. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus.nHyla cinerea is in the genus Hyla. The first word of its scientific name is Hyla. So, Hyla cinerea and Macropus agilis are not in the same genus.nLacerta agilis and Macropus agilis are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Lacerta agilis and Macropus agilis have the same species name within their genus, agilis. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Lacerta agilis is in the genus Lacerta, and Macropus agilis is in the genus Macropus.nThis organism and the agile wallaby are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Macropus agilis..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles..",
-        "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in London, look at the graph.nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nJuly has an average monthly precipitation of about 45 millimeters. This is lower than in any other month. So, July has the lowest average precipitation..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince since is between the guide words serape - spice, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: This country is Trinidad and Tobago..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A green tree frog's scientific name is Hyla cinerea. The first word of its scientific name is Hyla.nThis organism and the green tree frog are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Hyla cinerea.nArdea cinerea and Hyla cinerea are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Ardea cinerea and Hyla cinerea have the same species name within their genus, cinerea. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Ardea cinerea is in the genus Ardea, and Hyla cinerea is in the genus Hyla.nStrix aluco is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix aluco and Hyla cinerea are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction if.nIf we hike Bright Angel Trail in the Grand Canyon, we won't see Mooney Falls..",
-        "Solution: This state is Utah..",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A pear tree is a plant. It has green leaves.nWild pear trees grow in Europe, north Africa, and Asia.nA bison is an animal. It eats mostly grass.nBison can use their horns to defend themselves..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a metaphor:nMr. Casey's long legs were sunflower stalks.nThe words legs and sunflower stalks are compared without the word like or as.nThis sentence uses a simile:nMr. Casey's legs were as long as sunflower stalks.nThe words legs and sunflower stalks are compared using the word as..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A white stork is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nStorks wade in shallow water to look for food. Storks eat fish, insects, worms, and other small animals.nA great white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nGreat white sharks can live for up to 70 years..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Maine is farthest east..",
-        "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Martina investigated whether spraying air plants affects their growth. So, the plants that were soaked in water and sprayed were part of an experimental group.nThe plants that were only soaked in water were not sprayed. So, they were not part of an experimental group..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Devon has many responsibilities. If you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Rachel has many responsibilities. If you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.nThe Livingston Daily Mail was forced to issue a retraction after printing a factoid about Livingston's founder. It turned out that the reporter had written the article based on local legend rather than researching the actual history.nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.nA reporter for the Livingston Daily Mail dug up an amusing factoid about Livingston's founder while researching for an article about the town's early years.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. On that winter morning, Brittany's hands were as cold as ice.nThe words hands and ice are compared using the word as. So, the sentence uses a simile..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince persuade is not between the guide words prey - punch, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Over the summer, my cousin Reba visited many times is a complete sentence. The subject is my cousin Reba, and the verb is visited..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the citizens or several competent city council members.nThe citizens of Oakland have elected several competent city council members, but the mayor's office has prevented them from significantly influencing policy.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nSeveral competent city council members have been elected in Oakland, but the mayor's office has prevented the council members from significantly influencing policy..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses an idiom (in hot water).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the idiom, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North America..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **In an Old House**..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA piece of pizza rotting is a chemical change. The matter in the pizza breaks down and slowly turns into a different type of matter.nCooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked eggs and raw eggs are made of different types of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nCooking is caused by heating. But a piece of pizza rotting is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Evidence is information that tells you something happened.nHow do you look for evidence of a change to Earth's surface?nThere are many ways to find evidence of a change to Earth's surface. One way is to look at a picture that was taken after the change.nHere are some examples of what the evidence for different changes might be:nCause of the change | Evidence of the changenearthquake | cracks in the ground; houses with broken walls and roofsnvolcanic eruption | melted rock on Earth's surface; smoke coming out of a hole in the groundnerosion | a canyon with a river flowing through it; a river carrying sand and mudnBe careful when you are looking for evidence!nA picture of Earth's surface can contain a lot of information. Some of that information might be evidence of a change to the surface, but some of it is not!nFor example, a picture taken after an earthquake might show a blue sky. But the color of the sky is not evidence of an earthquake. So, that information is not evidence that an earthquake happened.n.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nPut their dog to sleep is a more indirect way of saying have the veterinarian kill their dog..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Valeria, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Valeria down with a force of 600 N.nThe seat of the cart is pushing Valeria up with a force of 1,200 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Valeria..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A black-tailed jackrabbit's scientific name is Lepus californicus.nLepus californicus has the same scientific name as a black-tailed jackrabbit. So, these organisms are in the same species.nErinaceus europaeus does not have the same scientific name as a black-tailed jackrabbit. So, Lepus californicus and Erinaceus europaeus are not in the same species.nSciurus vulgaris does not have the same scientific name as a black-tailed jackrabbit. So, Lepus californicus and Sciurus vulgaris are not in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that the four largest planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Jupiter and Saturn are made mainly of gas. Uranus and Neptune are made mainly of ice. So, of the four largest planets, two are made mainly of gas..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the coat.nThe coat is made of two materials. The buttons are made of plastic. The rest of the coat is made of wool.nWool comes from the fluffy coats of sheep! First, a farmer cuts the sheep's coats. Then, the wool is spun into yarn. The yarn can be dyed and used to make clothes..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nDownsizing is an indirect way of saying that the company is planning on firing employees, closing shops or branches, and/or reducing its budget..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true.nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The second sentence states a fact.nSome mosquitoes carry germs that can cause diseases like yellow fever.nIt can be proved by checking a website about mosquitos.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nThe worst diseases are spread to humans by mosquitoes.nWorst shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what the worst diseases are..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the coat.nThe coat is made of two materials. The buckle is made of metal. The rest of the coat is made of wool.nWool comes from the fluffy coats of sheep! First, a farmer cuts the sheep's coats. Then, the wool is spun into yarn. The yarn can be dyed and used to make clothes..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A flamingo is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nFlamingos live in large groups. These groups are called flocks.nA gray tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nThere are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches..",
-        "Solution: Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:nThey are solid.nThey are formed in nature.nThey are not made by living things.nThey are not pure substances. Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.nRhyolite is a rock.nSteel is made in a factory. But all rocks are formed in nature.nSo, steel is not a rock.nGabbro is a rock..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. None of the objects are smooth.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. None of the objects are slippery.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. All three objects are scratchy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is scratchy..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nNaomi wants broccoli. Emilia wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Susan's bedroom is neat she puts everything away is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Susan's bedroom is neat and She puts everything away..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The corn on the cob is not scratchy.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. The corn on the cob is yellow..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Professor Powell's research is untrustworthy because someone else at her university was caught falsifying data. However, this isn't necessarily true. The practices of one researcher at a university do not necessarily reflect the practices of another researcher at the same university. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. The bubbles in soda are filled with carbon dioxide gas. Carbon dioxide gas spreads out to fill a space.nCarbon dioxide fills all the space inside the bubbles. If the bubbles pop at the surface of the soda, the carbon dioxide will expand to fill a much larger space..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Nevada is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between Sanjay and the center of Earth changed.nThe summit of the mountain was higher than the point where Sanjay started hiking. As he hiked toward the summit, the distance between Sanjay and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Sanjay and Earth increased as he hiked toward the summit..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the bearded dragon.nWhen frightened, the bearded dragon can spread out its hood to appear larger and more dangerous. If a predator is nearby, the hood can help scare it away.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe spectacled cobra has a hood around its neck. It uses its neck to appear larger and more dangerous to a predator.nThe lace monitor has a narrow neck. Its neck is not adapted to help it appear larger and more dangerous to a predator..",
-        "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..",
-        "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..",
-        "Solution: Montpelier is the capital of Vermont..",
-        "Solution: Every substance around you is made up of atoms. Atoms can link together to form molecules. The links between atoms in a molecule are called chemical bonds. Different molecules are made up of different chemical elements, or types of atoms, bonded together.nScientists use both ball-and-stick models and chemical formulas to represent molecules.nA ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below.nThe balls represent atoms. The sticks represent the chemical bonds between the atoms.nNotice how each ball is labeled with a symbol made of one or more letters. The symbol is an abbreviation for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, that symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, it is one capital letter followed by one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element boron is B and the symbol for the element chlorine is Cl.nThe molecule shown above has one boron atom and three chlorine atoms. A chemical bond links each chlorine atom to the boron atom.nThe chemical formula for a molecule contains the symbol for each chemical element in the molecule. Many chemical formulas use subscripts. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text.nIn chemical formulas, the subscripts are numbers. The subscript is always written after the symbol for an element. The subscript tells you how many atoms that symbol represents. If the symbol represents just one atom, then no subscript is included.nThe symbols in the chemical formula for a molecule match the symbols in the ball-and-stick model for that molecule. The ball-and-stick model shown before and the chemical formula shown above represent the same substance. H is the symbol for hydrogen. O is the symbol for oxygen. This ball-and-stick model shows a molecule with two hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms.nThe chemical formula will contain the symbols H and O. There are two hydrogen atoms, so H will have a subscript of 2. There are two oxygen atoms, so O will have a subscript of 2.",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Hazel wants or needs:nHazel will give up the chance to watch the movie that she is more excited about..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana..",
-        "Solution: Elevation is the height of a location compared to sea level. The mountains in the picture rise above the valley. So, the tops of the mountains are at a higher elevation than the valley below..",
-        "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A ferris wheel is not a living thing.nA ferris wheel does not have all the traits of a living thing. It moves in a circle, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water.nA pebble is not a living thing.nPebbles do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nCabbage in a field is a living thing.nCabbage in a field grows and responds to its environment. It needs food and water. It is made up of many cells.nCabbage plants grow and change. They need food and water. Cabbage plants use water, air, and energy from sunlight to make food.nA television is not a living thing.nA television does not have all the traits of a living thing. It responds to the world around it, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water..",
-        "Solution: Sarah wanted broccoli in her lunch and Dave was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nSarah has tomatoes. Dave has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word but is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is No Time but Now..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, Masoala National Park has year-round rain. It also has many different types of organisms..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Australia..",
-        "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..",
-        "Solution: Annapolis is the capital of Maryland..",
-        "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..",
-        "Solution: The colony is New York.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nTara wants broccoli. Jeremiah wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the nylon shorts are more flexible. If you fold nylon fabric, it will not break..",
-        "Solution: Tallahassee is the capital of Florida..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that expensive clothing will lead to a higher-paying job. However, that's not necessarily true. For instance, perhaps having a higher-paying job might lead someone to buy more expensive clothing. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether ethane is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that a molecule of ethane is composed of six hydrogen atoms and two carbon atoms bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that ethane is composed of two chemical elements: hydrogen and carbon. Since ethane is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, ethane is a compound..",
-        "Solution: Look at the passage. It tells you why young Mae looked at the stars.nMae Jemison always wanted to go to space. As a child, she looked at the stars and dreamed of flying there. She also liked to read books about stars, planets, and space..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide. When dry ice gets warm, it changes state and becomes carbon dioxide gas. This change of state, from solid to gas, is called sublimation.nDry ice becoming a gas is a physical change. A change of state does not form a different type of matter..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. My little brother is as sweet as pie.nThe words brother and pie are compared using the word as. So, the sentence uses a simile..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. The air moving through a trombone is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.nThe air in a trombone expands to fill all the space inside the trombone. When air leaves the trombone, the air expands to fill a much larger space..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the sled and the center of Earth changed.nThe bottom of the hill was lower than the point where Tammy started sledding. As Tammy rode toward the bottom of the hill, the distance between the sled and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth decreased as Tammy rode down the hill..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the leopard.nThe leopard has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat. The leopard uses its large mouth to grab its prey. It uses its sharp teeth to cut up the meat of the prey into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Eurasian lynx has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat.nThe aardvark has a long tube-shaped mouth and a few, small teeth. It does not have sharp teeth. So, its mouth is not adapted to tear through meat. The aardvark uses its mouth to get insects out of holes and burrows..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nOn February 12, 1894, a record high wind speed of 87 miles per hour was recorded in Chicago.nThis passage tells you about the wind speed in Chicago on February 12, 1894. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nThe Sahara Desert covers a large part of northern Africa. It does not get much rainfall each year.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of precipitation in the Sahara Desert. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses slang (awesome, gig).nThe second sentence uses formal language in place of the slang, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.nEveryone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but Zachary found the smell rather nauseous.nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.nEveryone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but it made Zachary feel rather nauseous.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: This country is Australia.nIs Australia a country or a continent?nBoth! Australia is a country in Oceania, a region made up of many lands and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Many people say that Australia is the world's smallest continent. But some people call Oceania a continent instead..",
-        "Solution: Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. Both objects are shiny.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. Neither of the objects are scratchy.nThe property that both objects have in common is shiny..",
-        "Solution: Columbia is the capital of South Carolina..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the magnifying glass.nThe magnifying glass is made of two different materials. The handle is made of plastic, and the lens is made of glass..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the piranha.nThe piranha has large, sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat. The piranha uses its teeth to cut up meat into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe starry moray has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat.nThe copperband butterflyfish has a small, narrow mouth. Its mouth is not adapted for tearing through meat..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Rhode Island..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Flicka's observable version of the wool color trait is white wool. So, Flicka's phenotype for the wool color trait is white wool..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A prairie grassland is a type of ecosystem. Prairie grasslands have the following features: hot summers and cool winters, a medium amount of rain, and soil that is rich in nutrients. So, the Buffalo Gap National Grassland has hot summers. It also has soil that is rich in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: Albany is the capital of New York..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each blue whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne blue whale moved 40 miles in 5 hours.nThe other blue whale moved 55 miles in 5 hours.nNotice that each blue whale spent the same amount of time moving. The blue whale that moved 40 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that blue whale must have moved at a lower speed..",
-        "Solution: This country is Samoa..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the vinyl album or the record player.nJust as Mr. Terry was about to play the vinyl album on his old record player, it broke.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nThe vinyl album broke just as Mr. Terry was about to play it on his old record player..",
-        "Solution: Des Moines is the capital of Iowa..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a limousine is 6 yards.n6 inches and 6 feet are both too short..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to knit. Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince lucky is not between the guide words laid - lizard, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince dozen is between the guide words dine - drown, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The Channel catfish has one allele for a brown body (B) and one allele for a white body (b). So, the catfish's genotype for the body color gene is Bb..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a bicycle is 19 pounds.n19 ounces is too light and 19 tons is too heavy..",
-        "Solution: Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma..",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A seal is an animal. It eats fish and other animals that live in the ocean.nSeals have flippers instead of arms. They use their flippers to swim.nAn avocado tree is a plant. It has green leaves.nEach avocado has one large seed inside..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to make a paper airplane is 50 seconds.n50 hours is too slow..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion down the rabbit hole is literature.nLewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland tells the story of a young girl who follows a white rabbit down a rabbit hole and finds herself in a series of adventures in a surreal world.nThe allusion down the rabbit hole means on a strange or difficult exploration..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nThe air was muggy and humid today where Eli lives.nHumidity is the amount of water in the air.nThis passage tells you about the humidity today where Eli lives. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Done doesn't belong.nSometimes, never, and always all describe how often something happens..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they could refer to the Griffins or their relatives.nThe Griffins see their relatives whenever they visit Florida.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nWhenever the Griffins visit Florida, they see their relatives..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two bricks are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter brick has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a metaphor:nThe cat's silver eyes were two shiny coins.nThe words eyes and coins are compared without the word like or as.nThis sentence uses a simile:nThe cat's silver eyes were like two shiny coins.nThe words eyes and coins are compared using the word like..",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first order confirmation is more formal. It uses more elevated language (confirmation). The other order confirmation uses contractions (we'll) and abbreviations (ASAP) and sounds more conversational..",
-        "Solution: Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince bin is between the guide words bathtub - blend, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, change. The verb tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Lady's observable version of the wool color trait is white wool. So, Lady's phenotype for the wool color trait is white wool..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Secondary consumers eat primary consumers, and primary consumers eat producers. So, in a food web, secondary consumers have arrows pointing to them from primary consumers. Primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.nThe kelp does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the kelp is not a secondary consumer.nThe orca has an arrow pointing to it from the sea otter. The sea otter is not a primary consumer. So, the orca is not a secondary consumer.nThe kelp bass has arrows pointing to it from the zooplankton and the plainfin midshipman. The zooplankton and the plainfin midshipman are primary consumers, so the kelp bass is a secondary consumer.nThe black rockfish has an arrow pointing to it from the zooplankton. The zooplankton is a primary consumer, so the black rockfish is a secondary consumer.nThe sea urchin has an arrow pointing to it from the kelp. The kelp is not a primary consumer. So, the sea",
-        "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. All three objects are shiny.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The car bumper and the hair clip are not rough.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.nThe property that all three objects have in common is shiny..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A chameleon is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a chameleon is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nLike other jellyfishes, a crown jellyfish is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.nA dung beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a dung beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nLike other crabs, a blue crab is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, spend. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table.nThe abbreviation \"ca.\" stands for the Latin word, circa. Circa means \"about.\" It indicates when a date is estimated. So, around 1792 BCE, the Babylonian Empire started controlling Mesopotamia.nThe Babylonian (ba-bih-LOH-nee-in) Empire came after the Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian empires. The capital of the Babylonian Empire was the city of Babylon (BA-bih-lahn)..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n An American alligator's scientific name is Alligator mississippiensis. The first word of its scientific name is Alligator.nIctinia mississippiensis and Alligator mississippiensis are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Ictinia mississippiensis and Alligator mississippiensis have the same species name within their genus, mississippiensis. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Ictinia mississippiensis is in the genus Ictinia, and Alligator mississippiensis is in the genus Alligator.nLithobates catesbeianus is in the genus Lithobates. The first word of its scientific name is Lithobates. So, Lithobates catesbeianus and Alligator mississippiensis are not in the same genus.nAlligator sinensis is in",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two water balloons are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter water balloon has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nThe famous Venus de Milo statue was found on Milos, a volcanic Greek island in the Aegean Sea..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBaking cookies is a chemical change. The type of matter in the cookie dough changes when it is baked. The cookie dough turns into cookies!nA piece of avocado turning brown is a chemical change. The avocado reacts with oxygen in the air to form a different type of matter.nIf you scrape off the brown part of the avocado, the inside will still be green. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change hasn't happened to that part of the avocado.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.n",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A bison is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nMale bison have horns. They can use their horns to defend themselves.nA wombat is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nWombats have strong claws on their front feet. They use their claws to dig underground holes called burrows.nA piranha is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nPiranhas have sharp teeth. Piranhas hunt in groups. A group of piranhas can eat a large animal.nAn emerald tree boa is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nTree boas eat small mammals, birds, lizards, and frogs. Tree boas only need to eat once every few months!.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that a television show must be bad because someone the speaker hates enjoys it. However, this is not evidence that the show is bad. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The second sentence states a fact.nThe Empire State Building is 1,250 feet tall.nIt can be proved by researching the height of the building.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nThe Empire State Building is too tall.nToo tall shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how tall is too tall..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nGenuine imitation is a contradiction, because genuine means real, and imitation means fake or synthetic..",
-        "Solution: This country is Haiti.nDoes Haiti have any territorial disputes?nHaiti claims to own Navassa Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nNavassa Island is also claimed by the United States. The United States claimed the island in 1857 and has controlled it since then. But Haiti considers the island part of its territory and has protested the United States' claim since this time. No one lives on the island. Today, it is a nature preserve..",
-        "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..",
-        "Solution: An organism's genes contain information about its proteins. Each gene encodes, or contains the instructions for making, one protein or a group of proteins.nA permanent change in a gene is called a mutation. Because a mutation changes a gene, the mutation may change the structure of the protein encoded by that gene.nThe function of a protein depends on its structure. So, if a mutation in a gene changes a protein's structure, the mutation may also change the protein's function.nAn organism's observable traits are affected by the functions of its proteins. So, a gene mutation that affects a protein's function may also affect an organism's observable traits. A mutation in a gene may affect the protein it encodes.nSo, the mutation in the CLCN1 gene affected the structure and function of the chloride channel protein..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Bobby Monroe is the most qualified candidate, because so many voters turned out to vote. However, even though many people voted for him, that doesn't necessarily mean that Bobby Monroe is the most qualified candidate. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy..",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nAmphibians have the following traits:nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.nThey have moist skin.nThey make eggs with no shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA sea turtle has the following traits:nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.nIt makes eggs with shells.nA sea turtle does not have all of the traits of an amphibian. A sea turtle is a reptile.nA smooth newt has the following traits:nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.nIt has moist skin.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA smooth newt has the traits of an amphibian. A smooth newt is an amphibian..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Andrew is responsible for the broken washing machine. However, the fact that the machine stopped working soon after Andrew moved in doesn't necessarily mean that he caused the machine to break. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a floor lamp is 11 pounds.n11 ounces is too light and 11 tons is too heavy..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each bicycle moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each bicycle moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each bicycle moved for 10 hours. The bicycle that moved 325 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that bicycle must have moved at the highest speed..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they could refer to the branches or the power lines.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the branches.nSince the branches had grown over the power lines, Ariel requested a permit to have the branches removed..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **And Then It's Spring**..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Sophia Browning is responsible for the decline in student performance and teacher morale. However, even though things declined after Browning became vice president of the parent-teacher association, that doesn't necessarily mean that she caused the downturn. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.nMom wraps the packages, and Dad drops them off at the post office..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince dove is between the guide words deck - drawer, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A box turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nBox turtles can live to be over 100 years old!nA green tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nThere are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Pacific Ocean..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each cake decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each cake decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each cake to the surroundings..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with experts.nExperts say that diesel cars have better fuel economy than cars powered by gasoline..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a salt shaker is 43 milliliters.n43 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: The city is Las Vegas, Nevada. Salt Lake City, Phoenix, and San Francisco are marked with gray circles on the map below..",
-        "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A red salamander is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a red salamander has a backbone.nLike other tarantulas, a curlyhair tarantula does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.nBert seemed to know a lot about African wildlife, but it turned out that his knowledge was mostly based on factoids gleaned from unreliable websites.nThe first text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.nBert subscribed to an online newsletter about African wildlife; he enjoyed receiving daily factoids about the wild animals' natural habitats and behavior.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015  1000n= 1.43 x 1015  103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Mars.nThen compare the result to the volume of Earth. The volume of Earth is 1.08 x 1012 km3, which is less than 1.63 x 1012 km3. So, Earth's volume is less than ten times as great as Mars's volume..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play tennis. Instead, some people learn how to play tennis. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing tennis is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a school bus is 13 meters.n13 centimeters is too short..",
-        "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathos, or emotion. It links the product to feelings of happiness..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between Billy and the center of Earth changed.nThe second floor is higher than the first floor. As he rode the escalator toward the second floor, the distance between Billy and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Billy and Earth increased as he rode the escalator..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Producers do not eat other organisms. So, in a food web, producers do not have arrows pointing to them from other organisms.nThe persimmon tree does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the persimmon tree is a producer.nThe gray fox has arrows pointing to it, so it is not a producer.nThe silver maple does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the silver maple is a producer.nThe beaver has an arrow pointing to it, so it is not a producer.nThe pine vole has arrows pointing to it, so it is not a producer..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nAs quietly as little gray, sculptured stones compares rabbits to sculptured stones..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The student's finger applies a force to the key as she types. The direction of this force is away from her finger. This force is a push..",
-        "Solution: When you review a fellow student's writing, try to make your feedback clear and specific. You can use questions such as the following to guide your feedback:nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear main idea and develop it with evidence, examples, and analysis?nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that the ideas build on one another and are easy to follow?nSentence fluency: Do the writer's sentences vary in structure and length, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely, avoiding excessive repetition or inappropriate language to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer use accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her word choice by using more specific language.nFor example, the writer could replace the underlined text more descriptive language, such as the perfect bicycle; comfortable; durable; my cell phone, a water bottle, and a snack; foldable, umbrella-like top; unusual color like turquoise or magenta; my own custom bicycle; and thrilling.nIf I could invent something, I would create a really nice bicycle. My bike would have a good seat and great tires so that I could ride it anywhere. It would also have a bell and special pockets for carrying things. A special top would be wonderful, so I could ride it in the rain but also enjoy the sun. I would choose a fun color to reflect my personality. Inventing a new bike would be cool..",
-        "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nTerrell wants broccoli. Allie wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nAn antacid tablet reacting with water is a chemical change. When the tablet touches water, the type of matter in the tablet changes and carbon dioxide gas is released. This gas makes the water fizz.nBurning food on a stove is a chemical change. When the food burns, the type of matter in it changes. The food turns black and gives off smoke.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBurning is caused by heating. But an antacid tablet reacting with water is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the sled and the center of Earth changed.nThe bottom of the hill was lower than the point where Julia started sledding. As Julia rode toward the bottom of the hill, the distance between the sled and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth decreased as Julia rode down the hill..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the black-bellied whistling duck.nThe black-bellied whistling duck has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. As it swims, the black-bellied whistling duck uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe European beaver has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming.nThe sable has hoofed feet. Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The sable uses its feet to walk and run on hard ground..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Darnell's observable version of the cystic fibrosis trait is having cystic fibrosis. So, Darnell's phenotype for the cystic fibrosis trait is having cystic fibrosis..",
-        "Solution: Boston is the capital of Massachusetts..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.nBrody always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates",
-        "Solution: Pierre is the capital of South Dakota..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Rust forming on a bike frame is a chemical change. The metal on the bike changes into rust. Metal and rust are different types of matter..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the great egret.nThe great egret has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still. This allows the great egret to grab the prey without scaring it away.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe painted stork has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still.nThe mallard has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a trumpet is 2 pounds.n2 ounces is too light and 2 tons is too heavy..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nMadison, the capital of Wisconsin, is located in the southern part of the state. For two weeks in December, the temperature never rose above 20\u00b0F.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you what the temperature in Madison was like in December. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Chitters has two alleles for white legs (L). So, Chitters's genotype for the leg color gene is LL..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n An American alligator's scientific name is Alligator mississippiensis.nAequorea victoria does not have the same scientific name as an American alligator. So, Alligator mississippiensis and Aequorea victoria are not in the same species.nAlligator mississippiensis is in the same genus as Alligator sinensis, but they are not in the same species.nOrganisms in the same species have the same scientific names. Alligator mississippiensis and Alligator sinensis are different species within the same genus.nAlligator mississippiensis has the same scientific name as an American alligator. So, these organisms are in the same species..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The tin foil is not bouncy.nAn opaque object does not let light through. The tin foil is opaque..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Angel has two alleles for yellow legs (l). So, Angel's genotype for the leg color gene is ll..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word slouched. It describes the tree as if it were a person with slumping shoulders..",
-        "Solution: Helena is the capital of Montana..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCarving a piece of wood is a physical change. The wood changes shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.nSewing an apron is a physical change. The fabric and thread that make up the apron get a new shape, but the type of matter in each of them does not change.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Soft is a property. A soft material changes shape when pressed or squeezed.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the cotton apron is the softest. Cotton fabric changes shape easily when you squeeze it..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. All four objects are translucent.nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. The honey is sticky, but the marbles are not.nSugar has a sweet taste. The honey is sweet, but the wet ice cube and the marbles are not.nThe property that all four objects have in common is translucent..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, deliver. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air inside of a classroom is 75\u00b0F.n75\u00b0C is too hot..",
-        "Solution: Atlanta is the capital of Georgia..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two blocks of iron have the same temperature and are made of the same type of matter. So, the block of iron with more mass has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the swim goggles.nThe swim goggles are made of two different materials. The lenses are plastic, and the straps are rubber..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, measure. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether ethanol is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that a molecule of ethanol is composed of six hydrogen atoms, two carbon atoms, and one oxygen atom bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that ethanol is composed of three chemical elements: hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. Since ethanol is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, ethanol is a compound..",
-        "Solution: The city is Washington, D.C. San Antonio, Boston, and Atlanta are marked with gray circles on the map below..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A North American beaver's scientific name is Castor canadensis. The first word of its scientific name is Castor.nThis organism and the North American beaver are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Castor canadensis.nStrix varia is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix varia and Castor canadensis are not in the same genus.nOvis canadensis and Castor canadensis are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Ovis canadensis and Castor canadensis have the same species name within their genus, canadensis. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Ovis canadensis is in the genus Ovis, and Castor canadensis is in the genus Castor..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second online professional profile is more formal. It uses more elevated language (certified college graduate, teaching position) and avoids overly personal or casual language (I've got, want to get)..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each refrigerator increased, which means that the thermal energy of each refrigerator increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each refrigerator..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A tiger shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nTiger sharks are nocturnal. This means that they are active mostly at night.nA leaf-tailed gecko is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nMany geckos have special pads on their toes. The pads help them climb up plants and rocks.nA dwarf crocodile is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nCrocodiles hunt their prey in or near water.nA Hermann's tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nA tortoise's shell protects it from predators. When a tortoise feels threatened, it can pull its head and legs inside its shell..",
-        "Solution: Every substance around you is made up of atoms. Atoms can link together to form molecules. The links between atoms in a molecule are called chemical bonds. Different molecules are made up of different chemical elements, or types of atoms, bonded together.nScientists use both ball-and-stick models and chemical formulas to represent molecules.nA ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below.nThe balls represent atoms. The sticks represent the chemical bonds between the atoms.nNotice how each ball is labeled with a symbol made of one or more letters. The symbol is an abbreviation for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, that symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, it is one capital letter followed by one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element boron is B and the symbol for the element chlorine is Cl.nThe molecule shown above has one boron atom and three chlorine atoms. A chemical bond links each chlorine atom to the boron atom.nThe chemical formula for a molecule contains the symbol for each chemical element in the molecule. Many chemical formulas use subscripts. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text.nIn chemical formulas, the subscripts are numbers. The subscript is always written after the symbol for an element. The subscript tells you how many atoms that symbol represents. If the symbol represents just one atom, then no subscript is included.nThe symbols in the chemical formula for a molecule match the symbols in the ball-and-stick model for that molecule. The ball-and-stick model shown before and the chemical formula shown above represent the same substance. B is the symbol for boron. F is the symbol for fluorine. This ball-and-stick model shows a molecule with one boron atom and three fluorine atoms.nThe chemical formula will contain the symbols B and F. There is one boron atom, so B will not have a subscript. There are three fluorine atoms,",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two cups of black tea have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 105\u00b0F cup of black tea is hotter than the 100\u00b0F cup of black tea, it has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince brow is between the guide words bolt - buckled, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: In an environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups.nA single organism is an individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a population.nMultiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community.nTogether, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase gobbled up. It describes the tide as if it were a hungry person..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. My ancestors are from Russia, they came here many years ago is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: My ancestors are from Russia and They came here many years ago..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince rock is between the guide words regret - ruffle, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: This country is the Marshall Islands.nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Barbara either must give up reading a certain type of book or admit she doesn't believe in female empowerment. However, someone can both enjoy reading paranormal romance books and also believe in empowering women. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince chief is between the guide words cafe - consent, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. West Virginia is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe correct title is The New York Times..",
-        "Solution: Look at the text in bold below. It tells you what made Alex different from most parrots.nMost parrots can speak, or at least copy the sounds of people talking. Alex, an African grey parrot, learned to do much more. He knew how to do simple math. In fact, he was capable of adding up to six objects. Alex added up crackers, jelly beans, and blocks. He could also point out seven different colors and six shapes. And he knew more than a hundred words!.",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. The population of Millersburg fell by 8,000 people. Many of the people who have left are probably trying to sell their houses. Since more people are trying to sell their houses, the number of suppliers of houses for sale in Millersburg has gone up. So, the supply of houses for sale probably went up, too..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each train moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne train moved 835 kilometers in 10 hours.nThe other train moved 945 kilometers in 10 hours.nNotice that each train spent the same amount of time moving. The train that moved 835 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that train must have moved at a lower speed..",
-        "Solution: Emmet wanted broccoli in his lunch and Kathleen was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nEmmet has tomatoes. Kathleen has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Darkness comes quickly on long winter nights is a complete sentence. The subject is darkness, and the verb is comes..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The pea plant has one allele for inflated pods (D) and one allele for constricted pods (d). So, the plant's genotype for the pod shape gene is Dd..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The tomato plant has one allele for red fruit (F) and one allele for yellow fruit (f). So, the plant's genotype for the fruit color gene is Ff..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses random in its traditional sense: made or occurring without a definite pattern.nAt the grocery store, Denise hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food.nThe second text uses random in its nontraditional sense: odd or out of place.nDenise made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word random because it is generally considered incorrect..",
-        "Solution: When you write, you can use sensory details. These sense words help your reader understand what something looks, sounds, tastes, smells, or feels like.nSensory Category | DescriptionnSight | These are words like bright, clean, and purple. A reader can imagine looking at these details.nSound | These are words like hissing, buzzing, and ringing. A reader can imagine hearing these details.nTaste | These are words like juicy, sweet, and burnt. A reader can imagine tasting these details.nSmell | These are words like fruity, sweet, and stinky. A reader can imagine smelling these details.nTouch | These are words like fuzzy, wet, and soft. A reader can imagine feeling these details.nMany sense words can describe more than one sense. For example, soft can describe a touch or a sound. And sweet can describe a taste or a smell.n Look at the picture.nThe word roaring describes the sound this lion makes.nSplashing and banging can also describe sounds. But they do not describe the sounds this lion makes..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a leather belt is 65 centimeters.n65 kilometers is too long..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, teaches. The verb ends in -es and tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction so.nBella was stung by a bee, so her finger is slightly swollen..",
-        "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 6 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 2 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 4 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There were 2 more solute particles on the right side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the right than to the left..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Europe..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion holy grail is history.nDuring the Middle Ages, knights sought to find the Holy Grail, the cup that was supposedly used by Jesus at the Last Supper.nThe allusion holy grail means something desired but hard to obtain..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a car's gas tank is 42 liters.n42 milliliters is too little..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a guitar is 4 kilograms.n4 grams is too light..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Delaware..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, the following statement describes the Steigerwald Forest ecosystem: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. It has soil that is rich in nutrients. The following statements do not describe the Steigerwald Forest: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. It has soil that is poor in nutrients. It has a small amount of rain or snow..",
-        "Solution: More than 150 years passed between the founding of the Jamestown colony in Virginia and the start of the Revolutionary War.nJamestown was founded in 1607. The Revolutionary War started 168 years later, in 1775..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince foolish is between the guide words flee - frontier, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, blinks. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 2 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the red-eared slider.nThe red-eared slider has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. As it swims, the red-eared slider uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe California gull has small claws and webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming.nThe New Zealand falcon has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The New Zealand falcon uses its feet to grab prey..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Argo's observable version of the coat color trait is a reddish-brown coat. So, Argo's phenotype for the coat color trait is a reddish-brown coat..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A short story should be in quotation marks.nThe correct title is \"The Law of Life.\".",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs comfortable as a bed of nails shows verbal irony because sitting on nails would not be comfortable..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. New Mexico is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A flamingo is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nA cane toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three gold bars have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 31\u00b0F gold bar is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The first sentence states a fact.nThe Channel Tunnel, which runs beneath the English Channel, connects England and France by rail.nIt can be proved by checking an accurate website about the Channel Tunnel.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nThe construction of the Channel Tunnel cost a ridiculous amount of money.nRidiculous shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what is ridiculous..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Becky is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. Like other spiders, a leaf-curling spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA whiptail lizard is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a whiptail lizard is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA rockfish is a fish. Like other fish, a rockfish is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nAn albatross is a bird. Like other birds, an albatross is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Jenny or Annie.nAfter Jenny scolded Annie for missing the deadline, she felt awful.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nJenny felt awful after she scolded Annie for missing the deadline..",
-        "Solution: Poetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.nLittle Betty Blue,nLost her holiday shoe.n\u2014From Mother GoosenInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.n\u2014From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.nHe watches from his mountain walls,nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.n\u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.nHe bends his backnFor us to go over.n\u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.nRepetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.nThe dainty flying squirrelnIn vest of shining white,nIn coat of silver gray,nAnd vest of shining white.n\u2014Adapte",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. Both objects are rough.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. Neither of the objects are smooth.nThe property that both objects have in common is rough..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A brown pelican's scientific name is Pelecanus occidentalis.nArdea cocoi does not have the same scientific name as a brown pelican. So, Pelecanus occidentalis and Ardea cocoi are not in the same species.nPelecanus occidentalis has the same scientific name as a brown pelican. So, these organisms are in the same species.nIctinia mississippiensis does not have the same scientific name as a brown pelican. So, Pelecanus occidentalis and Ictinia mississippiensis are not in the same species..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Ken Henderson is the ideal candidate because so many people turned out to vote for him. However, just because many people voted for Ken Henderson, it doesn't necessarily mean he is the ideal candidate. He could be a popular candidate for other reasons. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the recipe.nIf Fred doesn't know how to make homemade waffles, he can find the recipe in the cookbook..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the barracuda.nThe barracuda has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat. The baracuda uses its teeth to cut up meat into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe bull shark has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat.nThe magnificent rabbitfish has a small, narrow mouth. Its mouth is not adapted for tearing through meat..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nGlared at him suggests that it bothered Emmet that the essay wasn't finished. The essay is like a person who is bothering Emmet..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Chinese alligator's scientific name is Alligator sinensis. The first word of its scientific name is Alligator.nStrix varia is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix varia and Alligator sinensis are not in the same genus.nMiscanthus sinensis and Alligator sinensis are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Miscanthus sinensis and Alligator sinensis have the same species name within their genus, sinensis. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Miscanthus sinensis is in the genus Miscanthus, and Alligator sinensis is in the genus Alligator.nThis organism and the Chinese alligator are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Alligator sinensis..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the ceramic tea cup is harder. If you press on a piece of ceramic, it will not change shape..",
-        "Solution: Concord is the capital of New Hampshire..",
-        "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Cole wants or needs:nCole will give up the chance to watch the movie that he is more excited about..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two mugs of cocoa are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the mug of cocoa with more thermal energy has a higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0.nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Celsius (\u00b0C). Celsius is one scale used to measure temperature.nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.nThere is a Celsius scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 30 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 30\u00b0C. Find the top of the red liquid.nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid lines up with 5. So, the temperature is 5\u00b0C..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince they is between the guide words territory - trek, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: This country is Haiti.nDoes Haiti have any territorial disputes?nHaiti claims to own Navassa Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nNavassa Island is also claimed by the United States. The United States claimed the island in 1857 and has controlled it since then. But Haiti considers the island part of its territory and has protested the United States' claim since this time. No one lives on the island. Today, it is a nature preserve..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A barking tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nA robin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Some people dye their hair. But this does not change their natural hair color.nChildren get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Preston's hair color is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together, or compacted, to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by very high temperature and pressure. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Sandstone is a sedimentary rock. Like other sedimentary rocks, it forms from layers of sediment.nMaterial that is eroded in nature is called sediment. Sand is a type of sediment. Over time, layers of sand can build up in places like deserts and beaches. The top layers press down on the bottom layers, squeezing out water and air. Sandstone forms when the bottom layers of sand are pressed together to form rock..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a fish bowl is 1 gallon.n1 fluid ounce and 1 cup are both too little..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Michael is voting either for the candidate from the Conservative Party or the Labour Party. However, Michael might be voting for a third party\u2014or he might not be voting at all. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..",
-        "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Pyrite has all the properties of a mineral. So, pyrite is a mineral..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Giants in the Land**..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nAn opaque object does not let light through. All four objects are opaque.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The license plate is not slippery.nPotato chips have a salty taste. The ceramic mug and the banana are not salty.nThe property that all four objects have in common is opaque..",
-        "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a basketball court is 23 meters.n23 millimeters and 23 centimeters are too short. 23 kilometers is too long..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of an ice skate is 11 inches.n11 feet, 11 yards, and 11 miles are all too long..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion raise Cain is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Adam and Eve's son Cain murders his brother in a jealous rage.nThe allusion raise Cain means to resort to violence..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of purple particles..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a full box of cereal is 16 ounces.n16 pounds and 16 tons are both too heavy..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Sticky is a property. A sticky material can stick to other things.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the glue is stickier. If you touch wet glue, it will stick to you..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nLeo wants broccoli. Caden wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Wishbone has two alleles for short fur (F). So, Wishbone's genotype for the fur length gene is FF..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Our school has rules we always follow them is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Our school has rules and We always follow them..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A European hedgehog's scientific name is Erinaceus europaeus. The first word of its scientific name is Erinaceus.nCaprimulgus europaeus and Erinaceus europaeus are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Caprimulgus europaeus and Erinaceus europaeus have the same species name within their genus, europaeus. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Caprimulgus europaeus is in the genus Caprimulgus, and Erinaceus europaeus is in the genus Erinaceus.nEquus zebra is in the genus Equus. The first word of its scientific name is Equus. So, Equus zebra and Erinaceus europaeus are not in the same genus.nThis organism and the European hedgehog are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Erinaceus europaeus..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a can of soup is 15 ounces.n15 pounds and 15 tons are both too heavy..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two trays of lasagna are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter tray of lasagna has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun his could refer to Tyler's or Dave's.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. His has been replaced with Dave's.nTyler worked with Dave to design the new header for Dave's website..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first press release is more formal. It uses more elevated language (area musicians, top honors). The other press release uses idioms (battle it out) and abbreviations (Nov.)..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to logos, or reason. It mentions the results of laboratory tests..",
-        "Solution: Pierre is the capital of South Dakota..",
-        "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. In a Venn diagram, each circle shows things that are true for a particular topic. The middle, where the two circles overlap, shows things that are true for both topics. This Venn diagram compares Natty Bumppo and Daniel Boone.nFought in the French and Indian War appears in both the Natty Bumppo circle and the Daniel Boone circle. This tells you that Natty Bumppo and Daniel Boone both fought in the French and Indian War..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that two out of the eight planets are made mainly of gas. So, one-fourth, or 25%, of the planets are made mainly of gas..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought.nI enjoyed the risotto and the poached pears. Although I didn't care for the seared trout.nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:nI enjoyed the risotto and the poached pears, although I didn't care for the seared trout..",
-        "Solution: When writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.nBooks:nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.nMagazine and newspaper articles:nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.nJournal articles:nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.nWeb pages:nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com.",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A comet moth's scientific name is Argema mittrei.nArgema mittrei has the same scientific name as a comet moth. So, these organisms are in the same species.nSphodromantis viridis does not have the same scientific name as a comet moth. So, Argema mittrei and Sphodromantis viridis are not in the same species.nAcanthaster planci does not have the same scientific name as a comet moth. So, Argema mittrei and Acanthaster planci are not in the same species..",
-        "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 2 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 6 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 4 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There were 2 more solute particles on the left side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the left than to the right..",
-        "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. A bubble map uses lines to connect things that are related. This bubble map shows information about different bodies of water.nGulf of Mexico is directly connected to salt water. This tells you that the Gulf of Mexico contains salt water..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: You can hold a pen in your hand.nYou can write with a pen.nA pen may be blue or black..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a paper clip is 28 millimeters.n28 centimeters and 28 meters are both too long..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Nebraska is farthest east..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, the following statements describe the Steigerwald Forest ecosystem: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. It has soil that is rich in nutrients. It has warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters. The following statement does not describe the Steigerwald Forest: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. It has soil that is poor in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince indignant is between the guide words ignore - ivy, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Montgomery is the capital of Alabama..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Oklahoma is farthest south..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A wetland is a type of ecosystem. Wetlands have the following features: land that is covered with water during most of the year, soil that is rich in nutrients, and other water ecosystems nearby. So, De Biesbosch National Park has soil that is rich in nutrients. It also has other water ecosystems nearby..",
-        "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. A time line shows the order of events by placing them along a line. This time line shows events from Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare.nLook at how the events are ordered on the time line. Events that happen earlier are shown to the left. Events that happen later are shown to the right. Romeo and Juliet plan to run away is shown to the right of Tybalt fights with Romeo. So, after Romeo fights with Tybalt, Romeo and Juliet plan to run away..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that being socially awkward determines knowledge of workplace safety. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to Mr. McCormick's desire to prevent workplace injuries. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each bus moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne bus moved 880 kilometers in 10 hours.nThe other bus moved 850 kilometers in 10 hours.nNotice that each bus spent the same amount of time moving. The bus that moved 880 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that bus must have moved at a higher speed..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion by the skin of his teeth is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Job complains to God about his hardships, saying that both strangers and those he loves have turned against him. He says, \"My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth.\" Scholars have long debated the exact meaning of the phrase, but many claim that Job is saying that he narrowly escaped death.nThe allusion by the skin of his teeth means just barely..",
-        "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..",
-        "Solution: Read the text carefully. The underlined text below shows information about each answer choice.nEarth is surrounded by a layer of gases called the atmosphere. The gases that make up the atmosphere sustain life on Earth. Living organisms take in and release some of these gases. Gases in the atmosphere also help insulate Earth from extreme temperatures and block some harmful forms of sunlight.nEarth's atmosphere contains many different gases, including oxygen and carbon dioxide. These gases are both taken in and released by living organisms. Animals breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. Plants use carbon dioxide and release oxygen during photosynthesis.nSome of the gases that make up the atmosphere also insulate Earth, helping to maintain its stable temperatures.nWhile many gases interact with sunlight, Earth's atmosphere does not provide sunlight..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince moisture is between the guide words mite - mud, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of blue particles..",
-        "Solution: Many plants have flowers. These plants can use their flowers to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do plants use their flowers to reproduce?nFirst, the male part of the flower makes pollen, and the female part makes eggs. Animals, wind, or water can move pollen. Pollination is what happens when pollen is moved to the female part of the flower.nAfter pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with the eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds. The fruit grows around the seeds. Later, a seed can fall out of the fruit. It can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. Seeds can be big or small. This coconut seed is big.nSeeds can be many different shapes. These maple seeds are long and flat.nSeeds can be many different colors. These mustard seeds are yellow..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that four out of the eight planets are made mainly of rock. So, one-half, or 50%, of the planets are made mainly of rock..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a pen is 15 centimeters.n15 millimeters is too short. 15 meters and 15 kilometers are too long..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the bucket.nThe bucket is made of two different materials. The body is made of plastic, and the handle is made of metal.nPlastic is a great material for buckets because plastic is waterproof..",
-        "Solution: The Mesozoic era is also known as the Age of Reptiles. During the Mesozoic era, reptiles like dinosaurs were the dominant animal species..",
-        "Solution: There is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage. At the current price, there are too many trumpets for sale. There are 15 trumpets, but only 8 people want to buy one.nSo, there is a surplus of trumpets. The music store will not get any money for the leftover trumpets..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nGenuine imitation is a contradiction, because genuine means real, and imitation means fake or synthetic..",
-        "Solution: Fern plants reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.nMature ferns have flat leaves called fronds. Ferns have structures that look like small dots on the underside of their fronds. These structures are called spore cases. The mature ferns use asexual reproduction to make spores. When the spore cases open, the spores are released.nWhen a spore lands on the ground and germinates, it grows into a small heart-shaped plant. The heart-shaped plant begins the fern's sexual reproduction stage by making eggs and sperm. Ferns live in damp environments, and sperm can swim though small water drops. Self-fertilization happens when a sperm swims to an egg on the same heart-shaped plant. Cross-fertilization happens when the sperm swims to an egg on a nearby plant.nFertilization happens when a sperm and an egg fuse. The fertilized egg germinates and grows into a mature fern.nThe mature fern can make spores and begin the fern life cycle again. After they are released, spores can land on the ground and germinate. When a spore germinates, it grows into a heart-shaped plant.nMature fern plants grow from fertilized eggs..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nRust forming on a metal gate is a chemical change. As the gate rusts, the metal turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily.nSaliva breaking down a piece of bread is a chemical change. Bread is made up mostly of a chemical called starch. Saliva breaks the bonds between atoms in the starch molecules.nThe atoms then link together to form smaller, simpler molecules of sugar. The sugar is a different type of matter than the starch.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nFerocious delicacy is a contradiction, because ferocious describes something savage or fierce, while delicacy refers to a refined or sensitive quality..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Achilles's heel is Greek mythology.nIn Greek mythology, Achilles's mother dips him in a river that protects his body wherever it touches. His heel does not get wet, so it is the one part of his body left unprotected. During the Trojan War, an arrow hits Achilles in the heel and kills him.nThe allusion Achilles's heel means a sole weakness..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the reporters.nOn the evening news, the reporters showed rare footage\u2014reportedly taken by a fisherman as he stood on the beach\u2014of sharks fighting over their prey..",
-        "Solution: This country is Kiribati..",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A tide pool is a type of ecosystem. Tide pool ecosystems have the following features: daily flooding and draining of seawater, water that is rich in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the tide pool ecosystems in Little Corona Beach have daily flooding and draining of seawater. They also have water that is rich in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Myrmarachne maxillosa is an animal. Animals are made up of many cells..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The scarlet rosemallow plant's observable version of the flower color trait is white flowers. So, the plant's phenotype for the flower color trait is white flowers..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the sand tiger shark.nThe sand tiger shark has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat. The sand tiger shark uses its teeth to cut up meat into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe starry moray has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat.nThe parrotfish has a small mouth and small teeth. Its mouth is not adapted for tearing through meat. The parrotfish uses its mouth to eat corals..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nModels can make things in nature easier to understand. Models can be simpler than the things they represent. A food web is a model that shows where living things in an ecosystem get their food. If a food web showed every living thing in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some living things in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one living thing to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one living thing eats another living thing. An arrow starts from the living thing that is eaten. The arrow points to the living thing that is doing the eating.nA living thing in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the living thing is eaten by more than one other living thing in the food web.nA living thing in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the living thing eats more than one other living thing in the food web. Omnivores are consumers that eat both producers and other consumers. So, an omnivore has arrows pointing to it from at least one producer and at least one consumer.nThe zooplankton has only one arrow pointing to it. This arrow starts from the phytoplankton. So, the zooplankton is a consumer but not an omnivore.nThe kelp bass has an arrow pointing to it from the kelp, which is a producer. The kelp bass also has arrows pointing to it from the zooplankton and the plainfin midshipman, which are both consumers. The kelp bass eats a producer and consumers, so it is an omnivore..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Destiny wants or needs:nDestiny will spend more money. Plane tickets for Destiny to get to Virginia are more expensive than tickets to Connecticut..",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second sales pitch is more formal. It uses more impersonal language. The other sales pitch uses idioms (blow you away!), and the direct address to the reader makes it sound more conversational..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of the Great Wall of China is 21,000 kilometers.n21,000 millimeters, 21,000 centimeters, and 21,000 meters are all too short..",
-        "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether sweeping the floor is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs sweeping the floor something you can touch? No.nIs sweeping the floor a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.nSo, sweeping the floor is a service..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard. The better estimate for the length of a rowboat is 3 yards.n3 inches is too short..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to fly a helicopter. Instead, some people learn how to fly helicopters. So, flying a helicopter is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Connecticut..",
-        "Solution: Many plants have flowers. These plants can use their flowers to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do plants use their flowers to reproduce?nFirst, the male part of the flower makes pollen, and the female part makes eggs. Animals, wind, or water can move pollen. Pollination is what happens when pollen is moved to the female part of the flower.nAfter pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with the eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds. The fruit grows around the seeds. Later, a seed can fall out of the fruit. It can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. Flowers make seeds. After a flower is pollinated, male cells from the pollen combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.nThe fruit can grow around the seeds. But the fruit does not make seeds. Both the fruit and the seeds grow from parts of the flower..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the mushroom.There is one path matter can take from the bilberry to the mushroom: bilberry->grizzly bear->mushroom. There is one path matter can take from the grizzly bear to the mushroom: grizzly bear->mushroom. There are two paths matter can take from the barren-ground caribou to the mushroom: barren-ground caribou->mushroom. barren-ground caribou->grizzly bear->mushroom. There are two paths matter can take from the lichen to the mushroom: lichen->barren-ground caribou->mushroom. lichen->barren-ground caribou->grizzly bear->mushroom. brown lemming. There are three arrows pointing from the brown lemming to other organisms. One arrow points to the Arctic fox. The only arrow pointing from the Arctic fox leads to the earthworm. The second arrow pointing from the brown lemming leads to the short-tailed weasel. The only arrow pointing from the",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A spot-billed pelican's scientific name is Pelecanus philippensis. The first word of its scientific name is Pelecanus.nBubo scandiacus is in the genus Bubo. The first word of its scientific name is Bubo. So, Bubo scandiacus and Pelecanus philippensis are not in the same genus.nThis organism and the spot-billed pelican are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Pelecanus philippensis.nArdea herodias is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea herodias and Pelecanus philippensis are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBurning a candle is a chemical change. Both the wick and the melted wax burn. They react with oxygen in the air and turn into soot, carbon dioxide, and water.nDeep-frying chicken is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the chicken to change. Cooked chicken and raw chicken are different types of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBoth changes are caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that everyone has his or her own idea of what is beautiful because the individual determines what's beautiful to him or her. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion raise Cain is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Adam and Eve's son Cain murders his brother in a jealous rage.nThe allusion raise Cain means to resort to violence..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a cold, rainy day is 42\u00b0F.n42\u00b0C is too hot..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two glasses of orange juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 40\u00b0F glass of orange juice is colder than the 50\u00b0F glass of orange juice, it has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nBryce wants broccoli. Victor wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Look at the map.nThe arrows on the map show that goods moved to and from these locations:nChina was not involved in the triangular trade..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Asimina triloba is a plant. Plant cells have a nucleus..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince dump is not between the guide words decay - disaster, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs speedy as a snail suggests that the Internet connection was very slow. A snail is not speedy, and neither was Beth's Internet connection..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: There is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage. At the current price, there are too many mangoes for sale. There are 200 mangoes for sale, but only 170 people want to buy one.nSo, there is a surplus of mangoes. The grocery store will not get any money for the leftover mangoes..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSomewhat destroyed is a contradiction, because somewhat means partially or moderately, and destroyed implies totally wrecked..",
-        "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..",
-        "Solution: Sadie wanted broccoli in her lunch and Kira was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nSadie has tomatoes. Kira has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A koala is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nA red salamander is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. All three objects are bouncy.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. The basketball is not shiny.nA bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. The rubber ball is not bumpy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is bouncy..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nButter melting on a hot day is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The butter changes from solid to liquid, but it is still made of the same type of matter.nCooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked egg and raw egg are different types of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nButter melting on a hot day is a physical change. But cooking an egg is not.nBoth are chemical changes.nCooking an egg is a chemical change. But butter melting on a hot day is not.nBoth are caused by heating.nBoth changes are caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A giant panda is an animal. It walks and climbs.nGiant pandas eat mostly bamboo. But they can also eat other plants and small animals.nA dandelion is a plant. It can grow small yellow flowers.nDandelion seeds can be blown long distances by the wind..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.nYour hand contains twenty-seven bones, and your foot contains twenty-six..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the African jacana.nThe African jacana uses its toes to spread its weight out over a large area. This can help it walk on leaves without sinking into the water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe wattled jacana has long, thin toes on its feet. Its feet are adapted for walking on floating leaves.nThe New Zealand falcon has medium-sized toes with sharp claws. Its feet are not adapted for walking on floating leaves. The New Zealand falcon uses its feet to grab prey..",
-        "Solution: Madison is the capital of Wisconsin..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Pudge has one allele for a gray body (B) and one allele for a golden body (b). So, Pudge's genotype for the body color gene is Bb..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the armored catfish.nThe armored catfish's mouth is located on the underside of its head and points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding. The armored catfish uses its mouth to find food hidden in the sediment at the bottom of rivers and streams.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe bat ray's mouth is located on the underside of its head. Its mouth points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding.nThe clown triggerfish's mouth is not located on the underside of its head. Its mouth is not adapted for bottom feeding..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nEdwin wants broccoli. Brenda wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nNeverland alludes to the story of Peter Pan, a boy who lived in Neverland and never grew up..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince doze is between the guide words depth - drink, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Nevada is farthest south..",
-        "Solution: During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her grammar and mechanics by using consistent verb tenses.nFor example, the writer could use past tense for all verbs but the last one; now indicates that the last sentence should be written in present tense.nWhen my grandparents first bought a computer, they didn't know how to use the Internet, so I sit down with them and show them the ropes. We go over a few basic terms, and I introduce them to different browsers. I taught them where to find the URL for a website and how to use search boxes. We cover different ways to navigate around a website; for example, I show them how to use a mouse, how to scroll up or down a page using the scroll bar, and how to click on links. Now they are excited to be online..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A European nightjar's scientific name is Caprimulgus europaeus. The first word of its scientific name is Caprimulgus.nHaliaeetus leucocephalus is in the genus Haliaeetus. The first word of its scientific name is Haliaeetus. So, Haliaeetus leucocephalus and Caprimulgus europaeus are not in the same genus.nUlex europaeus and Caprimulgus europaeus are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Ulex europaeus and Caprimulgus europaeus have the same species name within their genus, europaeus. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Ulex europaeus is in the genus Ulex, and Caprimulgus europaeus is in the genus Caprimulgus.nThis organism and the European nightjar are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Caprimulgus",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. None of the objects are bouncy.nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. The toothpaste is sticky, but the slippers and the track suit are not.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. All three objects are blue.nThe property that all three objects have in common is blue..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nJustine wants broccoli. Caleb wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Charleston is the capital of West Virginia..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom the best thing since sliced bread suggests that the shoes are a fabulous invention. A pre-sliced loaf of bread was once considered a wonderful innovation..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a ladybug is 8 millimeters.n8 centimeters, 8 meters, and 8 kilometers are all too long..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Gabe, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Gabe down with a force of 400 N.nThe diving board is pushing Gabe up with a force of 400 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Gabe..",
-        "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A snowy owl's scientific name is Bubo scandiacus.nFalco tinnunculus does not have the same scientific name as a snowy owl. So, Bubo scandiacus and Falco tinnunculus are not in the same species.nBubo scandiacus has the same scientific name as a snowy owl. So, these organisms are in the same species.nArdea alba does not have the same scientific name as a snowy owl. So, Bubo scandiacus and Ardea alba are not in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two soap bubbles are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the soap bubble with less thermal energy has a lower temperature..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Most humans are born with five toes on each foot. So, having five toes is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a grain of rice is 3 millimeters.n3 centimeters, 3 meters, and 3 kilometers are all too long..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Pacific Ocean..",
-        "Solution: A dog receiving a treat for sitting and staying is an example of operant conditioning. The treat is a reward that encourages wanted behavior, like sitting, in the future..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, and the particles in both samples have the same average speed. So, the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy.nBecause the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy, the samples must have the same temperature..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Jason wants or needs:nJason will give up the chance to wear the costume he is more excited about..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBeating an egg is a physical change. Beating an egg mixes together the egg white, egg yolk, and some air. But mixing them together does not form a different type of matter.nMixing lettuce and salad dressing is a physical change. Together, the salad and dressing make a mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathos, or emotion. It triggers feelings of pity for shelter animals..",
-        "Solution: The First Amendment says that the government cannot take away a person's freedom of speech or freedom of religion. Freedom of speech means that Americans can say and write what they want. But there are some limits on freedom of speech. For example, a person cannot write lies about someone in a newspaper. But the government cannot stop speech just because someone disagrees with it. Freedom of religion means a person can choose his or her own religion. In the United States, the government cannot tell a person what to believe. The complete text of the First Amendment is below. Does it mention any other rights? Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nNobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded at first appears to be contradictory, because if no one goes to the restaurant, then the restaurant should be empty, not crowded. However, it contains some truth: if a restaurant is frequently perceived to be too crowded, many people will no longer want to go there..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Asia..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Both magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the opalescent nudibranch.nThe opalescent nudibranch has stinging cells in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the opalescent nudibranch is toxic and dangerous.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe blue poison dart frog has poisonous glands in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.nThe lechwe has light-brown fur covering its skin. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with scientists.nScientists are researching a hybrid South African tobacco plant that may decrease reliance on fossil fuels. It contains oily seeds that can be transformed into sustainable biofuel..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince side is not between the guide words skirt - stories, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Although the Moon appears to shine, it does not give off light. Instead, we can see the Moon because it is lit up by the Sun. The part of the Moon that is both lit up by the Sun and facing Earth is called the Moon's phase.nThe Moon orbits, or goes around, Earth. As it does, the Moon's phase changes. The model below shows the Moon's phase at eight positions in its orbit. The smaller moons closer to Earth show where sunlight hits the Moon. The larger moons farther from Earth show how the Moon will look during that phase.nTo use the model, first pick one of the eight positions. Then, imagine standing on Earth and looking up at the Moon. Use the dotted white lines in the model to guide you. The picture of the Moon shows its phase for that position. If you are in the Southern Hemisphere, the Moon will appear flipped, left to right..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each battery decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each battery decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each battery to the surroundings..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play soccer. Instead, some people learn how to play soccer. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing soccer is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a car key is 7 centimeters.n7 kilometers is too long..",
-        "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Associationnfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokespersonnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenemphasize that the product is a financially wise choicenanticipate and refute potential counterclaimsnAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathos, or emotion, by associating the advertised product with feelings of belonging and familial love..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA breakable object will break into pieces if you drop it. The sandpaper is not breakable.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The sandpaper is scratchy..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..",
-        "Solution: This country is Solomon Islands..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each bicycle moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each bicycle moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each bicycle moved for 5 hours. The bicycle that moved 70 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that bicycle must have moved at the highest speed..",
-        "Solution: This country is Jamaica..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a bus route across a small town is 5 kilometers.n5 centimeters is too short..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince fare is not between the guide words flow - four, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A crown is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nIf you put a crown on your head, the crown will keep its shape..",
-        "Solution: This country is the Federated States of Micronesia..",
-        "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n A turtle shell does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, a turtle shell is not a mineral..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Uncle Dave is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each ship moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each ship moved for 10 hours. The ship that moved 385 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at the highest speed..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The water in a fishbowl is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nIf you pour water from a fishbowl into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space..",
-        "Solution: Montgomery is the capital of Alabama..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each mountain biker moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne mountain biker moved 100 miles in 10 hours.nThe other mountain biker moved 190 miles in 10 hours.nNotice that each mountain biker spent the same amount of time moving. The mountain biker who moved 100 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that mountain biker must have moved at a lower speed..",
-        "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a bottle of hot sauce is 4 fluid ounces.n4 cups and 4 gallons are both too much..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.nThe lecturer became flustered when a factoid that she had presented was promptly refuted by an expert in the field.nThe first text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.nThe lecturer's presentation on economics included some interesting factoids from recent research studies in the field.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nFish have the following traits:nThey have fins, not limbs.nThey make eggs with no shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA green frog has the following traits:nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.nIt has moist skin.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA green frog does not have all of the traits of a fish. A green frog is an amphibian.nA minnow has the following traits:nIt has fins, not limbs.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA minnow has the traits of a fish. A minnow is a fish..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA copper statue turning green is a chemical change. The copper reacts with oxygen in the air. This reaction forms a different type of matter called copper oxide. The copper oxide is green.nFiring a clay pot in a hot kiln is a chemical change. High temperatures cause the clay to slowly harden. After several hours in the kiln, the clay will have changed into a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nFiring clay is caused by heating. But a copper statue turning green",
-        "Solution: Mark wanted broccoli in his lunch and Valeria was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nMark has tomatoes. Valeria has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion We're not in Kansas anymore is a movie.nIn the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, Dorothy, a young farm girl from Kansas, finds herself in Oz, an unusual place that looks nothing like her home. She says to her dog, \"Toto, I've a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore.\"nThe allusion We're not in Kansas anymore means we're in an unfamiliar place..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince mar is not between the guide words modest - musician, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down..",
-        "Solution: Montpelier is the capital of Vermont..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Bradypus variegatus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.nSo, Bradypus variegatus is the scientific name..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to cook. Instead, many people learn how to cook. So, cooking is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The woman's finger applies a force to the domino. This force will knock over the domino. The direction of this force is away from the woman's finger. This force is a push..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Kate or Katie.nKate asked Katie to make a flourless chocolate cake for their book club meeting because she has a gluten allergy.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nBecause Katie has a gluten allergy, Kate asked her to make a flourless chocolate cake for their book club meeting..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Sharon fell asleep Mom put a blanket on her is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Sharon fell asleep and Mom put a blanket on her..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, go. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nBetween jobs is an indirect way of saying unemployed..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. All three objects are hard.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. None of the objects are stretchy.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. None of the objects are bouncy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is hard..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.nThe honey mushroom, a fungus spreading over more than two thousand acres across eastern Oregon's Malheur National Forest, is thought to be the largest living organism on Earth..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Quartzite does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, quartzite is not a mineral..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of blue particles..",
-        "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Samantha's foot is pushing on the gas pedal. So, Newton's third law tells you that the gas pedal is pushing on Samantha's foot..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: The city is Miami, Florida. Oklahoma City, New Orleans, and Nashville are marked with gray circles on the map below..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Virginia.nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a thermos is 6 cups.n6 fluid ounces is too little and 6 gallons is too much..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each goose moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each goose moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each goose moved for 5 hours. The goose that moved 120 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that goose must have moved at the lowest speed..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words three and bee rhyme. They both end with the ee sound.nThe word green does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nGordon wants broccoli. Ariel wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince because is between the guide words bare - bite, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Mrs. Herman or her friend.nMrs. Herman told her friend that she needs to exercise on a regular basis and get more sleep in order to have more energy throughout the day.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nMrs. Herman told her friend to exercise on a regular basis and get more sleep in order to have more energy throughout the day..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion by the skin of his teeth is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Job complains to God about his hardships, saying that both strangers and those he loves have turned against him. He says, \"My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth.\" Scholars have long debated the exact meaning of the phrase, but many claim that Job is saying that he narrowly escaped death.nThe allusion by the skin of his teeth means just barely..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Polytrichum commune is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Katie or Abby.nKatie looks almost identical to her twin sister Abby, but she has pierced ears.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nKatie has pierced ears, but otherwise she looks almost identical to her twin sister Abby..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A ferris wheel is not a living thing.nA ferris wheel does not have all the traits of a living thing. It moves in a circle, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water.nA yak is a living thing.nYaks grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Yaks are made up of many cells.nA bracelet is not a living thing.nBracelets do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nRain is not a living thing.nRain is made of water. It helps living things survive. But it does not have all the traits of a living thing. Rain does not grow or need food..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa..",
-        "Solution: Hartford is the capital of Connecticut..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.nDanielle couldn't tolerate the nauseous odor emanating from the landfill, so she rolled up her car windows as she drove past.nThe first text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.nThe odor emanating from the landfill made Danielle so nauseous that she had to roll up the car windows as she drove past.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Informational texts include many facts, examples, and details. Authors don't always directly state how these things connect to each other. So, you may need to make guesses, or inferences, to understand how the ideas from the text fit together. Inferences can help you understand the whole text and draw conclusions about the information. Be sure to base your inferences on details found in the text as well as things you already know. Think about these details from the text:nGrain attracted mice and other pests.nCats were drawn to farms to hunt mice.nYou may know that mice like to eat grain, and that this is a problem for farmers. If cats hunted the mice, that would help stop the mice from eating the grain.nBased on these clues, you can guess that farmers appreciated cats eight thousand years ago because the cats helped keep their grain free of mice..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nLoose matter such as sand and dirt is called sediment. Sediment settling to the bottom of a muddy puddle is a physical change.nThe sediment sinks, and the water above becomes clearer. This separates the water from the sediment. But separating a mixture does not form a different type of matter.nDry ice is solid carbon dioxide. When dry ice gets warm, it changes state and becomes carbon dioxide gas. This change of state, from solid to gas, is called sublimation.nDry ice becoming a gas is a physical change. A change of state does not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince distribute is between the guide words desk - drop, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Jacob Trevino is the most qualified candidate, because so many voters turned out to vote. However, even though many people voted for him, that doesn't necessarily mean that Jacob Trevino is the most qualified candidate. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy..",
-        "Solution: Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on the ice cube, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling the ice cube down with a force of 0.1 N.nThe water is pushing the ice cube up with a force of 0.1 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 0.1 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on the ice cube..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play hockey. Instead, some people learn how to play hockey. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing hockey is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. All four objects are rough.nPotato chips have a salty taste. The pineapple is not salty.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The potato sack is flexible, but the rock and the sidewalk are not.nThe property that all four objects have in common is rough..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nLisbon, Portugal, has cloudy skies today. So, the air pressure is low.nAir pressure is caused by the weight of the air in the atmosphere. When the air pressure is low, the sky is usually cloudy.nThis passage tells you about the air pressure in Lisbon today. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. The honey is not bumpy.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The wet ice cube is not stretchy.nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. All three objects are translucent.nThe property that all three objects have in common is translucent..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A song should be in quotation marks.nThe correct title is \"Any Dream Will Do.\".",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the clothes hanger.nThe clothes hanger is made of two different materials. The hook is made of metal. The rest of the hanger is made of wood..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the elementary substance copper.nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. The color of a ball represents a specific chemical element. The atomic symbol for that chemical element is shown in the legend. Use the model to determine whether nickel is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.nIn the space-filling model shown above, all of the balls are the same color:n. The legend shows that dark blue represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol Ni. So, the model shows you that nickel is composed of one chemical element.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that nickel is composed of only one chemical element. So, nickel is an elementary substance..",
-        "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. In a Venn diagram, each circle shows information that is true for a particular topic. In any area where circles overlap, the information is true for all of the overlapping topics. This Venn diagram shows information about two ancient poems.nSet after the Trojan War appears in both the circle for the Odyssey and the circle for the Aeneid. This tells you that the Odyssey and the Aeneid are both set after the Trojan War..",
-        "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether silicon dioxide is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for silicon dioxide is SiO2. This formula contains two symbols: Si for silicon and O for oxygen. So, the formula tells you that silicon dioxide is made of two chemical elements bonded together.nSub",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the bronze-winged jacana.nThe bronze-winged jacana uses its toes to spread its weight out over a large area. This can help it walk on leaves without sinking into the water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe purple gallinule has long, thin toes on its feet. Its feet are adapted for walking on floating leaves.nThe Magellan penguin has webbed feet. Its feet are not adapted for walking on floating leaves. The Magellan penguin uses its feet to walk and swim..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of an adult great white shark is 4 yards.n4 inches and 4 feet are both too short..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.nBeep represents the sound that tells the caller to start recording a message..",
-        "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they could refer to the branches or the power lines.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the branches.nSince the branches had grown over the power lines, Lauren requested a permit to have the branches removed..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince blueberry is between the guide words beginner - bottom, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Before the Louisiana Purchase, the western boundary of the United States was the Mississippi River.nThe old boundaries had been set in 1783, at the end of the Revolutionary War. In the Treaty of Paris, Britain gave the United States control of the western land south of the Great Lakes. The United States in 1783 stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a large trash can is 16 gallons.n16 fluid ounces and 16 cups are both too little..",
-        "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A fig tree is a living thing.nFig trees grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Fig trees are made up of many cells.nFig trees are plants. They make their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight.nAn iceberg is not a living thing.nAn iceberg does not have all the traits of a living thing. It may grow or melt in response to the world around it, but it does not need food.nA pushpin is not a living thing.nPushpins do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nA shoe is not a living thing.nShoes do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The bubble gum is stretchy, but the ice pop and the chocolate milkshake are not.nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. All four objects are sticky.nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The ice pop is hard, but the cake batter, the chocolate milkshake, and the bubble gum are not.nThe property that all four objects have in common is sticky..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Boston, look at the graph.nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Precipitation does not change much from month to month in Boston.\" is incorrect.nOn average, more precipitation falls between November and April than between May and October.nChoice \"About the same amount of precipitation falls each month between May and October.\" is incorrect.nThe average precipitation each month between May and October is about 3 inches. So, about the same amount of precipitation falls during each of these months.nChoice \"March is the month with the highest average precipitation.\" is incorrect.nJanuary, not March, has the highest average monthly precipitation..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Nostradamus is history.nNostradamus, a sixteenth-century French astrologer and physician, is best known as the author of a book of prophecies.nThe allusion Nostradamus means a seer or predictor of the future..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the bronze-winged jacana.nThe bronze-winged jacana uses its toes to spread its weight out over a large area. This can help it walk on leaves without sinking into the water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe northern jacana has long, thin toes on its feet. Its feet are adapted for walking on floating leaves.nThe emu has large, heavy feet with thick toes. Its feet are not adapted for walking on floating leaves. The emu uses its feet to walk and run on hard ground..",
-        "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses a contraction (didn't).nThe first sentence does not use a contraction, so it is more formal..",
-        "Solution: This country is Saint Lucia..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince mild is between the guide words meddle - mound, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the following statement describes the Yasuni National Park ecosystem: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. It has soil that is poor in nutrients. The following statements do not describe Yasuni National Park: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. It has soil that is rich in nutrients. It has mostly small plants..",
-        "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Pete is pulling on the suitcase. So, Newton's third law tells you that the suitcase is pulling on Pete..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in New Orleans, look at the graph.nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"June, July, and August are the driest months of the year.\" is incorrect.nOn average, slightly more precipitation falls during June, July, and August than during the other months of the year. So, June, July, and August are not the driest months.nChoice \"The wettest months of the year are June, July, and August.\" is incorrect.nOn average, more precipitation falls during June, July, and August than during other months of the year. So, June, July, and August are the wettest months.nChoice \"October is the wettest month.\" is incorrect.nEvery other month has a higher average precipitation than October. So, October is the driest, not the wettest, month..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode! The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nThe hyperbole dinosaurs were still roaming the Earth suggests that Lorenzo hasn't cleaned his room in a very long time. He did not actually clean his room millions of years ago when dinosaurs existed..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the dress.nThis dress is made of cotton.nNot all dresses are made of cotton. Dresses can be made from silk, wool, linen, or many other fabrics..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for fluoromethanol contains four symbols: C for carbon, H for hydrogen, F for fluorine, and O for oxygen. So, fluoromethanol is made of four chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are",
-        "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the rubber gloves are the most flexible. If you gently twist rubber, it will not break..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a goat is 30 kilograms.n30 grams is too light..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince leaf is between the guide words land - lilac, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A plant cell does not have a cell membrane.nThis statement is false. Every cell has a cell membrane. The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A magazine should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Car and Driver**..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015  1000n= 1.43 x 1015  103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 10,000 times the volume of Mars.nThen compare the result to the volume of Jupiter. Jupiter's volume is 1.43 x 1015 km3, which is less than 1.63 x 1015 km3. So, Jupiter's volume is less than 10,000 times as large as the volume of Mars..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Idaho is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA soft object changes shape when you squeeze it. Neither of the objects are soft.nA hard object keeps its shape when you squeeze it. Both objects are hard.nThe property that both objects have in common is hard..",
-        "Solution: Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana..",
-        "Solution: Evidence is information that tells you something happened.nHow do you look for evidence of a change to Earth's surface?nThere are many ways to find evidence of a change to Earth's surface. One way is to look at a picture that was taken after the change.nHere are some examples of what the evidence for different changes might be:nCause of the change | Evidence of the changenearthquake | cracks in the ground; houses with broken walls and roofsnvolcanic eruption | melted rock on Earth's surface; smoke coming out of a hole in the groundnerosion | a canyon with a river flowing through it; a river carrying sand and mudnBe careful when you are looking for evidence!nA picture of Earth's surface can contain a lot of information. Some of that information might be evidence of a change to the surface, but some of it is not!nFor example, a picture taken after an earthquake might show a blue sky. But the color of the sky is not evidence of an earthquake. So, that information is not evidence that an earthquake happened.n.",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, Gunung Leuser National Park has year-round warm temperatures. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase calling my name. It describes the pie as if it were a person who was beckoning..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A cold desert is a type of ecosystem. Cold deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain or snow, dry, thin soil, and long, cold winters. So, the Taklamakan Desert has dry, thin soil. It also has a small amount of rain or snow..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, chops. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBaking an apple pie is a chemical change. The type of matter in the pie changes when it is baked. The crust turns brown, and the apples become soft.nA tarnished silver spoon is one that has become less shiny over time. Polishing the spoon makes it look shiny again.nThe polish changes the tarnish into a different type of matter that can be easily wiped away. So, using polish to remove tarnish from silver is a chemical change.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBaking is caused by heating. But polish removing tarnish from a silver spoon is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that finishing law school determine's one's ability to care for children. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to taking care of children. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with one source.nWhen Molly was researching the lives of famous scientists, one source said that Albert Einstein had a speech impediment when he was a child..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction because.nBecause most wild orchid",
-        "Solution: Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Max, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Max down with a force of 400 N.nThe diving board is pushing Max up with a force of 400 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Max..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Missouri is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince very is between the guide words vain - vinegar, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nJasmine wants broccoli. Bryan wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the Suriname toad.nThe Suriname toad has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. As it swims, the Suriname toad uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe African clawed frog has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming.nThe giraffe has large, heavy, hoofed feet. Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The giraffe uses its feet to walk and run on hard ground..",
-        "Solution: Austin is the capital of Texas..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Wendy wants or needs:nWendy will give up the chance to watch the movie that she is more excited about..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Chinese mitten crab's scientific name is Eriocheir sinensis.nEriocheir sinensis has the same scientific name as a Chinese mitten crab. So, these organisms are in the same species.nAcanthaster planci does not have the same scientific name as a Chinese mitten crab. So, Eriocheir sinensis and Acanthaster planci are not in the same species.nMelanoplus bivittatus does not have the same scientific name as a Chinese mitten crab. So, Eriocheir sinensis and Melanoplus bivittatus are not in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nLoose matter such as sand and dirt is called sediment. Sediment settling to the bottom of a muddy puddle is a physical change.nThe sediment sinks, and the water above becomes clearer. This separates the water from the sediment. But separating a mixture does not form a different type of matter.nAn iceberg melting is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. An iceberg is made of frozen water. As it melts, the water changes from a solid to a liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nGood luck ironically suggests that Alec was upset about staying home. Alec was actually unlucky because he couldn't join his friends at the water park..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nAs Juan sat",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the earthworm.nArrows point from the barren-ground caribou to the grizzly bear and the mushroom. The only arrow pointing from the grizzly bear leads to the mushroom. No arrows point from the mushroom to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the barren-ground caribou to the earthworm..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nGlared at him suggests that it bothered Stefan that the essay wasn't finished. The essay is like a person who is bothering Stefan..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Brad claims that Americans should stop learning English and only study foreign languages. However, this misrepresents Brad's argument. Brad only wants more foreign language instruction. He says nothing about eliminating English instruction. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each aquarium decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each aquarium decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each aquarium to the surroundings..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. Neither of the objects are rough.nA breakable object will break into pieces if you drop it. Both objects are breakable.nThe property that both objects have in common is breakable..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the following statements describe the Kibale National Forest ecosystem: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. It has many different types of organisms. It has soil that is poor in nutrients. The following statement does not describe Kibale National Forest: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. It has soil that is rich in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Grace's work is low quality because her friend's work is low quality. However, the work of Grace's friend does not necessarily reflect the quality of Grace's work. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a sofa is 6 feet.n6 inches is too short and 6 yards is too long..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Florida is farthest east..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism your services will no longer be required means that the gardener is being fired..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Asia..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: Jackson is the capital of Mississippi..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is a run-on sentence. It is a comma splice formed from two sentences run together, joined by just a comma.nRight-handedness is controlled by genetics, interestingly enough, the same genes are also responsible for the brain becoming more specialized at certain tasks.nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A rabbit is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nRabbits live underground in burrows. A group of rabbit burrows is called a warren.nAn albatross is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nAlbatrosses live near the ocean. They hunt squid, fish, and other small animals.nA Galapagos giant tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nGalapagos tortoises live on the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean. They can live to be over 150 years old!nA western gorilla is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nGorillas live in groups called troops. The largest male in the troop is usually the leader..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the asphalt road is harder. If you step on asphalt, it will not change shape..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a soccer field is 370 feet.n370 inches is too short. 370 yards and 370 miles are too long..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. None of the objects are slippery.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. All three objects are fuzzy.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. The yarn pom pom is blue, but the tennis ball and the boots are not.nThe property that all three objects have in common is fuzzy..",
-        "Solution: A chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products. Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to water in this chemical reaction.nHydrogen peroxide, a household disinfectant, breaks down into water and oxygen gas over time. Light speeds up this process, so hydrogen peroxide is typically stored in a dark-colored bottle. The bottle's dark coloring blocks light and makes the hydrogen peroxide last longer.nThe underlined text tells you that hydrogen forms when hydrogen peroxide breaks down. Because water is produced by this chemical reaction, water is a product..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses chiasmus, an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nThe second half of the sentence reverses the order of the words country and you relative to the first half..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses travesty in its traditional sense: a ridiculous imitation; a parody.nIn 1687, John Phillips published a controversial English translation of Cervantes's Don Quixote. Phillips's translation, a travesty of the original story, was filled with vulgar humor.nThe first text uses travesty in its nontraditional sense: a disappointment or a tragedy.nJohn Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost was first published in 1667. It's a travesty that only thirty-three pages of the original manuscript have survived.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word travesty because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Madison is the capital of Wisconsin..",
-        "Solution: Augusta is the capital of Maine..",
-        "Solution: The prefix re- means \"again.\" The word construct means \"to build.\" So, reconstruct means \"to build something again.\" The Confederate States were in the South. The border states were Southern states that did not join the Confederacy. In 1861, the Civil War started when 11 Southern states seceded, or withdrew from the country. The seceded states tried to form a new country called the Confederate States of America. In 1865, the Confederate states lost the Civil War. During Reconstruction, Americans debated how to bring the Confederate states back into the United States' political and economic systems..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: This country is Dominica..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Maura doesn't have school spirit, because she doesn't go to football games. However, there may be a number of reasons why Maura doesn't go to football games. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nPotato chips have a salty taste. All four objects are salty.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. The cracker is not fuzzy.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. The potato chips, the fries, and the cracker are not smooth.nThe property that all four objects have in common is salty..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Natalie, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Natalie down with a force of 600 N.nThe seat of the cart is pushing Natalie up with a force of 1,200 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Natalie..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nDuncan wants broccoli. Sam wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: When writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.nBooks:nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.nMagazine and newspaper articles:nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.nJournal articles:nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.nWeb pages:nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com.",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Georgetown. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is not a sentence fragment. These are complete sentences because they express complete thoughts.nIn 2004, a team of archaeologists discovered a three-foot-tall skeleton, dubbed the \"Hobbit,\" in Indonesia. Even after ten years, experts still debate whether the skeleton belonged to a modern human..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of an apple is 120 grams.n120 kilograms is too heavy..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the fire salamander.nThe fire salamander has a poisonous body with brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the fire salamander is poisonous.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe opalescent nudibranch has stinging cells in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.nThe lechwe has light-brown fur covering its skin. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators..",
-        "Solution: All substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent chemical bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element. Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if hydrogen fluoride is an elementary substance or a compound.nIn this model, each ball is labeled with H for hydrogen or F for fluorine. So, the model shows you that hydrogen fluoride is made of two chemical elements bonded together.nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, hydrogen fluoride is a compound..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA puddle freezing into ice on a cold night is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Liquid water freezes and becomes solid, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not formed.nMixing sand and water is a physical change. Adding water makes the sand wet. But both the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of an eraser is 40 grams.n40 kilograms is too heavy..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A common kestrel's scientific name is Falco tinnunculus. The first word of its scientific name is Falco.nArdea herodias is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea herodias and Falco tinnunculus are not in the same genus.nFalco sparverius is in the genus Falco. The first word of its scientific name is Falco. So, Falco sparverius and Falco tinnunculus are in the same genus.nTigrisoma mexicanum is in the genus Tigrisoma. The first word of its scientific name is Tigrisoma. So, Tigrisoma mexicanum and Falco tinnunculus are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A cedar tree is a plant. It has small leaves.nCedar trees grow in many parts of the world. Many cedar trees grow on mountains.nA barn owl is an animal. It walks and flies.nA barn owl is a bird. Barn owls live on every continent except Antarctica..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:nThey are solid.nThey are formed in nature.nThey are not made by living things.nThey are not pure substances. Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.nSlate is a rock.nStyrofoam is made by humans. But rocks are not made by living things.nSo, styrofoam is not a rock.nRhyolite is a rock..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, grabs. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the article.nRobert was recently reading about remote mountain villages, and the article said that they often have no Internet access. He couldn't imagine life without email!.",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion the Midas touch suggests that Bobby is successful at all that he does. In Greek mythology, King Midas has the power to turn anything he touches into gold, easily creating value from nothing..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 2 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the lichen.nThe only arrow pointing to the rough-legged hawk starts from the parasitic jaeger. The only arrow pointing to the parasitic jaeger starts from the brown lemming. The brown lemming has two arrows pointing to it. These arrows start from the bear sedge and the bilberry. Neither the bear sedge nor the bilberry has any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the lichen to the rough-legged hawk.nThe only arrow pointing to the snowy owl starts from the short-tailed weasel. The only arrow pointing to the short-tailed weasel starts from the brown lemming. The brown lemming has two arrows pointing to it. These arrows start from the bear sedge and the bilberry. Neither the bear sedge nor the bilberry has any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that the extended warranty is a wise choice because most customers buy it. However, the fact that many customers purchase the warranty doesn't necessarily make it a good purchase. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. All three objects are flexible.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. None of the objects are fragile.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.nThe property that all three objects have in common is flexible..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is South America..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a cold glass of water is 4\u00b0C.n4\u00b0F is too cold..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Kenny wants or needs:nKenny will spend more money. Plane tickets for Kenny to get to Arkansas are more expensive than tickets to Delaware..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Tristan wants or needs:nTristan will give up the chance to eat the raisins. The raisins would have been healthier than the oatmeal cookies..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two bottles of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 25\u00b0C bottle of water is hotter than the 10\u00b0C bottle of water, it has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince shy is between the guide words save - softly, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a vacuum cleaner is 19 pounds.n19 ounces is too light and 19 tons is too heavy..",
-        "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Antarctica. It does not intersect Australia or South America..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a raisin is 11 millimeters.n11 centimeters, 11 meters, and 11 kilometers are all too long..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved by research or observation.nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThe statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThe statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact.nAlmost seventy percent of respondents to a 2011 Pew Research survey said that they value space exploration.nIt can be proved by consulting the results of the relevant 2011 survey.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nEven if most Americans say that they approve of NASA's missions, the organization receives too much public funding.nToo much shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about whether the amount of funding NASA receives is too much..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. The next baseball game is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought.nOne of the oldest harvest festivals in the world is the Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival. Which was first celebrated in the tenth century BCE.nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:nOne of the oldest harvest festivals in the world is the Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival, which was first celebrated in the tenth century BCE..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince chorus is between the guide words cedar - county, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 2 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 6 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 4 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There were 2 more solute particles on the left side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the left than to the right..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two baked potatoes have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 40\u00b0C potato is colder than the 60\u00b0C potato, it has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A red kangaroo's scientific name is Macropus rufus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus.nCervus canadensis is in the genus Cervus. The first word of its scientific name is Cervus. So, Cervus canadensis and Macropus rufus are not in the same genus.nMacropus giganteus is in the genus Macropus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus. So, Macropus giganteus and Macropus rufus are in the same genus.nCamelus bactrianus is in the genus Camelus. The first word of its scientific name is Camelus. So, Camelus bactrianus and Macropus rufus are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Antarctica..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, pitch. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the blue poison dart frog.nThe blue poison dart frog has poisonous glands in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the blue poison dart frog is poisonous.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe sharpnose-puffer has a poisonous body with brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.nThe gray tree frog has gray-brown skin. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMixing sand and water is a physical change. Adding water makes the sand wet. But both the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before.nCarving a piece of wood is a physical change. The wood changes shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, make. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each goose moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne goose moved 190 miles in 5 hours.nThe other goose moved 235 miles in 5 hours.nNotice that each goose spent the same amount of time moving. The goose that moved 190 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that goose must have moved at a lower speed..",
-        "Solution: The colony is New Jersey..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the recipe.nIf Peter doesn't know how to make homemade waffles, he can find the recipe in the cookbook..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a thermos is 7 cups.n7 fluid ounces is too little and 7 gallons is too much..",
-        "Solution: This country is the Federated States of Micronesia..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.nAn avid reader, Darnell attends weekly book club meetings, and",
-        "Solution: Conifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce?nConifers can grow male and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when wind blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. After pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.nThe seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. When pollen lands on a female cone, it is called pollination. This photograph shows wind blowing pollen from the male cones on a Japanese cedar tree.nAfter a female cone is pollinated, its eggs can be fertilized. Fertilization is what happens when male cells from the pollen combine with eggs..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A European nightjar's scientific name is Caprimulgus europaeus. The first word of its scientific name is Caprimulgus.nUlex europaeus and Caprimulgus europaeus are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Ulex europaeus and Caprimulgus europaeus have the same species name within their genus, europaeus. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Ulex europaeus is in the genus Ulex, and Caprimulgus europaeus is in the genus Caprimulgus.nAcanthaster planci is in the genus Acanthaster. The first word of its scientific name is Acanthaster. So, Acanthaster planci and Caprimulgus europaeus are not in the same genus.nCaprimulgus macrurus is in the genus Caprimulgus. The first word of its scientific name is Caprimulgus. So, Caprimulgus macrurus and Ca",
-        "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nBetween jobs is an indirect way of saying unemployed..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two baked potatoes are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the baked potato with less thermal energy has a lower temperature..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Conifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce?nConifers can grow male and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when wind blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. After pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.nThe seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. Conifers use their cones to make seeds. Seeds grow inside the female cones.nMany conifers have thin pointed leaves called needles. The needles make most of the conifer's food. Needles do not make seeds.nRoots take in water and nutrients from the soil. They do not make seeds..",
-        "Solution: Some words are alike. They go together in a group.nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. Horse, squirrel, and goat go together. They are animals. Leg is not an animal, so it is not like the other words..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, tell. The verb tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Precious has two alleles for straight fur (F). So, Precious's genotype for the fur type gene is FF..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Over the summer, my cousin Brenna visited many times is a complete sentence. The subject is my cousin Brenna, and the verb is visited..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the motorcycle and the center of Earth changed.nThe top of the hill is higher than the bottom of the hill. As Stefan rode toward the top of the hill, the distance between the motorcycle and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the motorcycle and Earth increased as Stefan rode up the hill..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The air from a hair dryer is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. A hair dryer uses a fan to blow warm air out. When the air leaves the hair dryer, the air expands to fill a much large space.nThe water from a faucet is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you put water from a faucet into a container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space.nA screwdriver is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. This screwdriver has a metal blade and a plastic handle. Both metal and plastic are solids.nGrape juice is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour grape juice into a different container, the grape juice will take the shape of that container. But",
-        "Solution: The colony is Maryland..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses antithesis, the contrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nGoethe contrasts love, an ideal thing, with marriage, a real thing..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.nBeep represents the sound that tells the caller to start recording a message..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that there are two ice planets and four rocky planets. So, there are half as many ice planets as rocky planets..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each bat moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne bat moved 30 miles in 5 hours.nThe other bat moved 40 miles in 5 hours.nNotice that each bat spent the same amount of time moving. The bat that moved 30 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that bat must have moved at a lower speed..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Rhode Island..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Southern Ocean.nThe Southern Ocean reaches from the shores of Antarctica to 60\u00b0 South latitude..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to ride a motorcycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a motorcycle is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to knit. Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the lionfish.nThe lionfish has venomous spines and brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the lionfish is venomous.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe flamboyant cuttlefish has a poisonous body with brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.nThe lichen katydid has green and white patches on its body. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators..",
-        "Solution: Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy to turn water and carbon dioxide into sugars and oxygen.nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Producers don't usually eat other organisms.nTheir cells contain chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are cell parts where photosynthesis occurs.nTheir chloroplasts often contain chlorophyll, which is green. Chlorophyll captures energy from sunlight to power photosynthesis.nThey use the sugars they make during photosynthesis as food. This food provides the organisms with the energy they need to live. This organism is photosynthetic:nThe text tells you that common fig plants use carbon dioxide and water to make food. This is evidence that the common fig is a photosynthetic organism.nThis organism is not photosynthetic:nThe text does not provide evidence that the double-eyed fig parrot is photosynthetic..",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A tropical coral reef is a type of ecosystem. Tropical coral reefs have the following features: shallow, salty water, bright sunlight, and many different types of organisms. So, Jardines de la Reina National Park has bright sunlight. It also has shallow water..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring that do or do not have horns, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the horns trait. The question tells you that the h allele, which is for having horns, is recessive to the H allele, which is for not having horns.nHaving horns is the recessive allele's version of the horns trait. A cow with the recessive version of the horns trait must have only recessive alleles for the horns gene. So, offspring that have horns must have the genotype hh.nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015  1000n= 1.43 x 1015  103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Neptune.nThen compare the result to the volume of Uranus. The volume of Uranus is 6.83 x 1013 km3, which is less than 6.25 x 1014 km3. So, the volume of Uranus is less than ten times the volume of Neptune..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, or article should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A play should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Sale or Return**..",
-        "Solution: All substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent chemical bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element. Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if iodine is an elementary substance or a compound.nIn this model, both balls are labeled with I. So, the model shows you that iodine is made of one chemical element.nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. So, iodine is an elementary substance..",
-        "Solution: Pierre is the capital of South Dakota..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nModels can make things in nature easier to understand. Models can be simpler than the things they represent. A food web is a model that shows where living things in an ecosystem get their food. If a food web showed every living thing in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some living things in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one living thing to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one living thing eats another living thing. An arrow starts from the living thing that is eaten. The arrow points to the living thing that is doing the eating.nA living thing in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the living thing is eaten by more than one other living thing in the food web.nA living thing in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the living thing eats more than one other living thing in the food web. Omnivores are consumers that eat both producers and other consumers. So, an omnivore has arrows pointing to it from at least one producer and at least one consumer.nThe phytoplankton does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the phytoplankton is a producer, not an omnivore.nThe plainfin midshipman has an arrow pointing to it from the phytoplankton, which is a producer. The plainfin midshipman also has an arrow pointing to it from the zooplankton, which is a consumer. The plainfin midshipman eats a producer and a consumer, so it is an omnivore..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of three times the volume of Mercury.nThen compare the result to the volume of Mars. The volume of Mars is 160 billion km3, which is less than 180 billion km3. So, the volume of Mars is less than three times as large as Mercury's..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the whale and the center of Earth changed.nThe surface of the water is higher than the point where the whale was swimming deep in the ocean. As the whale swam toward the surface, the distance between the whale and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the whale and Earth increased as the whale swam toward the surface..",
-        "Solution: Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:nThey are solid.nThey are formed in nature.nThey are not made by living things.nThey are not pure substances. Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.nConglomerate is a rock.nAn eggshell is made by a living thing. But rocks are not made by living things.nSo, an eggshell is not a rock.nPumice is a rock..",
-        "Solution: Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to do ten jumping jacks is 26 seconds.n26 minutes is too slow..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses ironic in its traditional sense: contrary to what was intended, often in an amusing way. It's ironic because Levi tried to get away from the snow but found himself in a snowstorm regardless.nLast winter, Levi took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.nThe second text uses ironic in its nontraditional sense: marked by coincidence. It was a coincidence that Levi's friends were in Florida the week before.nLast winter, Levi took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word ironic because it is generally considered incorrect..",
-        "Solution: Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. A strong, bold girl is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nLee lives in a town with hot summers and freezing cold winters.nThis passage tells you about the usual temperatures where Lee lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Both magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, tell. The verb tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince victory is between the guide words velvet - vote, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. All three objects are slippery.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The wet ice cube is not flexible.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The butter is soft, but the wet ice cube is not.nThe property that all three objects have in common is slippery..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Jekyll and Hyde is literature.nRobert Louis Stevenson's popular Victorian novella Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde tells the story of a man with two distinct personalities. Known to the world as a kind and highly respected doctor, at night he transforms into a monstrous person.nThe allusion Jekyll and Hyde means kind then cruel..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word in is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is Alice in Space..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses antithesis, the contrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nPope contrasts two ideas, erring and forgiving..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The tin foil is not bouncy.nA bendable object can be bent without breaking. The tin foil is bendable..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that of the eight planets, two are made mainly of gas and two are made mainly of ice. So, four of the eight, or half, of the planets are made mainly of gas or ice..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the clay ball is more flexible. If you squeeze a ball of wet clay, it will not break easily..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the jeans.nThe jeans are made of two different materials. The buttons and zipper of the jeans are made of metal. The rest of the jeans are made of cotton.nJeans are made of a type of cotton fabric called denim. Denim is a fabric woven in a special way..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Temperature is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average temperature for each month. The average temperature can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA line graph can be used to show the average temperature each month. Months with higher dots on the graph have higher average temperatures. To describe the average temperature trends in Adelaide, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Apr\" is incorrect.nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.nThe average temperatures in January and February are just above 20\u00b0C. These months have the highest average temperatures of all of the months. So, they are hotter than the other months..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, or article should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A song should be in quotation marks.nThe correct title is \"Do Your Ears Hang Low?\".",
-        "Solution: According to the Tenth Amendment, the Constitution lists all of the powers given to the United States government. Any power not listed in the Constitution belongs to either the state governments or the American people. The full text of the Tenth Amendment is below. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a sunflower seed is 12 millimeters.n12 centimeters, 12 meters, and 12 kilometers are all too long..",
-        "Solution: Kevin wanted broccoli in his lunch and Lily was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nKevin has tomatoes. Lily has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each battery decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each battery decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each battery to the surroundings..",
-        "Solution: The map uses blue to show liquid water in rivers, lakes, and oceans. It uses white to show water that is frozen in glaciers.nThe map shows only water that is on the surface of Earth. It does not show water that is underground or in clouds. Other maps might use different colors to show water that is underground or in clouds..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spidey sense is a comic book.nThe comic book superhero Spider-Man possesses a spidey sense that warns him of impending trouble.nThe allusion spidey sense means a sense of danger coming..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that an open window caused Bernard's migraine. However, that's not necessarily true. For instance, the migraine might have occurred for no particular reason while the window happened to be open. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince shallow is between the guide words scream - slide, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that the four largest planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Jupiter and Saturn are made mainly of gas. Uranus and Neptune are made mainly of ice. So, of the four largest planets, two are made mainly of gas..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to type. Instead, many people learn how to type. So, typing is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a reddish-brown coat or a black coat, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the coat color trait. The question tells you that the L allele, which is for a black coat, is dominant over the l allele, which is for a reddish-brown coat.nA reddish-brown coat is the recessive allele's version of the coat color trait. A horse with the recessive version of the coat color trait must have only recessive alleles for the coat color gene. So, offspring with a reddish-brown coat must have the genotype ll.",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the Cape vulture.nThe Cape vulture has large, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight. Long, powerful wings help the Cape vulture travel long distances by air.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe flying fox has large, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight.nThe European mole has short legs. It is not adapted for flight. The European mole uses its legs for crawling..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a caterpillar is 21 millimeters.n21 centimeters, 21 meters, and 21 kilometers are all too long..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Arctic Ocean..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Zoe rode downhill on her bicycle she held onto the handles is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Zoe rode downhill on her bicycle and She held onto the handles..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBaking a loaf of bread is a chemical change. The type of matter in the dough changes when it is baked. The dough turns into bread!nMelting glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The glass changes from solid to liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nMelting glass is a physical change. But baking bread is not.nBoth are chemical changes.nBaking bread is a chemical change. But melting glass is not.nBoth are caused by heating.nBoth changes are caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0.nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Celsius (\u00b0C). Celsius is one scale used to measure temperature.nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.nThere is a Celsius scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 30 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 30\u00b0C. Find the top of the red liquid.nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid lines up with 25. So, the temperature is 25\u00b0C..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun her could refer to Molly's or her sister's.nWhen Molly and her sister flew to Hawaii last month, the airline lost her baggage.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nThe airline lost Molly's baggage when she flew to Hawaii with her sister last month..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun her could refer to Eva or Amy.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Her has been replaced with Amy's.nEva and her husband met Amy for lunch at a small caf\u00e9 around the block from Amy's office..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Leopardus wiedii is an animal. Animal cells cannot make their own food. Animals get their food by digesting other organisms..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each salmon increased, which means that the thermal energy of each salmon increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each salmon..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of an eyelash is 8 millimeters.n8 centimeters, 8 meters, and 8 kilometers are all too long..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with sweet fruit or sour fruit, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the fruit taste trait. The question tells you that the F allele, which is for sour fruit, is dominant over the f allele, which is for sweet fruit.nSweet fruit is the recessive allele's version of the fruit taste trait. A muskmelon plant with the recessive version of the fruit taste trait must have only recessive alleles for the fruit taste gene. So, offspring with sweet fruit must have the genotype ff.nThere are 2 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype ff.",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion sour grapes is a fable.nIn the fable \"The Fox and the Grapes,\" a fox tries unsuccessfully to reach a bunch of grapes. Because he cannot reach them and therefore cannot eat them, he tells himself that they must be sour.nThe allusion sour grapes means criticizing something because you can't have it..",
-        "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for water contains two symbols: H for hydrogen and O for oxygen. So, water is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, water is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical",
-        "Solution: Helena is the capital of Montana..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion a rose by any other name is Shakespeare.nIn Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the two central characters are denied their love because they belong to warring families, the Montagues and Capulets. Juliet wonders how a mere family name can make someone an enemy, observing that a rose would smell sweet no matter what its name.nThe allusion a rose by any other name means something so special that what it's called seems unimportant..",
-        "Solution: Topeka is the capital of Kansas..",
-        "Solution: This country is New Zealand..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to drink a small glass of water is 40 seconds.n40 hours is too slow..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Marvin is responsible for the broken washing machine. However, the fact that the machine stopped working soon after Marvin moved in doesn't necessarily mean that he caused the machine to break. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nKevin lives in a city that is often covered by thick stratus clouds.nThis passage tells you about the usual clouds where Kevin lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Arctic Ocean..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince pour is between the guide words patience - pulley, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The air inside a basketball is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.nThe air fills all the space inside the basketball. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the ball..",
-        "Solution: Jackson is the capital of Mississippi..",
-        "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. An airplane is not a living thing.nAn airplane does not have all the traits of a living thing. It needs energy to fly, but it does not eat food. Airplanes get energy from gasoline or other fuel. They do not grow.nA raspberry bush is a living thing.nRaspberry bushes grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Raspberry bushes are made up of many cells.nRaspberry bushes are plants. They make their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight.nA computer is not a living thing.nA computer does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does many useful things, and even responds to the world around it. But it does not grow. It does not need food or water.nA flower pot is not a living thing.nFlower pots do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a test tube is 11 milliliters.n11 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses a contraction (can't).nThe first sentence does not use a contraction, so it is more formal..",
-        "Solution: The colony is New Hampshire.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Europe. It does not intersect North America or Australia..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A taiga is a type of ecosystem. Taigas have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, Mount Rainier National Park has long, cold winters. It also has many evergreen trees..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Mr. Carter is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Buteo jamaicensis is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.nSo, Buteo jamaicensis is the scientific name..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a human front tooth is 11 millimeters.n11 centimeters, 11 meters, and 11 kilometers are all too long..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction after.nAfter Shelby returned from the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands, she showed Emmett and Justine pictures of all the exotic animals..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince reform is between the guide words ravenous - rise, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether carrying groceries is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs carrying groceries something you can touch? No.nIs carrying groceries a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.nSo, carrying groceries is a service..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Asia..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.nHerman seemed to know a lot about African wildlife, but it turned out that his knowledge was mostly based on factoids gleaned from unreliable websites.nThe first text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.nHerman subscribed to an online newsletter about African wildlife; he enjoyed receiving daily factoids about the wild animals' natural habitats and behavior.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Instead, children get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Darnel's hair color is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nA group of climbers were happy about the warm temperatures during their hike last Thursday. They were hiking in Nepal, which is home to Mount Everest.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the temperature in Nepal last Thursday. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether a clock is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs a clock something you can touch? Yes.nIs a clock a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, a clock is a good..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nAquamarine is a mineral.nBiotite is a mineral.nCotton is made by living things. But minerals are not made by living things.nCotton is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nSo, cotton is not a mineral..",
-        "Solution: Austin is the capital of Texas..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Jayce can't be trusted with money, because his uncle embezzled money. However, even though his uncle couldn't be trusted with money, that doesn't necessarily mean that Jayce can't be trusted with it. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. The helium balloons are not yellow.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The helium balloons are stretchy..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015  1000n= 1.43 x 1015  103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 100 times the volume of Earth.nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 6.25 x 1013 km3, which is less than 1.08 x 1014 km3. So, Neptune's volume is less than 100 times as large as Earth's..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that creating more bike lanes means that Mayor Hoffman thinks that everyone should ride bicycles instead of cars. However, the fact that Mayor Hoffman wants more bike lanes doesn't necessarily suggest that the mayor is opposed to other forms of transportation. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nSnails growing shells is a chemical change. A snail's body uses calcium from its food to make a new molecule called calcium carbonate. This calcium carbonate is used to grow the shell.nPhotosynthesis is a chemical change. Plants make sugar using carbon dioxide, water, and energy from sunlight.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Look at the passage. It tells you why deserts are so dry.nDeserts are places that get very little rain. In fact, deserts are the driest places on the planet. In some deserts, it doesn't rain a drop for months or even years. One desert in the country of Chile didn't get any rain for fourteen years!.",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first press release is more formal. It uses more elevated language (area musicians, top honors). The other press release uses idioms (battle it out) and abbreviations (Nov.)..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North America..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses chiasmus, an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nThe third sentence reverses the order of the words old and young relative to the first sentence..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the friend who is heavier.nA friend who weighs 28 pounds is heavier than a friend who weighs 21 pounds. So, to move the wagon at the same speed each time, Vijay needs to use a larger force to start moving the wagon with a friend who weighs 28 pounds..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the pool toy.nThe pool toy is made of plastic.nMany pool toys are filled with air. The air inside the toy helps it float in water. Other pool toys are made of styrofoam. Styrofoam floats, even when it is not filled with air..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A red-billed gull's scientific name is Chroicocephalus scopulinus.nChroicocephalus scopulinus has the same scientific name as a red-billed gull. So, these organisms are in the same species.nHaliaeetus leucocephalus does not have the same scientific name as a red-billed gull. So, Chroicocephalus scopulinus and Haliaeetus leucocephalus are not in the same species.nChroicocephalus scopulinus is in the same genus as Chroicocephalus ridibundus, but they are not in the same species.nOrganisms in the same species have the same scientific names. Chroicocephalus scopulinus and Chroicocephalus ridibundus are different species within the same genus..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion catch-22 is literature.nJoseph Heller coined the term \"catch-22\" in his 1961 novel of the same name. In the novel, if an army pilot wants to avoid dangerous missions, he must be deemed mentally unfit; however, his desire to stay safe proves his sanity, so he can never be excused from a mission. Heller called this sort of predicament or dilemma a catch-22.nThe allusion catch-22 means a no-win situation..",
-        "Solution: Providence is the capital of Rhode Island..",
-        "Solution: Trenton is the capital of New Jersey..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Danio rerio is an animal. Animal cells cannot make their own food. Animals get their food by digesting other organisms..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Strong to the Hoop**..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word wheezing. It describes the train as if it were a person who is out of breath..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a metaphor:nMr. Holland's long legs were sunflower stalks.nThe words legs and sunflower stalks are compared without the word like or as.nThis sentence uses a simile:nMr. Holland's legs were as long as sunflower stalks.nThe words legs and sunflower stalks are compared using the word as..",
-        "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. Apple juice is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nIf you pour apple juice into a different container, the apple juice will take the shape of that container. But the apple juice will still take up the same amount of space..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, creeps. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Tallahassee is the capital of Florida..",
-        "Solution: Springfield is the capital of Illinois..",
-        "Solution: Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land. An olive toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA green frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.nA salmon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nUnlike most other fish, salmon can live in both fresh water and salt water.nA Nile crocodile is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nCrocodiles hunt their prey in or near water..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.nWendy couldn't tolerate the nauseous odor emanating from the landfill, so she rolled up her car windows as she drove past.nThe first text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.nThe odor emanating from the landfill made Wendy so nauseous that she had to roll up the car windows as she drove past.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Delaware..",
-        "Solution: The colony is New Hampshire.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMixing sand and gravel is a physical change. Together, the sand and gravel make a mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.nCrushing a mineral into powder is a physical change. The mineral breaks into tiny pieces. But it is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nWorking vacation is a contradiction, because going on a vacation implies that you are taking a break from work..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a small candy bar is 50 grams.n50 kilograms is too heavy..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. Both objects are smooth.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. Neither of the objects are blue.nThe property that both objects have in common is smooth..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nRosa wants broccoli. Alexandra wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with yellow fruit or red fruit, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the fruit color trait. The question tells you that the F allele, which is for red fruit, is dominant over the f allele, which is for yellow fruit.nYellow fruit is the recessive allele's version of the fruit color trait. A tomato plant with the recessive version of the fruit color trait must have only recessive alleles for the fruit color gene. So, offspring with yellow fruit must have the genotype ff.nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype ff.nRed fruit is the dominant allele",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each refrigerator increased, which means that the thermal energy of each refrigerator increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each refrigerator..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015  1000n= 1.43 x 1015  103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Uranus.nThen compare the result to the volume of Saturn. The volume of Saturn is 8.27 x 1014 km3, which is greater than 6.83 x 1014 km3. So, the volume of Saturn is more than ten times the volume of Uranus..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, plant. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: The colony is New York.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince nostril is between the guide words nibble - nugget, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that blocking websites will eventually lead to having only propaganda to read. However, this isn't necessarily true. This argument offers only one extreme and unlikely outcome. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the slippery slope fallacy..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. The eardrum is a part of the ear is a complete sentence. The subject is the eardrum, and the verb is is..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Christchurch, look at the graph.nChoice \"Apr\" is incorrect.nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.nMay has an average monthly precipitation of about 70 millimeters. This is higher than in any other month. So, May is the wettest month on average..",
-        "Solution: Frankfort is the capital of Kentucky..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: This country is Trinidad and Tobago..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A hot desert is a type of ecosystem. Hot deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. So, the following statement describes the Sonoran Desert ecosystem: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. It has many different types of organisms. The following statements do not describe the Sonoran Desert: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. It has thick, moist soil. It has only a few types of organisms..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two glasses of grape juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 5\u00b0C glass of grape juice is colder than the 15\u00b0C glass of grape juice, it has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion a rose by any other name is Shakespeare.nIn Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the two central characters are denied their love because they belong to warring families, the Montagues and Capulets. Juliet wonders how a mere family name can make someone an enemy, observing that a rose would smell sweet no matter what its name.nThe allusion a rose by any other name means something so special that what it's called seems unimportant..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Asia..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Rhode Island is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the water in a hot bath is 40\u00b0C.n40\u00b0F is too cold..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode! The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nThe hyperbole could no longer move a single muscle suggests that Dean was very tired and sore. His muscles were not literally incapable of moving..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: The Eighth Amendment prevents the government from using any \"cruel and unusual punishments.\" What makes a punishment \"cruel or unusual\"? The answer is not clear. The Eighth Amendment doesn't talk about specific punishments. Over time, Americans have changed their views on what is cruel and unusual. For example, the government decided in 2005 that it was cruel to put someone to death for a crime he or she committed before the age of 18. Today, Americans continue to question what is cruel and unusual. In the future, some punishments used today may be outlawed. The text of the Eighth Amendment is below. Does it have rules against anything else? Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The rock are not stretchy.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The rock are rough..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.nThe maple leaf, which is Canada",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion a rose by any other name is Shakespeare.nIn Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the two central characters are denied their love because they belong to warring families, the Montagues and Capulets. Juliet wonders how a mere family name can make someone an enemy, observing that a rose would smell sweet no matter what its name.nThe allusion a rose by any other name means something so special that what it's called seems unimportant..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.nBecause penguins are frightened by humans and difficult to approach, researchers from the University of Strasbourg used remote-controlled rovers outfitted as baby penguins to study their subjects..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A magazine should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Horse and Rider**..",
-        "Solution: When two organisms of different species interact in a way that affects one or both organisms, they form a symbiotic relationship. The word symbiosis comes from a Greek word that means living together. Scientists define types of symbiotic relationships based on how each organism is affected.nThis table lists three common types of symbiotic relationships. It shows how each organism is affected in each type of symbiotic relationship.nType of symbiotic relationship | Organism of one species... | Organism of the other species...nCommensal | benefits | is not significantly affectednMutualistic | benefits | benefitsnParasitic | benefits | is harmed (but not usually killed) When an alpheid shrimp shares its burrow with a goby, the goby alerts the shrimp about nearby predators. These alerts help the shrimp survive. So, the shrimp benefits from its relationship with the goby.nThe goby also receives protection from predators when it shares the shrimp's burrow. So, the goby also benefits from its relationship with the shrimp.nSince both the shrimp and the goby benefit, a mutualistic relationship is formed when an alpheid shrimp shares its burrow with a goby..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Georgia..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA puddle freezing into ice on a cold night is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Liquid water freezes and becomes solid, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not formed.nBeating an egg is a physical change. Beating an egg mixes together the egg white, egg yolk, and some air. But mixing them together does not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.",
-        "Solution: When writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.nBooks:nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.nMagazine and newspaper articles:nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.nJournal articles:nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.nWeb pages:nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com.",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nYou shouldn't go in the water until you know how to swim at first appears to be contradictory, because it is impossible to learn how to swim without going in the water. However, it contains some truth: you should not go into deep or dangerous water without first knowing how to swim..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Both magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to fly an airplane. Instead, some people learn how to fly airplanes. So, flying an airplane is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince blow is between the guide words baseball - bottom, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a coffee pot is 12 cups.n12 fluid ounces is too little and 12 gallons is too much..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the goat.nThe goat has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter. The long jaws can help the goat reach leaves and grass. The flat teeth can help it cut and grind up the food into soft pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe impala has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter.nThe cougar has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is not adapted to eat plant matter. The cougar uses its mouth to eat other animals..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nNancy wants broccoli. Dominic wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: This country is Barbados..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the toilet plunger.nThe toilet plunger is made of two different materials. The handle is made of wood, and the head is made of rubber.nRubber is a good material for a toilet plunger because it is flexible. The plunger can bend to the shape of the toilet..",
-        "Solution: This country is New Zealand..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.nAntonio took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince craft is between the guide words common - current, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Concord is the capital of New Hampshire..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A common toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA box turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nBox turtles can live to be over 100 years old!nA clownfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nClownfish live with animals called anemones. In the image of the clownfish, you can see the green anemone behind the clownfish.nA human is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nHumans are a type of animal called a primate. Monkeys and apes are also primates..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. Wind through a tree is air that is moving! Air is a gas. The air expands to fill the space around each tree branch..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the earthworm.nThe only arrow pointing from the grizzly bear leads to the mushroom. No arrows point from the mushroom to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the grizzly bear to the earthworm.There are three paths matter can take from the bear sedge to the earthworm: bear sedge->brown lemming->Arctic fox->earthworm. bear sedge->brown lemming->snowy owl->earthworm. bear sedge->brown lemming->parasitic jaeger->rough-legged hawk->earthworm. mushroom. No arrows point from the mushroom to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the mushroom to the earthworm.. barren-ground caribou. There are two arrows pointing from the barren-ground caribou to other organisms. One arrow points to the grizzly bear. The only arrow pointing from the grizzly",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the blouse or the skirt.nThe blouse looks lovely with that skirt, but it costs too much.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nAlthough the blouse costs too much, it does look lovely with that skirt..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne ship moved 75 miles in 5 hours.nThe other ship moved 60 miles in 5 hours.nNotice that each ship spent the same amount of time moving. The ship that moved 75 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at a higher speed..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on the leash, look at the forces:nDaisy is pulling the leash forward with a force of 250 N.nCamilla is pulling the leash backward with a force of 180 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 250 N and 180 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on the leash..",
-        "Solution: This country is Fiji..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa..",
-        "Solution: Trenton is the capital of New Jersey..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nClara wants broccoli. Hazel wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A mosquito is an insect. Like other insects, a mosquito is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA tiger is a mammal. Like other mammals, a tiger is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA komodo dragon is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a komodo dragon is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA gray crowned crane is a bird. Like other birds, a gray crowned crane is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Jennifer wants or needs:nJennifer will spend more time in the Photography Club than she would have spent in the Theater Club..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A bull shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nBull sharks can live in both fresh and salt water. They are found in rivers and in shallow parts of the ocean.nA flamingo is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nFlamingos live in large groups. These groups are called flocks..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nErik wants broccoli. Lily wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.nThe curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Logan literally had to drink three glasses of milk to ease the pain.nThe second text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). Logan's mouth may be in pain, but it is not actually on fire.nThe curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Logan's mouth was literally on fire by the time he finished his meal.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words sob and rob rhyme. They both end with the ob sound.nThe word goat does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air inside of a freezer is 17\u00b0F.n17\u00b0C is too hot..",
-        "Solution: Some words are alike. They go together in a group.nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. Cake, ice cream, and cookie go together. They are sweet things. Grass is not a sweet thing, so it is not like the other words..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a car key is 6 centimeters.n6 meters is too long..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Temperature is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average temperature for each month. The average temperature can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA line graph can be used to show the average temperature each month. Months with higher dots on the graph have higher average temperatures. To describe the average temperature trends in New York City, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.nChoice \"The temperature does not change much from month to month.\" is incorrect.nSome months of the year have much higher temperatures than others. So, the temperature does change a lot from month to month.nChoice \"July, August, and September are colder than the other months of the year.\" is incorrect.nThe average temperatures in July, August, and September are around 75\u00b0F. These months have the highest average temperatures of any months. So, they are hotter, not colder, than the other months.nChoice \"January and February are the coldest months of the year.\" is incorrect.nThe average temperatures in January and February are between 30\u00b0F and 35\u00b0F. These months have the lowest average temperatures of all of the months. So, they are the coldest months of the year..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A taiga is a type of ecosystem. Taigas have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, Cape Breton Highlands National Park has many evergreen trees. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.nJon custom ordered his unique coffee table from a master craftsman in Lancaster.nThe second text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: interesting or unusual. Jon's coffee table is an interesting style, but it was made in a factory and is probably not actually one of a kind.nJon bought his unique coffee table from a factory outlet store in Lancaster.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: When writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.nBooks:nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.nMagazine and newspaper articles:nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.nJournal articles:nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.nWeb pages:nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nWorking vacation is a contradiction, because going on a vacation implies that you are taking a break from work..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses a contraction (didn't).nThe second sentence does not use a contraction, so it is more formal..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each ship moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each ship moved for 5 hours. The ship that moved 80 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at the lowest speed..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion cry wolf is a fable.nIn the fable \"The Boy Who Cried Wolf,\" a shepherd boy repeatedly tricks people in his village by falsely claiming that a wolf is coming to eat his flock. When a wolf actually comes and the boy cries for help, nobody believes him or comes to his aid.nThe allusion cry wolf means to raise a false alarm..",
-        "Solution: Montgomery is the capital of Alabama..",
-        "Solution: The circulatory system includes the heart, lungs, and blood vessels. It moves, or circulates, nutrients through the body..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that being socially awkward determines knowledge of workplace safety. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to Mr. Kemp's desire to prevent workplace injuries. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: The First Amendment says that the government cannot take away a person's freedom of speech or freedom of religion. In the United States, voting rights are not a part of freedom of speech. Freedom of speech means that Americans can say and write what they want. But there are some limits on freedom of speech. For example, a person cannot write lies about someone in a newspaper. But the government cannot stop speech just because someone disagrees with it. Freedom of religion means a person can choose his or her own religion. In the United States, the government cannot tell a person what to believe. The complete text of the First Amendment is below. Does it mention any other rights? Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances..",
-        "Solution: Plant cells are made up of many different parts. Each cell part has a function that helps the cell survive and grow.nSome cell parts are called organelles. Organelles are cell structures that are surrounded by their own membranes. Here are some of the organelles in plant cells:nChloroplasts and mitochondria work together to help the cell get the energy it needs. The chloroplasts use photosynthesis to make sugar. The mitochondria break down this sugar and release energy that the cell can use for all of its activities.nThe nucleus directs cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The nucleus contains structures called chromosomes. The chromosomes are made mostly of hereditary material called DNA. DNA contains information that the cell uses for growth and activities. These instructions tell ribosomes how to build molecules called proteins, which make up cell structures and help chemical reactions happen in the cell.nThe endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that helps ribosomes build proteins. The nucleus sends instructions for making proteins to ribosomes. Ribosomes can attach to the endoplamic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes use these instructions to make proteins that the cell needs to survive and grow.nAfter proteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, they can be transferred to the Golgi. The Golgi is an organelle made up of flat, stacked membranes. The Golgi sorts and packages proteins and other substances. Then, the Golgi sends these substances to different parts of the cell. Some of these substances are sent to the cell membrane and released from the cell.nIn plant cells, the vacuole stores waste, water, and nutrients such as sugar. Most plant cells have one vacuole.nOther cell parts are not surrounded by their own membranes. These cell parts are not organelles.nThe cell wall is the cell's tough outer covering. It gives the cell strength and stiffness and helps the cell keep its shape.nOn the inside of the cell wall is a thin layer called the cell membrane. This layer is a membrane, but it does not have",
-        "Solution: The colony is North Carolina..",
-        "Solution: Plant cells are made up of many different parts. Each cell part has a function that helps the cell survive and grow.nSome cell parts are called organelles. Organelles are cell structures that are surrounded by their own membranes. Here are some of the organelles in plant cells:nChloroplasts and mitochondria work together to help the cell get the energy it needs. The chloroplasts use photosynthesis to make sugar. The mitochondria break down this sugar and release energy that the cell can use for all of its activities.nThe nucleus directs cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The nucleus contains structures called chromosomes. The chromosomes are made mostly of hereditary material called DNA. DNA contains information that the cell uses for growth and activities. These instructions tell ribosomes how to build molecules called proteins, which make up cell structures and help chemical reactions happen in the cell.nThe endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that helps ribosomes build proteins. The nucleus sends instructions for making proteins to ribosomes. Ribosomes can attach to the endoplamic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes use these instructions to make proteins that the cell needs to survive and grow.nAfter proteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, they can be transferred to the Golgi. The Golgi is an organelle made up of flat, stacked membranes. The Golgi sorts and packages proteins and other substances. Then, the Golgi sends these substances to different parts of the cell. Some of these substances are sent to the cell membrane and released from the cell.nIn plant cells, the vacuole stores waste, water, and nutrients such as sugar. Most plant cells have one vacuole.nOther cell parts are not surrounded by their own membranes. These cell parts are not organelles.nThe cell wall is the cell's tough outer covering. It gives the cell strength and stiffness and helps the cell keep its shape.nOn the inside of the cell wall is a thin layer called the cell membrane. This layer is a membrane, but it does not have",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa..",
-        "Solution: Words are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.ndesk: short enkit / ten: short i / short enAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.ngo: long onhe / ro: long e / long onSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.nsky: long inba / by: long a / long e The word hi ends with a vowel and has a long vowel sound. So, it has an open syllable..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 2 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nWalter lives in a city where the wind often blows from the south throughout the year.nThis passage tells you about the usual wind pattern where Walter lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A European green toad's scientific name is Bufo viridis. The first word of its scientific name is Bufo.nLithobates blairi is in the genus Lithobates. The first word of its scientific name is Lithobates. So, Lithobates blairi and Bufo viridis are not in the same genus.nBufo bufo is in the genus Bufo. The first word of its scientific name is Bufo. So, Bufo bufo and Bufo viridis are in the same genus.nHyla japonica is in the genus Hyla. The first word of its scientific name is Hyla. So, Hyla japonica and Bufo viridis are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the leopard.nThe leopard has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat. The leopard uses its large mouth to grab its prey. It uses its sharp teeth to cut up the meat of the prey into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe orca has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat.nThe tamandua has a long tube-shaped mouth and no teeth. It does not have sharp teeth. So, its mouth is not adapted to tear through meat. The tamandua uses its mouth to get insects out of holes and burrows..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the cardboard is smoother. If you touch a cardboard box like this one, it will not feel rough or bumpy..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nIan wants broccoli. Joseph wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each battery decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each battery decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each battery to the surroundings..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the polar bear.nThe polar bear has skin with thick fur on top and a thick layer of fat underneath it. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The polar bear uses its fur and fat to keep warm in cold weather.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nDuring the winter, the Eurasian lynx has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.nThe thorny devil has spines covering much of its skin. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase creeps up on you. It describes time as if it were a sneaky person..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Peter Pan is literature.nIn a J. M. Barrie novel, the character Peter Pan retreats to Neverland and refuses to grow up.nThe allusion Peter Pan means a person who won't take on adult responsibilities..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nDark clouds hung over the coast of Algeria last weekend.nThis passage tells you about last weekend's cloud cover on the coast of Algeria. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 75% of the volume of Uranus by multiplying its volume by 0.75.nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 62,530 billion km3, which is more than 51,248 billion km3. So, the volume of Neptune is more than 75% of the volume of Uranus..",
-        "Solution: The colony is New Jersey..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nTristan wants broccoli. Lorenzo wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: This country is the Dominican Republic.nWhy does the Dominican Republic share its island with another country?nThe Dominican Republic and Haiti share the island of Hispaniola. It is home to the earliest European settlements in the Americas. Christopher Columbus founded the first European settlement on the island in 1492 during his first voyage across the Atlantic.nThough many people lived on the island before Columbus's arrival, European countries quickly began to colonize the island. Eventually France and Spain both established colonies. The Spanish colony eventually became the country of the Dominican Republic, and the French colony eventually became the country of Haiti. Today, people in the two countries speak different languages and have many cultural differences..",
-        "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether fixing a computer is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs fixing a computer something you can touch? No.nIs fixing a computer a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.nSo, fixing a computer is a service..",
-        "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..",
-        "Solution: Baton Rouge is the capital of Louisiana..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Ohio is farthest east..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nJackie lives in a town with hot summers and freezing cold winters.nThis passage tells you about the usual temperatures where Jackie lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europe..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A slender-spined porcupinefish's scientific name is Diodon nicthemerus.nAmphiprion frenatus does not have the same scientific name as a slender-spined porcupinefish. So, Diodon nicthemerus and Amphiprion frenatus are not in the same species.nAmphiprion perideraion does not have the same scientific name as a slender-spined porcupinefish. So, Diodon nicthemerus and Amphiprion perideraion are not in the same species.nDiodon nicthemerus has the same scientific name as a slender-spined porcupinefish. So, these organisms are in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. The new blanket was as soft as a kitten's fur.nThe words blanket and fur are compared using the word as. So, the sentence uses a simile..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nTrent's '64 Impala groaned describes the car as if it were human..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA tarnished silver spoon is one that has become less shiny over time. Polishing the spoon makes it look shiny again.nThe polish changes the tarnish into a different type of matter that can be easily wiped away. So, using polish to remove tarnish from silver is a chemical change.nA piece of avocado turning brown is a chemical change. The avocado reacts with oxygen in the air to form a different type of matter.nIf you scrape off the brown part of the avocado, the inside will still be green. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change hasn't happened to that part of the avocado.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, or article should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" An article should be in quotation marks.nThe correct title is \"Caring for Our Children.\".",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Southern Ocean.nThe Southern Ocean reaches from the shores of Antarctica to 60\u00b0 South latitude..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air.nThe map's legend tells you the specific humidity level that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower specific humidity levels than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from zero grams per kilogram (g/kg) up to two g/kg. Areas that are the next darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from two g/kg up to four g/kg. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which specific humidity levels those colors represent.nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with specific humidity levels between 18 and 24 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air.n24 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air is within this range.n9 and 13 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air are outside of this range..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a leather belt is 85 centimeters.n85 kilometers is too long..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each aquarium decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each aquarium decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each aquarium to the surroundings..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the article.nTom was recently reading about remote mountain villages, and the article said that they often have no Internet access. He couldn't imagine life without email!.",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nRosa wants broccoli. Kylie wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The potato sack is rough.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The potato sack is not slippery..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. The green apple is not translucent.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The green apple and the lime are not transparent.nA lemon has a sour taste. All three objects are sour.nThe property that all three objects have in common is sour..",
-        "Solution: This state is New Mexico..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, or article should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing**..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince pouch is between the guide words picture - profit, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Helen wants or needs:nHelen will give up the chance to eat chocolate muffins. She thinks chocolate muffins are tastier than cranberry muffins..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Lester investigated whether pruning tomato plants affects the weight of the tomatoes. So, the pruned tomato plants were part of an experimental group.nThe unpruned tomato plants were not pruned. So, they were not part of an experimental group..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Iowa is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince phantom is between the guide words passage - pigeon, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Anne wants or needs:nAnne will give up the chance to go on the scrambler. She would have had more fun on that ride..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: This country is Tonga..",
-        "Solution: Jackson is the capital of Mississippi..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a bowl of ice cream is 39\u00b0F.n39\u00b0C is too hot..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Chelonoidis nigra is an animal. Animal cells have a nucleus..",
-        "Solution: One object can make another object move with a push or a pull.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The boy pushes his marble away from his thumb. The direction of the push is away from the boy's thumb..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. Mrs. Leonard is kind, and her heart is gold.nThe words heart and gold are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Troy wants or needs:nTroy will give up the chance to see the lemurs. He would have enjoyed seeing them more than the otters..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Hematite has all the properties of a mineral. So, hematite is a mineral..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with mutated antennae or normal antennae, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the antenna type trait. The question tells you that the A allele, which is for mutated antennae, is dominant over the a allele, which is for normal antennae.nMutated antennae is the dominant allele's version of the antenna type trait. A fruit fly with the dominant version of the antenna type trait must have at least one dominant allele for the antenna type gene. So, offspring with mutated antennae must have the genotype AA or Aa.nThere are 3 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype AA or Aa.",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Cooking chicken is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the chicken to change. Cooked chicken and raw chicken are different types of matter..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word hiding. It describes the phone as if it were a person who is hiding..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince children is between the guide words carriage - cloak, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A taiga is a type of ecosystem. Taigas have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the following statements describe the Mount Rainier National Park ecosystem: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has soil that is poor in nutrients. It has many evergreen trees. The following statement does not describe Mount Rainier National Park: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has soil that is frozen year-round..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a kitchen sink is 22 liters.n22 milliliters is too little..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nHouston is a city near the coast of Texas. A record 42 inches of rain fell near Houston during the last week of July in 1979.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the amount of rain that fell during a single week in 1979. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Pierre is the capital of South Dakota..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses apostrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nBlue Moon is a direct address to the moon, a nonhuman entity..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the shoebill.nLong legs help the shoebill keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe African sacred ibis has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.nThe kookaburra has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The kookaburra uses its legs to walk and perch..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince deserve is between the guide words dad - distant, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Beth is intelligent because she's smart. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nAs Scott sat",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of pink particles..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A purple heron's scientific name is Ardea purpurea.nArdea purpurea is in the same genus as Ardea herodias, but they are not in the same species.nOrganisms in the same species have the same scientific names. Ardea purpurea and Ardea herodias are different species within the same genus.nCaprimulgus europaeus does not have the same scientific name as a purple heron. So, Ardea purpurea and Caprimulgus europaeus are not in the same species.nArdea purpurea has the same scientific name as a purple heron. So, these organisms are in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A monarch butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a monarch butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA rainbow boa is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a rainbow boa is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA dung beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a dung beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nLike other tarantulas, a curlyhair tarantula is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA lemon has a sour taste. The glass bowl and the water are not sour.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. All three objects are transparent.nAn opaque object does not let light through. None of the objects are opaque.nThe property that all three objects have in common is transparent..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a goat is 34 kilograms.n34 grams is too light..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a warm, sunny day is 28\u00b0C.n28\u00b0F is too cold..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the compound potassium chloride.nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether potassium bromide is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that potassium bromide is composed of potassium atoms and bromine atoms bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that potassium bromide is composed of two chemical elements: potassium and bromine. Since potassium bromide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, potassium bromide is a compound..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a paintbrush is 29 centimeters.n29 meters is too long..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: The Great Depression affected countries around the world. But some were hit harder than others. Many historians think the effects of the Great Depression were worst in the United States. There, the Depression lasted for more than ten years.nIn some other countries, the Depression was much shorter. In Sweden and Germany, for example, the Great Depression ended by 1936. Other countries, like Japan and the Soviet Union, were not strongly affected by the Great Depression..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a cherry pie is 2 pounds.n2 ounces is too light and 2 tons is too heavy..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word merciless. It describes the vines as if they were people without mercy..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each sailboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each sailboat moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each sailboat moved for 5 hours. The sailboat that moved 70 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that sailboat must have moved at the highest speed..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nPyrite is a mineral.nPaper is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nSo, paper is not a mineral.nSphalerite is a mineral..",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A tide pool is a type of ecosystem. Tide pool ecosystems have the following features: daily flooding and draining of seawater, water that is rich in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the tide pool ecosystems in Tongue Point Marine Life Sanctuary have daily flooding and draining of seawater. They also have many different types of organisms..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Hazel doesn't have school spirit, because she doesn't go to football games. However, there may be a number of reasons why Hazel doesn't go to football games. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase sprang to life. It describes Cindy's clock as if it were an energetic person..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether a motorcycle is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs a motorcycle something you can touch? Yes.nIs a motorcycle a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, a motorcycle is a good..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion the Midas touch suggests that Troy is successful at all that he does. In Greek mythology, King Midas has the power to turn anything he touches into gold, easily creating value from nothing..",
-        "Solution: Nashville is the capital of Tennessee..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 2 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a potato is 16 centimeters.n16 millimeters is too short. 16 meters and 16 kilometers are too long..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nDefinite maybe is a contradiction, because definite describes something that is sure, and maybe refers to something that is unsure..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase jumped out in front of me. It describes the curb as if it were a mischievous, unpredictable person..",
-        "Solution: All substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent chemical bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element. Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if chloroform is an elementary substance or a compound.nIn this model, each ball is labeled with C for carbon, H for hydrogen, or Cl for chlorine. So, the model shows you that chloroform is made of three chemical elements bonded together.nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, chloroform is a compound..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Hornblende has all the properties of a mineral. So, hornblende is a mineral..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Petunia has two alleles for a hairy fleece (F). So, Petunia's genotype for the fleece type gene is FF..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 75% of the volume of Uranus by multiplying its volume by 0.75.nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 62,530 billion km3, which is more than 51,248 billion km3. So, the volume of Neptune is more than 75% of the volume of Uranus..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between Joseph and the center of Earth changed.nThe summit of the mountain was higher than the point where Joseph started hiking. As he hiked toward the summit, the distance between Joseph and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Joseph and Earth increased as he hiked toward the summit..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak. A humpback whale is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nWhales are mammals that live in the ocean. Humpback whales have small hairs that grow from bumps around their mouth.nA red-eyed tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nA red-eyed tree frog has sticky pads on its toes. The sticky pads help the red-eyed tree frog hold on to leaves.nA harbor seal is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nSeals have flippers instead of arms! They use their flippers to swim underwater or to crawl on the beach.nA Steller's sea eagle is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nSea eagles use their sharp beaks to eat fish and other birds..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a simile:nJoe's eyes are as green as emeralds.nThe words eyes and emeralds are compared using the word as.nThis sentence uses a metaphor:nJoe's eyes are bright green emeralds.nThe words eyes and emeralds are compared without the word like or as..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun her could refer to Erica's or her sister's.nWhen Erica and her sister flew to Hawaii last month, the airline lost her baggage.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nThe airline lost Erica's baggage when she flew to Hawaii with her sister last month..",
-        "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nSewing an apron is a physical change. The fabric and thread that make up the apron get a new shape, but the type of matter in each of them does not change.nMixing lettuce and salad dressing is a physical change. Together, the salad and dressing make a mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to mow the lawn is 30 minutes.n30 seconds is too fast..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, learns. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a carton of orange juice is 2 liters.n2 milliliters is too little..",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first text message is more formal. It uses complete sentences, avoids slang (heads up), and uses the person's title (Ms. Schmidt). The other text message includes more casual language and sentence fragments..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Mona wants or needs:nMona will spend more ride tickets on the super starship than she would have spent on the pirate ship..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the bearded dragon.nWhen frightened, the bearded dragon can spread out its hood to appear larger and more dangerous. If a predator is nearby, the hood can help scare it away.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Mozambique spitting cobra has a hood around its neck. It uses its neck to appear larger and more dangerous to a predator.nThe Madagascar day gecko has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted to help it appear larger and more dangerous to a predator..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nThe humidity is low where Brody lives. So, the air is usually dry.nHumidity is the amount of water in the air.nThis passage tells you about the usual humidity where Brody lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. The population of Richmond fell by 8,000 people. Many of the people who have left are probably trying to sell their houses. Since more people are trying to sell their houses, the number of suppliers of houses for sale in Richmond has gone up. So, the supply of houses for sale probably went up, too..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. All three objects are shiny.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. The car bumper and the gold ring are not fragile.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The car bumper and the gold ring are not rough.nThe property that all three objects have in common is shiny..",
-        "Solution: Chemical energy can be used for cell growth.nCells can use chemical energy to power many important cell processes, including growth.nAnimals need food, but plants don't.nAll organisms need energy from food. Some organisms, including most plants, make their own food.nMolecules from food can provide energy.nIn cells, food molecules are broken down and rearranged. These changes release chemical energy..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a soccer field is 390 feet.n390 inches is too short. 390 yards and 390 miles are too long..",
-        "Solution: The fruits and vegetables we eat are parts of plants! Plants are made up of different structures. The different structures carry out important functions.nThe roots take in water and nutrients from the soil. They also hold the plant in place in the soil.nThe stem supports the plant. It carries food, water, and nutrients through the plant.nThe leaves are where most of the plant's photosynthesis happens. Photosynthesis is the process plants use to turn water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide into food.nAfter they are pollinated, the flowers make seeds and fruit.nThe fruit contain the seeds. Each fruit grows from a pollinated flower.nThe seeds can grow into a new plant. Germination is when a seed begins to grow. The part of the pineapple tree we usually eat is the fruit. It contains the seeds..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase walking out the door. It describes the last chance as if it were a person who was leaving a building..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution A and Solution B have the same number of purple particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince middle is between the guide words meadow - mole, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tundra is a type of ecosystem. Tundras have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. So, the following statement describes the Peary Land ecosystem: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. It has mostly small plants. The following statements do not describe Peary Land: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. It has warm summers and cool winters. It has many evergreen trees..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. New York is farthest east..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to fry an egg in a pan is 5 minutes.n5 hours is too slow..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words fake and lake rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe word bike does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with dumbo ears or normal ears, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the ear type trait. The question tells you that the E allele, which is for normal ears, is dominant over the e allele, which is for dumbo ears.nDumbo ears is the recessive allele's version of the ear type trait. A rat with the recessive version of the ear type trait must have only recessive alleles for the ear type gene. So, offspring with dumbo ears must have the genotype ee.nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype ee.n",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Tora's observable version of the coat pattern trait is a black coat. So, Tora's phenotype for the coat pattern trait is a black coat..",
-        "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Caprimulgus europaeus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.nSo, Caprimulgus europaeus is the scientific name..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A kangaroo is an animal. It hops and swims.nKangaroos hop to move around. They use their large tails for balance while hopping.nA cherry tree is a plant. It can grow white or pink flowers.nMany types of cherry trees come from Japan. Some of these trees have flowers, but no cherries!.",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the marbles.nThe marbles are made of glass.nHow are marbles made? First, glass is heated until it gets very soft. Next, the soft glass is rolled into balls. The glass balls slowly cool and form marbles..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Some humans are born with naturally straight hair. Others are born with naturally curly hair. Straight and curly are examples of hair texture.nSome people use tools to change how their hair looks. But this doesn't affect the natural texture of their hair. So, having naturally straight hair is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Florida is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nIt has not rained in over a week at Ian's house.nThis passage tells you about the precipitation last week at Ian's house. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the gerenuk.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe giraffe has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for reaching high branches.nThe bison has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for reaching high branches. The bison eats mostly grass..",
-        "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Pacific Ocean..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The glass bottle is not bouncy.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The glass bottle is transparent..",
-        "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 6 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 2 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 4 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There were 2 more solute particles on the right side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the right than to the left..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of yellow particles..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nMorning clouds usually clear up by noon where Leo lives.nThis passage tells you about the usual pattern of clouds where Leo lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A bess beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a bess beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA Caribbean spiny lobster is a crustacean. Like other crustaceans, a Caribbean spiny lobster is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA snowy owl is a bird. Like other birds, a snowy owl is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA peacock butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a peacock butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..",
-        "Solution: Neil wanted broccoli in his lunch and Darnell was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nNeil has tomatoes. Darnell has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Statements of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence.nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man.nStatements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact. It can be verified by looking up the movie's date.nGuardians of the Galaxy was released in theaters on July 24, 2014.nThe second sentence states an opinion. The most enjoyable indicates a personal judgment.nGuardians of the Galaxy was the most enjoyable film of 2014..",
-        "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: This country is New Zealand..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Kentucky is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nJennifer wants broccoli. Melissa wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Rhizophora mangle is a plant. Plant cells can make their own food. Plant cells make food using photosynthesis..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.nAs a geneticist, Jackie dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.nAs a geneticist, Jackie enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. The rubber ball and the silver ring are not translucent.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The magnifying glass is transparent, but the rubber ball and the silver ring are not.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. All four objects are smooth.nThe property that all four objects have in common is smooth..",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A peregrine falcon is an animal. It walks and flies.nA peregrine falcon can fly very fast. It is the fastest animal in the world!nA salmon is an animal. It swims in the water.nUnlike most other fish, salmon can live in both freshwater and seawater.nA koala is an animal. It eats leaves.nKoalas spend most of their time in trees. They sleep for up to 20 hours a day!nA banana tree is a plant. It has large leaves.nThe leaves on a banana tree can be up to nine feet long!.",
-        "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. An underling has a more negative connotation. Underling and employee both denote a person who works for someone else. However, employee is the standard term, while underling is an insulting term that emphasizes a person's lower status..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tundra is a type of ecosystem. Tundras have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. So, the following statements describe the Tibetan Plateau ecosystem: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. It has soil that is frozen year-round. It has mostly small plants. The following statement does not describe the Tibetan Plateau: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. It has warm summers and cool winters..",
-        "Solution: In an environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups.nA single organism is an individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a population.nMultiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community.nTogether, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nBenedict Arnold alludes to the American general during the Revolutionary War who betrayed his country and fought for the British..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles..",
-        "Solution: Tallahassee is the capital of Florida..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the crested black macaque.nThe crested black macaque has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees. The crested black macaque uses its long fingers and toes to hold on to branches while climbing.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe bare-eared squirrel monkey has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees.nThe chital has four hoofed feet. It is not adapted for climbing trees. The chital uses its feet to walk and run..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Senator Serrano isn't lying about caring for her constituents because she doesn't lie to people she cares about. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction or.nI can translate these French words for you, or you can use an online dictionary..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each salmon increased, which means that the thermal energy of each salmon increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each salmon..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Charlotte, look at the graph.nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Charlotte has a rainy season and a dry season.\" is incorrect.nThe average monthly precipitation does not change much throughout the year. Every month has some rain, and there is no dry season. So, Charlotte does not have a rainy season and a dry season.nChoice \"January is the month with the highest average precipitation.\" is incorrect.nSeveral other months have a slightly higher average precipitation than January.nChoice \"Precipitation does not change much from month to month.\" is incorrect.nThe average monthly precipitation changes only slightly throughout the year..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. California is farthest south..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that you're a thief if you don't agree that museum security measures must be increased. However, you may have a variety of reasons for not wanting to increase museum security. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism golden years indicates that Mr. Dudley is old. Golden years is a nicer way of referring to old age..",
-        "Solution: This country is the Marshall Islands.nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force..",
-        "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Granite does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, granite is not a mineral..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word the is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is Here Come the Littles..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a floor lamp is 10 pounds.n10 ounces is too light and 10 tons is too heavy..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A savanna grassland is a type of ecosystem. It has warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients.nChoice 1 is a savanna grassland ecosystem. It is covered in grasses and has a dry season and a wet season.nChoice 2 is a taiga ecosystem. It has many evergreen trees. It also has long, cold winters and short, cool summers.nChoice 3 is a tropical rain forest ecosystem. It has year-round rain and soil that is poor in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. All three objects are sticky.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The ice cream sundae and the ice pop are not stretchy.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. None of the objects are bouncy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is sticky..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, win. The verb tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a can of soda pop is 310 milliliters.n310 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a pair of goggles is 60 grams.n60 kilograms is too heavy..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses conversational language (real).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Nashville is the capital of Tennessee..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Trisha has two alleles for having sickle-cell disease (a). So, Trisha's genotype for the sickle-cell disease gene is aa..",
-        "Solution: Jackson is the capital of Mississippi..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. Rain is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you put rainwater into a bucket, the rainwater will take the shape of the bucket. But the rainwater will still take up the same amount of space.nA plate is a solid. If someone drops a plate, it may break into pieces. But each piece will still have a size and shape of its own.nAn umbrella is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. When you open an umbrella, it still has a size and shape of its own.nHelium is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. Helium is lighter than air. So, if you fill a balloon with helium, the balloon will rise. If helium leaks out of the balloon, the helium will expand into the space around the balloon..",
-        "Solution: Atlanta is the capital of Georgia..",
-        "Solution: Augusta is the capital of Maine..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nPotato chips have a salty taste. Both objects are salty.nA sticky object can stick to other things. Neither of the objects are sticky.nThe property that both objects have in common is salty..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Breaking a plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter..",
-        "Solution: Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! The properties of granite match the properties of a rock. So, granite is a rock..",
-        "Solution: Charleston is the capital of West Virginia..",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first invitation is more formal. It uses more elevated language (cordially, expression of our appreciation). The other invitation uses contractions (you're) and sounds more conversational (thanks)..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A pickerel frog's scientific name is Lithobates palustris. The first word of its scientific name is Lithobates.nLithobates catesbeianus is in the genus Lithobates. The first word of its scientific name is Lithobates. So, Lithobates catesbeianus and Lithobates palustris are in the same genus.nAgalychnis callidryas is in the genus Agalychnis. The first word of its scientific name is Agalychnis. So, Agalychnis callidryas and Lithobates palustris are not in the same genus.nBufo guttatus is in the genus Bufo. The first word of its scientific name is Bufo. So, Bufo guttatus and Lithobates palustris are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Nashville is the capital of Tennessee..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nLake Titicaca is a large, deep lake on the border between Peru and Bolivia. Dry, windy conditions are common each year in June, July, and August.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual wind patterns at Lake Titicaca. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. An arrowhead is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. An arrowhead is made of rock.nAn eraser is a solid. You can bend an eraser. But it will still have a size and shape of its own.nVinegar is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour vinegar into a different container, the vinegar will take the shape of that container. But the vinegar will still take up the same amount of space.nA rag doll is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. When you hold a rag doll in your hands, the rag doll still has a size and shape of its own..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Svengali is literature.nIn George du Maurier's novel Trilby, Svengali is a hypnotist who exerts such power over the central character that she is suddenly able to sing, which she was unable to do before.nThe allusion Svengali means a person with an unduly strong influence over someone else..",
-        "Solution: Montgomery is the capital of Alabama..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Pacific Ocean..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nWhere Rita lives, winds blowing from the northeast are rare in July.nThis passage tells you about the usual wind pattern where Rita lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Senator Swift hates children, because she wants to cut education funding. However, the fact that Senator Swift wants to cut education funding doesn't necessarily suggest that she hates children. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man..",
-        "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..",
-        "Solution: The colony is North Carolina..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard. The better estimate for the length of a potato is 8 inches.n8 feet is too long..",
-        "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. A scrawny animal has a more negative connotation. A scrawny animal is too thin. A slender animal is thin in a graceful way..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses anaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nKennedy repeats the words what we need in the United States at the beginning of each clause..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A penguin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nPenguins live near water. Penguins cannot fly! They use their wings to swim.nA water buffalo is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nWater buffaloes live in Asia. Some people raise water buffaloes for their milk.nA common toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nAn ocean sunfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nOcean sunfish have a flat body and wide fins. They sometimes swim to the ocean's surface to rest in the sun..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of purple particles..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play golf. Instead, some people learn how to play golf. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing golf is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It has one subject and predicate.nEvery winter my father grows a thick beard..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Delaware..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Producers do not eat other organisms. So, in a food web, producers do not have arrows pointing to them from other organisms.nThe lichen does not have an arrow pointing to it. So, the lichen is a producer.nThe barren-ground caribou has an arrow pointing to it from the lichen. So, the barren-ground caribou is a consumer, not a producer..",
-        "Solution: Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes =",
-        "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down..",
-        "Solution: Concord is the capital of New Hampshire..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Leaves changing color is a chemical change. Leaves contain a chemical called chlorophyll that makes them green. In the fall, the chlorophyll in the leaves changes into a different type of matter..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince hind is between the guide words heart - hood, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution A and Solution B have the same number of yellow particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Santiago, look at the graph.nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nJune has an average monthly precipitation of about 80 millimeters. This is higher than in any other month. So, June has the highest average precipitation..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Africa..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans are not born knowing how to drive a car. Instead, many people learn how to drive when they are older. So, driving is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells someone to do something, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Rhizophora mangle is a plant. Plant cells have a nucleus..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: This country is New Zealand..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nWater evaporating from a puddle is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.nRain forming in a cloud is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Water vapor in the air condenses into tiny droplets of liquid water. These droplets make up a cloud. When there is enough water in the air, the droplets will fall as rain.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.n",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a full box of cereal is 19 ounces.n19 pounds and 19 tons are both too heavy..",
-        "Solution: A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0.nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F). Fahrenheit is one scale used to measure temperature.nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.nThere is a Fahrenheit scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 80 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 80\u00b0F. Find the top of the red liquid.nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid lines up with 90. So, the temperature is 90\u00b0F..",
-        "Solution: This state is Michigan..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Hevea brasiliensis is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015n To decide which planet is the smallest, look at the volumes shown in the table and compare the exponents. Mercury's volume has an exponent of 10, which is the smallest out of all the planets.nMercury is made mainly of rock. So, the smallest planet is made mainly of rock..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.nAsian pears don't change color after being harvested, but some European pears do..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word sprinted. It describes the wave as if it were a person who ran fast..",
-        "Solution: When two organisms of different species interact in a way that affects one or both organisms, they form a symbiotic relationship. The word symbiosis comes from a Greek word that means living together. Scientists define types of symbiotic relationships based on how each organism is affected.nThis table lists three common types of symbiotic relationships. It shows how each organism is affected in each type of symbiotic relationship.nType of symbiotic relationship | Organism of one species... | Organism of the other species...nCommensal | benefits | is not significantly affectednMutualistic | benefits | benefitsnParasitic | benefits | is harmed (but not usually killed) When a hawk moth visits a petunia flower, the moth drinks nectar. The moth uses the nectar to survive and grow. So, the moth benefits from its relationship with the petunia.nThe petunia flower is pollinated when the moth visits it. After the petunia is pollinated, it is able to reproduce. So, the petunia also benefits from its relationship with the moth.nSince both the moth and the petunia benefit, a mutualistic relationship is formed when a hawk moth pollinates a petunia flower..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words twirl and swirl rhyme. They both end with the irl sound.nThe word snarl does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: Helena is the capital of Montana..",
-        "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Scott or Ed.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. He has been replaced with Scott.nAfter Scott explained the chemistry homework to Ed, Scott understood it better, too..",
-        "Solution: Conifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce?nConifers can grow male and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when wind blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. After pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.nThe seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. A seedling is a young plant. A seedling will grow into an adult plant..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words thank and yank rhyme. They both end with the ank sound.nThe word hike does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true.nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The second sentence states a fact.nSheep's wool is used to make all kinds of clothing.nIt can be proved by looking up the uses of wool.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nThe most comfortable clothing is made from wool.nMost comfortable shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what kind of clothing is the most comfortable..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words the, of, and an are not important, so they should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is In the Blink of an Eye..",
-        "Solution: A tree is outside.nA tree can be very tall.nBirds may live in a tree..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It has one subject and predicate.nTonight the farmers will herd the cattle into the barn..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each motorboat moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each motorboat moved for 5 hours. The motorboat that moved 30 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at the lowest speed..",
-        "Solution: Authors use different text structures to organize their ideas in writing. Learning to identify these structures will help you to understand the relationships between ideas in informational texts. You can also use these structures to organize your own writing.nA cause-effect structure presents the causes and the effects of a particular event, trend, or situation. This structure often uses words and phrases such as because, since, as a result, due to, or consequently.nA compare-contrast structure presents similarities (comparisons) and differences (contrasts) between two or more things. This structure often uses words and phrases such as like, similarly, or in the same way (for comparing) or on the other hand, in contrast, or unlike (for contrasting).nA problem-solution structure presents a problem and suggests one or more possible solutions. This structure often uses words such as issue, question, puzzle, propose, and answer.nA sequential structure describes a series of events that happens in a certain order. This structure often uses specific dates and times or words such as first, next, during, finally, and while. The text uses a cause-effect structure to show the causes and effects of the violent demonstrations at the 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago. In the text, certain words and phrases help to organize ideas in a cause-effect structure. Notice the phrases giving rise to, because of, contributing to, set off, and led to..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince afraid is between the guide words above - asphalt, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: This country is Saint Lucia..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word coughed. It describes the engine as if it were a person who is sick..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSweet sorrow is a contradiction, because sweet describes something that is gentle and pleasant, while sorrow refers to grief or sadness..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the swim goggles.nThe swim goggles are made of two different materials. The lenses are plastic, and the straps are rubber..",
-        "Solution: Genes are passed down from parents to offspring.nWhen an organism reproduces, it passes copies of its genes to its offspring. This is how information about inherited traits is passed down.nAll organisms have genes.nAll organisms have genes that contain information about their inherited traits.nEye color is an example of a gene.nAn organism's eye color is affected by its genes. But eye color is not a gene. Eye color is a trait, which is an observable characteristic of an organism.nGenes affect traits.nGenes contain information about inherited traits..",
-        "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the giant anteater.nA tube-shaped snout helps the giant anteater reach into a burrow. A long, sticky tongue helps it catch the insects.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe long-beaked echidna has a tube-shaped snout and a long, sticky tongue. Its mouth is adapted to eat insects that live inside burrows.nThe mountain gorilla has a wide snout. Its mouth is not adapted to get insects out of burrows. The mountain gorilla uses its mouth to eat leaves and fruit..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Ms. Boone or her daughter.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. She has been replaced with her daughter.nMs. Boone asked her daughter to chop the celery, but her daughter couldn't find the knife..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a washing machine is 32 gallons.n32 fluid ounces and 32 cups are both too little..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a full bag of groceries is 3 kilograms.n3 grams is too light..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCutting a piece of rope is a physical change. The rope is shorter after you cut it. But it is still made of the same type of matter as the uncut rope.nPeeling a banana is a physical change. The peel is not covering the rest of the fruit anymore. But both the peel and the banana are still made of the same type of matter as before.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs. A green iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nIguanas are a type of lizard. Iguanas eat plants and fruit.nA bull shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nBull sharks can live in both fresh and salt water. They are found in rivers and in shallow parts of the ocean.nA red kangaroo is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nKangaroos hop to move around. They use their large tails for balance while hopping.nAn Asian elephant is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nElephants live in groups called herds. The oldest female in the herd is usually the leader..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Annapolis is the capital of Maryland..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Panamanian golden frog's scientific name is Atelopus zeteki.nHyla japonica does not have the same scientific name as a Panamanian golden frog. So, Atelopus zeteki and Hyla japonica are not in the same species.nBufo guttatus does not have the same scientific name as a Panamanian golden frog. So, Atelopus zeteki and Bufo guttatus are not in the same species.nAtelopus zeteki has the same scientific name as a Panamanian golden frog. So, these organisms are in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A red-headed poison frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nPoison dart frogs come in many bright colors. Their bright color warns other animals that these frogs are poisonous.nA woodpecker is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nWoodpeckers have strong beaks. They use their beaks to drill into wood to hunt for food.nA water buffalo is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nWater buffaloes live in Asia. Some people raise water buffaloes for their milk.nA hammerhead shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nHammerhead sharks get their names from the shape of their heads. They have a wide, flat head and a small mouth..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses anaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWhitman repeats the words out of the at the beginning of each line..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.nMr. Fowler exercises after work, or he plays cards with friends..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the recipe.nIf Steven doesn't know how to make homemade waffles, he can find the recipe in the cookbook..",
-        "Solution: During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her word choice by fixing misused words.nFor example, the writer could replace the underlined words with capital and sights.nIf you're ever in New York State, you should see Albany, the state capitol. When I visited last summer, I was impressed by the museums, the historic mansions and colonial homes, and other cites. The surrounding area also provides plenty of options for outdoor recreation. Nearby lakes and rivers, not to mention the majestic Adirondack Mountains, offer hiking, fishing, and canoeing opportunities..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Eva or Anna.nWhen Eva ran into Anna at the post office, she smiled and said hello.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nEva smiled and said hello when she ran into Anna at the post office..",
-        "Solution: This country is The Bahamas..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked egg and raw egg are different types of matter.nMetal turning less shiny over time is called tarnishing. A penny tarnishing is a chemical change. When air touches the penny, the surface of the penny changes into a different type of matter. This matter makes the penny dull.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nCooking is caused by heating. But a penny tarnishing is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. California is farthest south..",
-        "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. A boring shirt has a more negative connotation. A boring shirt is simple and uninteresting. A plain shirt is just simple..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. Argue about something has a more negative connotation. When two people disagree about something, they have different opinions. When two people argue about something, they fight over those opinions..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a test tube is 13 milliliters.n13 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in New Orleans, look at the graph.nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"The wettest months of the year are June, July, and August.\" is incorrect.nOn average, more precipitation falls during June, July, and August than during other months of the year. So, June, July, and August are the wettest months.nChoice \"June, July, and August are the driest months of the year.\" is incorrect.nOn average, slightly more precipitation falls during June, July, and August than during the other months of the year. So, June, July, and August are not the driest months.nChoice \"October is the wettest month.\" is incorrect.nEvery other month has a higher average precipitation than October. So, October is the driest, not the wettest, month..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.nInside its tissues, the spotted jelly\u2014a marine invertebrate native to the South Pacific\u2014grows symbiotic algae that produces food for the jelly and gives it a greenish-brown hue..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. The potato chips are yellow, but the ocean water is not.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The cracker and the potato chips are rough, but the ocean water is not.nPotato chips have a salty taste. All three objects are salty.nThe property that all three objects have in common is salty..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The muskmelon plant's observable version of the fruit taste trait is sour fruit. So, the plant's phenotype for the fruit taste trait is sour fruit..",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second letter opening is more formal. It uses the recipient's personal title and last name. The other opening uses the recipient's first name, suggesting a more familiar relationship..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid..",
-        "Solution: This country is Antigua and Barbuda..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution A and Solution B have the same number of yellow particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first memo to customers is more formal. It uses more impersonal and elevated language (honoring that commitment, publishing nutrition information). The other memo to customers uses abbreviations (info) and sounds more conversational..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The jello is flexible, but the wet ice cube is not.nSugar has a sweet taste. The jello is sweet, but the wet ice cube and the ocean water are not.nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. All four objects are translucent.nThe property that all four objects have in common is translucent..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction or.nYou can wipe up your spill with some paper towels, or you can use the sponge on the counter..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tundra is a type of ecosystem. Tundras have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. So, Peary Land has long, cold winters. It also has mostly small plants..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a bike path is 2 miles.n2 inches, 2 feet, and 2 yards are all too short..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that either we must raise taxes or public schools will fail. However, there are ways schools can be improved without raising taxes, so these are not the only options. For instance, perhaps existing tax money could be spent differently to improve schools. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..",
-        "Solution: Atlanta is the capital of Georgia..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word devouring. It describes the tsunami as if it were a very hungry person..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A sand cat's scientific name is Felis margarita. The first word of its scientific name is Felis.nLynx canadensis is in the genus Lynx. The first word of its scientific name is Lynx. So, Lynx canadensis and Felis margarita are not in the same genus.nLynx rufus is in the genus Lynx. The first word of its scientific name is Lynx. So, Lynx rufus and Felis margarita are not in the same genus.nThis organism and the sand cat are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Felis margarita..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nErosion caused by wind is a physical change. The wind carries away tiny pieces of rock. But the pieces of rock do not become a different type of matter.nBeating an egg is a physical change. Beating an egg mixes together the egg white, egg yolk, and some air. But mixing them together does not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of yellow particles..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which these ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A tropical coral reef is a type of ecosystem. It has shallow, salty water, bright sunlight, and many different types of organisms.nChoice 1 is a tropical coral reef ecosystem. It has shallow water and many different types of organisms.nChoice 2 is a wetland ecosystem. It is covered with water for most of the year. Wetlands also have soil that is rich in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The magnet pulls the paper clips upward. The direction of the pull is toward the magnet..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Illinois is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. Water evaporating from a puddle is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nLamar wants broccoli. Jackson wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: The city is San Francisco, California. Los Angeles, Denver, and Chicago are marked with gray circles on the map below..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses anaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nThe words was I late for are repeated at the beginning of each sentence..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that missing one deadline will lead to deadlines having no meaning. However, this isn't necessarily true. For instance, the speaker could make one exception under particular circumstances without allowing other exceptions. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the slippery slope fallacy..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Tim must be fiscally irresponsible, because he works for a company that went bankrupt. However, even though his company is perceived as fiscally irresponsible, that doesn't necessarily mean that Tim is, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A tropical coral reef is a type of ecosystem. Tropical coral reefs have the following features: shallow, salty water, bright sunlight, and many different types of organisms. So, the Belize Barrier Reef has salty water. It also has many different types of organisms..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. All three objects are colorful.nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. None of the objects are sticky.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. The socks and the hot air balloon are not fragile.nThe property that all three objects have in common is colorful..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The older brother applies a force to the back of the car. This force moves the car forward. The direction of this force is away from the older brother. This force is a push..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of an eyedropper is 7 milliliters.n7 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence makes a request, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.nRaymond took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. California is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A gray heron's scientific name is Ardea cinerea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.nLissotriton helveticus is in the genus Lissotriton. The first word of its scientific name is Lissotriton. So, Lissotriton helveticus and Ardea cinerea are not in the same genus.nThis organism and the gray heron are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Ardea cinerea.nHyla cinerea and Ardea cinerea are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Hyla cinerea and Ardea cinerea have the same species name within their genus, cinerea. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Hyla cinerea is in the genus Hyla, and Ardea cinerea is in the genus Ardea..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nDry ice is solid carbon dioxide. When dry ice gets warm, it changes state and becomes carbon dioxide gas. This change of state, from solid to gas, is called sublimation.nDry ice becoming a gas is a physical change. A change of state does not form a different type of matter.nWater freezing into ice is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The water changes from solid to liquid. But the ice is still made of the same type of matter as the liquid water.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses apostrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh! Stars and clouds and winds is a direct address to stars, clouds, and winds, all nonhuman entities..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Trojan horse is Greek mythology.nIn Greek mythology, the Greek army tricks the Trojan army into taking a large wooden horse into their carefully guarded city. The horse turns out to be filled with Greek warriors who, once inside the city of Troy, open the gates to the Greek army waiting outside.nThe allusion Trojan horse means a deceptive or harmful offering..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Mason wants or needs:nMason will give up some muffins. He could have made more cranberry muffins than blueberry muffins..",
-        "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show air temperatures.nThe map's legend tells you the temperature that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower temperatures than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -25\u00b0C up to -20\u00b0C. Areas that are the next darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -20\u00b0C up to -15\u00b0C. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which air temperatures those colors represent.n10\u00b0C.n-22\u00b0C is within this range.n-1\u00b0C and 2\u00b0C are outside of this range..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nNothing I love more shows verbal irony because Mr. Kelly is probably upset that there isn't anything to eat..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Bees making honey from nectar is a chemical change. The bees use nectar to make honey, which contains new molecules that are easier to store. Honey and nectar are different types of matter..",
-        "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The grocery store is in column 3..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.nAn avid reader, Caden attends weekly book club meetings, and",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether phosphine is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that a molecule of phosphine is composed of three hydrogen atoms and one phosphorus atom bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that phosphine is composed of two chemical elements: hydrogen and phosphorus. Since phosphine is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, phosphine is a compound..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town. The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe metaphor the only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career suggests that there was a benefit to Trent's job loss. A light would be beneficial in helping someone escape a dark, difficult-to-navigate situation. Similarly, Trent's new career was beneficial in helping him escape the emotionally difficult experience of losing his job..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A hot desert is a type of ecosystem. Hot deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. So, the following statement describes the Sonoran Desert ecosystem: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. It has a small amount of rain. The following statements do not describe the Sonoran Desert: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. It has warm, wet summers. It has only a few types of organisms..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince always is between the guide words after - another, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nBurped suggests that the drain noisily released some water. When you burp, you noisily release air from your stomach..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A bowling ball is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nA bowling ball can knock down bowling pins. But after it hits the pins, the bowling ball still has a size and shape of its own..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of an elephant is 6,370 kilograms.n6,370 grams is too light..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a hot day is 36\u00b0C.n36\u00b0F is too cold..",
-        "Solution: Helena is the capital of Montana..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nSwallowed suggests that parts of the city disappeared underwater. When a person swallows something, it disappears..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Rhode Island..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a kiddie pool is 1,080 liters.n1,080 milliliters is too little..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nSamir wants broccoli. Derek wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBreaking a ceramic plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.nKnitting yarn into a scarf is a physical change. The yarn gets a different shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..",
-        "Solution: Montgomery is the capital of Alabama..",
-        "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nLas Vegas is in the desert. On average, Las Vegas has almost 300 clear, sunny days each year!nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of cloud cover in Las Vegas. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A black howler is a mammal. Like other mammals, a black howler is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA green sea turtle is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a green sea turtle is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nAn earthworm is a worm. Like other worms, an earthworm is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.nA cardinalfish is a fish. Like other fish, a cardinalfish is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nWater evaporating from a puddle is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.nMelting glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The glass changes from solid to liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nBoth changes are caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for cyclopropane contains two symbols: C for carbon and H for hydrogen. So, cyclopropane is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, cyclo",
-        "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether argon is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for argon is Ar. This formula contains one symbol: Ar. So, the formula tells you that argon is made of one chemical element.nSubstances made of only one chemical",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two",
-        "Solution: Lansing is the capital of Michigan..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Virginia.nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..",
-        "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nFriendly fire is an indirect way of referring to an accidental attack on one's own soldiers or allies..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.nLeah couldn't tolerate the nauseous odor emanating from the landfill, so she rolled up her car windows as she drove past.nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.nThe odor emanating from the landfill made Leah so nauseous that she had to roll up the car windows as she drove past.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nNative copper is a mineral.nAn antler is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nSo, an antler is not a mineral.nGypsum is a mineral..",
-        "Solution: Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nJenny wants broccoli. Zoe wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses conversational language (real quick).nThe second sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion golden calf is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Moses grows angry when he discovers some of his followers worshipping a golden calf, an act he sees as an affront to God's law.nThe allusion golden calf means a material object that is the subject of worship..",
-        "Solution: Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota..",
-        "Solution: This country is Saint Kitts and Nevis..",
-        "Solution: Pierre is the capital of South Dakota..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince human is not between the guide words hate - here, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: This state is Oregon..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true.nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The first sentence states a fact.nAll ants have six legs.nIt can be proved by reading a book about insects.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nRed ants are worse than black ants.nWorse shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which ants are worse..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a bathtub is 75 gallons.n75 fluid ounces and 75 cups are both too little..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA banana getting ripe on the counter is a chemical change. As a banana ripens, the type of matter in it changes. The peel changes color and the inside becomes softer and sweeter.nSaliva breaking down a piece of bread is a chemical change. Bread is made up mostly of a chemical called starch. Saliva breaks the bonds between atoms in the starch molecules.nThe atoms then link together to form smaller, simpler molecules of sugar. The sugar is a different type of matter than the starch.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: When you write, you can use sensory details. These sense words help your reader understand what something looks, sounds, tastes, smells, or feels like.nSensory Category | DescriptionnSight | These are words like bright, clean, and purple. A reader can imagine looking at these details.nSound | These are words like hissing, buzzing, and ringing. A reader can imagine hearing these details.nTaste | These are words like juicy, sweet, and burnt. A reader can imagine tasting these details.nSmell | These are words like fruity, sweet, and stinky. A reader can imagine smelling these details.nTouch | These are words like fuzzy, wet, and soft. A reader can imagine feeling these details.nMany sense words can describe more than one sense. For example, soft can describe a touch or a sound. And sweet can describe a taste or a smell.n Look at the picture.nThe word booming describes the sound this thunderstorm makes.nPurring and squeaking can also describe sounds. But they do not describe the sounds this thunderstorm makes..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is South America..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Europe..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Meg wants or needs:nMeg will give up the chance to be in the Theater Club. She would have had more fun in the Theater Club than in the Photography Club..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spidey sense is a comic book.nThe comic book superhero Spider-Man possesses a spidey sense that warns him of impending trouble.nThe allusion spidey sense means a sense of danger coming..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Primary consumers eat producers. So, in a food web, primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.nThe mushroom has arrows pointing to it from the barren-ground caribou and the grizzly bear. Neither the barren-ground caribou nor the grizzly bear is a producer, so the earthworm is not a primary consumer.nThe Arctic fox has an arrow pointing to it from the bilberry. The bilberry is a producer, so the Arctic fox is a primary consumer.nThe barren-ground caribou has an arrow pointing to it from the lichen. The lichen is a producer, so the barren-ground caribou is a primary consumer.nThe rough-legged hawk has an arrow pointing to it from the parasitic jaeger. The parasitic jaeger is not a producer, so the rough-legged hawk is not a primary consumer..",
-        "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Diamond has all the properties of a mineral. So, diamond is a mineral..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A clownfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nAn American alligator is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the submarine and the center of Earth changed.nThe ocean floor is lower than the surface of the ocean. As the submarine dove toward the ocean floor, the distance between the submarine and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the submarine and Earth decreased as the submarine dove toward the ocean floor..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each sailboat moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne sailboat moved 100 miles in 10 hours.nThe other sailboat moved 50 miles in 10 hours.nNotice that each sailboat spent the same amount of time moving. The sailboat that moved 100 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that sailboat must have moved at a higher speed..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince hospital is between the guide words helping - hunter, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the evening grosbeak.nThe evening grosbeak has a short, thick beak. Its beak is adapted to crack hard seeds. The evening grosbeak uses its short, thick beak to press down on a seed and crack open its hard shell.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe hawfinch has a short, thick beak. Its beak is adapted to crack hard seeds.nThe common swift has a short, thin beak. Its beak is not adapted to crack hard seeds. The common swift uses its beak to eat insects and other small invertebrates..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nRicher than the king is an exaggeration, since it is unlikely that the man actually has more money than a king..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. The gold nugget is shiny, but the log is not.nA bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. All three objects are bumpy.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The gold nugget is not bouncy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is bumpy..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nThe best day of my life ironically suggests that Mr. Bartlett was having a bad day. He was having the opposite of a good day because his car broke down when he needed to be on time..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce sugars and oxygen.nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Because producers make their own food, they typically do not eat other organisms.nTheir cells contain chloroplasts, which are cell structures where photosynthesis occurs.nTheir chloroplasts often contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll captures light energy from the Sun to power photosynthesis.nThey use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides energy that helps the organisms live, grow, and reproduce. This organism is photosynthetic:nThe text tells you that poison oak shrubs have chloroplasts in their cells. This is evidence that poison oak is a photosynthetic organism.nThis organism is not photosynthetic:nThe text does not provide evidence that the poison dart frog is photosynthetic..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Reggie living with his parents means that millennials in general are lazy. However, one millennial's behavior does not necessarily reflect the behavior of the entire generation. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. The child built a tower, he used colored blocks is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: The child built a tower and He used colored blocks..",
-        "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A Tasmanian devil is a mammal. Like other mammals, a Tasmanian devil has a backbone.nLike other spiders, a wolf spider does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each bus moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne bus moved 825 kilometers in 10 hours.nThe other bus moved 460 kilometers in 10 hours.nNotice that each bus spent the same amount of time moving. The bus that moved 825 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that bus must have moved at a higher speed..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Look at the text in bold below. It tells you when a giant Gal\u00e1pagos tortoise might sleep for weeks at a time.nThe Gal\u00e1pagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean are home to the giant tortoise. These tortoises are massive, weighing nearly five hundred pounds. However, giant tortoises do not use much energy. They often rest for up to sixteen hours a day. And when there is little water, giant tortoises might sleep for weeks at a time. This helps them save energy. Giant tortoises can live up to a year without food or water if they have to!.",
-        "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.nHurdle refers to an obstacle that one must overcome. It also refers to an object that a runner jumps over..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism big-boned suggests that Erik is overweight..",
-        "Solution: This country is the Dominican Republic.nWhy does the Dominican Republic share its island with another country?nThe Dominican Republic and Haiti share the island of Hispaniola. It is home to the earliest European settlements in the Americas. Christopher Columbus founded the first European settlement on the island in 1492 during his first voyage across the Atlantic.nThough many people lived on the island before Columbus's arrival, European countries quickly began to colonize the island. Eventually France and Spain both established colonies. The Spanish colony eventually became the country of the Dominican Republic, and the French colony eventually became the country of Haiti. Today, people in the two countries speak different languages and have many cultural differences..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. An American bullfrog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.nA sea otter is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nSea otters have very thick fur. Their fur keeps them warm in cold water.nAn olive toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA piranha is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nPiranhas have sharp teeth. Piranhas hunt in groups. A group of piranhas can eat a large animal..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the Allen's hummingbird.nThe Allen's hummingbird has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The Allen's hummingbird's long, thin beak can reach deep into the flowers.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe green violetear has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers.nThe secretary bird has a sharp hooked beak. Its beak is not adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The secretary bird uses its beak to eat meat..",
-        "Solution: The outer layer of Earth is broken up into many pieces called tectonic plates, or simply plates. The breaks between plates are called plate boundaries. Plate boundaries are classified by the way the plates are moving relative to each other:nAt a divergent boundary, two plates are moving away from each other.nAt a transform boundary, two plates are sliding past each other.nAt a convergent boundary, two plates are moving toward each other.nocean-continent subduction zonenOne type of convergent boundary is an ocean-continent subduction zone, which forms when a plate with oceanic crust and a plate with continental crust move toward each other. The oceanic crust subducts, or sinks, below the continental crust.nAs the oceanic crust subducts, a deep-sea trench forms at the plate boundary. Some rock in the subducting plate melts into magma and rises toward the surface. The magma cools and hardens to create a string of volcanoes called a volcanic arc. To figure out what type of plate boundary formed the Cascade Range, you need to know how the tectonic plates interacted. To find this out, read the passage carefully.nThe Cascade Range is a volcanic arc in the Pacific Northwest that begins in California and runs north into British Columbia. As the North American Plate and the Juan de Fuca Plate move toward each other, oceanic crust of the Juan de Fuca Plate subducts, or sinks, below continental crust of the North American Plate.nThere are eighteen volcanoes in the Cascade Range, and some of them are still active. Mount St. Helens is an active volcano near Seattle, Washington. It last erupted in May of 1980.nThe underlined part of the passage explains that the Cascade Range formed as the two plates moved toward each other. So, the Cascade Range formed at a convergent boundary..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nGetting a haircut is a physical change. Your hair is shorter after a haircut. But it is still made of the same type of matter.nSawing a log in half is a physical change. The log splits into two pieces. But the pieces are still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the vervet monkey.nThe vervet monkey has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees. The vervet monkey uses its long fingers and toes to hold on to branches while climbing.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe bare-eared squirrel monkey has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees.nThe lama has four hoofed feet. It is not adapted for climbing trees. The lama uses its feet to walk and run..",
-        "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion an albatross around her neck is a poem.nIn Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem \"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,\" a sailor shoots and kills an albatross, an action that curses the ship and crew. As his crew members die, the Ancient Mariner feels his guilt hanging like the albatross around his neck.nThe allusion an albatross around her neck means a burden a person must bear..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.nImpossible to put down means that the book is so good that it is hard to stop reading. The phrase impossible to put down is also a joke about anti-gravity: if gravity pulls things down, perhaps anti-gravity does the opposite and makes them impossible to put down..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince class is between the guide words chief - corral, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Charleston is the capital of West Virginia..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A red-spotted newt is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nA human is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.nMatthew makes toast for breakfast, or he eats a banana later at school..",
-        "Solution: This country is Grenada..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, measure. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: Helena is the capital of Montana..",
-        "Solution: Arianna wanted broccoli in her lunch and Sidney was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nArianna has tomatoes. Sidney has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the Amazon rain forest has year-round rain. It also has many different types of organisms..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nWhile at the park today, Kyle noticed that the wind was coming from the southwest.nThis passage tells you about the wind direction at the park today. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A whiptail lizard is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a whiptail lizard is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nLike other octopuses, a white-spotted octopus is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.nA peacock butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a peacock butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA locust is an insect. Like other insects, a locust is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nAs Charlie sat",
-        "Solution: Dustin wanted broccoli in his lunch and Irma was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nDustin has tomatoes. Irma has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Look at the map.nThe arrows on the map show that goods moved to and from these locations:nChina was not involved in the triangular trade..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince join is between the guide words jerk - junk, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Canada lynx's scientific name is Lynx canadensis.nMacropus agilis does not have the same scientific name as a Canada lynx. So, Lynx canadensis and Macropus agilis are not in the same species.nLynx canadensis is in the same genus as Lynx rufus, but they are not in the same species.nOrganisms in the same species have the same scientific names. Lynx canadensis and Lynx rufus are different species within the same genus.nLynx canadensis has the same scientific name as a Canada lynx. So, these organisms are in the same species..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.nHeather's car was running terribly before she took it to the mechanic for a tune-up.nThe second text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.nHeather was terribly late to work this morning because her car broke down on the freeway.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nElise wants broccoli. Nolan wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.nWarren custom ordered his unique coffee table from a master craftsman in Oak Grove.nThe first text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: interesting or unusual. Warren's coffee table is an interesting style, but it was made in a factory and is probably not actually one of a kind.nWarren bought his unique coffee table from a factory outlet store in Oak Grove.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Instead, children get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Anna's hair color is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: Nina wanted broccoli in her lunch and Ivan was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nNina has tomatoes. Ivan has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a warm loaf of bread is 65\u00b0C.n65\u00b0F is too cold..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that avocados from California are the most delicious because they taste the best. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. The flip-flops are colorful.nA sticky object can stick to other things. The flip-flops are not sticky..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. Coffee is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour coffee into a different container, the coffee will take the shape of that container. But the coffee will still take up the same amount of space.nThe air inside a tire is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air in a tire expands to fill all the space inside the tire. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the tire.nThe air inside a bubble is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air inside a bubble fills all the space in the bubble. If the bubble pops, the air will expand to fill a much larger space.nAn eraser is a solid. You can bend an eraser. But it will still have a size and shape of its own..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Poets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms.nAnaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines.nOut of the cradle endlessly rocking,nOut of the mocking-bird's throat, the musical shuttle,nOut of the Ninth-month midnightn\u2014From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\"nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.n\u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:nHark! the honey bee is humming.n\u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.nWhere the wild men watched and waitednWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.n\u2014From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"nAssonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines.nI wandered lonely as a CloudnThat floats on high o'er Vales and Hills,nWhen all at once I saw a crowd,nA host of golden Daffodils.n\u2014From William Wordsworth, \"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\"nMeter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed.nA poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses anaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nChurchill repeats the word victory at the beginning of each phrase..",
-        "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Maryland..",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A tide pool is a type of ecosystem. Tide pool ecosystems have the following features: daily flooding and draining of seawater, water that is rich in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the tide pool ecosystems in Tongue Point Marine Life Sanctuary have daily flooding and draining of seawater. They also have many different types of organisms..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince sacred is not between the guide words shoe - source, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015  1000n= 1.43 x 1015  103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Mercury.nThen compare the result to the volume of Earth. The volume of Earth is 1.08 x 1012 km3, which is greater than 6.08 x 1011 km3. So, the volume of Earth is more than ten times the volume of Mercury..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Asia..",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nPlacental mammals have the following traits:nThey give birth to live offspring.nThey have fur or hair.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA dwarf crocodile has the following traits:nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.nIt makes eggs with shells.nA dwarf crocodile does not have all of the traits of a placental mammal. A dwarf crocodile is a reptile.nA North American beaver has the following traits:nIt gives birth to live offspring.nA North American beaver has the traits of a placental mammal. A North American beaver is a placental mammal..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Darnel wants or needs:nDarnel will spend more money. Plane tickets for Darnel to get to Connecticut are more expensive than tickets to Virginia..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their skin color. Babies get their skin color from their parents. So, Devon's skin color is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Southern Ocean.nThe Southern Ocean reaches from the shores of Antarctica to 60\u00b0 South latitude..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each bottle increased, which means that the thermal energy of each bottle increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each bottle..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A painted stork is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nStorks wade in shallow water to look for food. Storks eat fish, insects, worms, and other small animals.nA human is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nHumans are a type of animal called a primate. Monkeys and apes are also primates..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Sugar has two alleles for a normal-sized body (B). So, Sugar's genotype for the body size gene is BB..",
-        "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA bendable object can be bent without breaking. The cracker is not bendable.nPotato chips have a salty taste. The cracker is salty..",
-        "Solution: Montpelier is the capital of Vermont..",
-        "Solution: This country is Australia.nIs Australia a country or a continent?nBoth! Australia is a country in Oceania, a region made up of many lands and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Many people say that Australia is the world's smallest continent. But some people call Oceania a continent instead..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to sing the ABC song is 23 seconds.n23 minutes is too slow..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Water freezing into ice is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The water changes from solid to liquid. But the ice is still made of the same type of matter as the liquid water..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nAs Pablo sat",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Apple or Orange**..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the bull shark.nThe bull shark has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat. The bull shark uses its teeth to cut up meat into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe barracuda has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat.nThe copperband butterflyfish has a small, narrow mouth. Its mouth is not adapted for tearing through meat..",
-        "Solution: The map uses blue to show liquid water in rivers, lakes, and oceans. It uses white to show water that is frozen in glaciers.nThe map shows only water that is on the surface of Earth. It does not show water that is underground or in clouds. Other maps might use different colors to show water that is underground or in clouds..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words shut and rut rhyme. They both end with the ut sound.nThe word mat does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the kelp.There is one path matter can take from the kelp to the sea cucumber: kelp->sea urchin->sea otter->orca->sea cucumber. There is one path matter can take from the kelp to the bat star: kelp->kelp bass->bat star. phytoplankton. No arrow points to the phytoplankton. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the kelp to the phytoplankton.. zooplankton. The only arrow pointing to the zooplankton starts from the phytoplankton. No arrow points to the phytoplankton. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the kelp to the zooplankton...",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A barn owl is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nA clownfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: This country is The Bahamas..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A and Solution B have the same number of green particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses abbreviated language (FYI).nThe second sentence does not use abbreviated language, so it is more formal..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their skin color. Babies get their skin color from their parents. So, Josh's skin color is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The yarn pom pom is not scratchy.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. The yarn pom pom is blue..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n An agile wallaby's scientific name is Macropus agilis. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus.nIctinia mississippiensis is in the genus Ictinia. The first word of its scientific name is Ictinia. So, Ictinia mississippiensis and Macropus agilis are not in the same genus.nThis organism and the agile wallaby are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Macropus agilis.nLacerta agilis and Macropus agilis are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Lacerta agilis and Macropus agilis have the same species name within their genus, agilis. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Lacerta agilis is in the genus Lacerta, and Macropus agilis is in the genus Macropus.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nNot exactly a team player is an indirect way of saying that someone doesn't work well with others..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nKyle wants broccoli. Tony wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses peruse in its traditional sense: to examine in detail.nBrad perused a catalog from his wife's favorite clothing store, searching for the perfect birthday gift.nThe second text uses peruse in its nontraditional sense: to look through in a casual manner.nBrad perused a clothing catalog as he waited for his appointment, flipping through the pages distractedly.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word peruse because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the glass bottle is harder. If you squeeze a glass bottle, it will not change shape..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A barn owl is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nBarn owls live on every continent except Antarctica.nA black howler is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nHowler monkeys have loud calls, or howls. Their calls can be heard over three miles away!nA zebra is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nZebras eat mostly grass. But they sometimes eat other types of plants, such as shrubs or tree bark.nA gray tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nThere are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Richmond is the capital of Virginia..",
-        "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 4 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 2 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 3 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 1 more solute particle on the right side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the right than to the left..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of pink particles..",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nCartilaginous fish have the following traits:nThey have fins, not limbs.nThey live underwater.nThey have a skeleton made of cartilage.nThey make eggs with no shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA snowy owl has the following traits:nIt has feathers.nIt has wings.nIt has a beak.nIt makes eggs with shells.nA snowy owl does not have all of the traits of a cartilaginous fish. A snowy owl is a bird.nA tiger shark has the following traits:nIt has fins, not limbs.nIt lives underwater.nIt has a skeleton made of cartilage.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA tiger shark has the traits of a cartilaginous fish. A tiger shark is a cartilaginous fish..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..",
-        "Solution: Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is South America..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on the cat, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling the cat down with a force of 40 N.nThe bottom of the box is pushing the cat up with a force of 40 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 40 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on the cat..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Romeo is literature.nIn William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is known for the eloquent declaration of love with which he woos Juliet.nThe allusion Romeo means a man who is very romantic..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun her could refer to Jane's or Bella's.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Her has been replaced with Bella's.nJane roomed with Bella last year, but Bella's messiness became a point of contention..",
-        "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:nThe palm leaf fossil is in a shallower layer in the rock sequence than the fern fossil. So, the palm leaf fossil is most likely younger than the fern fossil..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Massachusetts is farthest south..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (goes, leaves).nThe second sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion by the skin of his teeth is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Job complains to God about his hardships, saying that both strangers and those he loves have turned against him. He says, \"My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth.\" Scholars have long debated the exact meaning of the phrase, but many claim that Job is saying that he narrowly escaped death.nThe allusion by the skin of his teeth means just barely..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nA boy floated down the Obed River on a raft. It had rained the day before, so the river was flowing fast.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the rainfall on a specific day in central Tennessee. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Cyprinus carpio is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.nCyprinus carpio is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that common carp is the common name..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction while.nKevin prepared a receipt for the customer while Zack packaged her items for her..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. Fruit punch is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nIf you pour fruit punch into a cup, the punch will take the shape of the cup. But the punch will still take up the same amount of space..",
-        "Solution: The city is St. Louis, Missouri. Cleveland, Chicago, and Omaha are marked with gray circles on the map below..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three marbles have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 14\u00b0F marble is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. All four objects are soft.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The scarf, the stuffed dice, and the towel are not transparent.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. The stuffed dice and the socks are not smooth.nThe property that all four objects have in common is soft..",
-        "Solution: Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma..",
-        "Solution: This country is the Federated States of Micronesia..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two bricks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 260\u00b0F brick is hotter than the 235\u00b0F brick, it has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A koala is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nKoalas sleep for up to 20 hours a day!nA bald eagle is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nBald eagles live in trees near water. They build nests that can be up to 13 feet wide!nA mandarinfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nMandarinfish often live near coral reefs. They eat small worms, snails, and fish eggs.nA helmeted iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nIguanas are a type of lizard. Iguanas eat plants and fruit..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince instead is between the guide words imagine - irrigation, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Associationnfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokespersonnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenemphasize that the product is a financially wise choicenanticipate and refute potential counterclaimsnAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to ethos, or character, by emphasizing the established reputation and credibility of the brand..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince buck is not between the guide words being - blind, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each battery decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each battery decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each battery to the surroundings..",
-        "Solution: All substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent chemical bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element. Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if hydrogen peroxide is an elementary substance or a compound.nIn this model, each ball is labeled with H for hydrogen or O for oxygen. So, the model shows you that hydrogen peroxide is made of two chemical elements bonded together.nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, hydrogen peroxide is a compound..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. The child chews her food carefully is a complete sentence. The subject is the child, and the verb is chews..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. The ice pop and the wet glue are not yellow.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. None of the objects are bouncy.nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. All three objects are sticky.nThe property that all three objects have in common is sticky..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two cups of black tea have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 115\u00b0F cup of black tea is colder than the 120\u00b0F cup of black tea, it has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of three times the volume of Mercury.nThen compare the result to the volume of Mars. The volume of Mars is 160 billion km3, which is less than 180 billion km3. So, the volume of Mars is less than three times as large as Mercury's..",
-        "Solution: Springfield is the capital of Illinois..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a city bus is 10 tons.n10 ounces and 10 pounds are both too light..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between Edgar and the center of Earth changed.nThe summit of the mountain was higher than the point where Edgar started hiking. As he hiked toward the summit, the distance between Edgar and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Edgar and Earth increased as he hiked toward the summit..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, manages. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. An island culture different from our own is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb..",
-        "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.nThe Somerville Daily Mail was forced to issue a retraction after printing a factoid about Somerville's founder. It turned out that the reporter had written the article based on local legend rather than researching the actual history.nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.nA reporter for the Somerville Daily Mail dug up an amusing factoid about Somerville's founder while researching for an article about the town's early years.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, slammed. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A song should be in quotation marks.nThe correct title is \"Ten Little Monkeys Jumping on a Bed.\".",
-        "Solution: Des Moines is the capital of Iowa..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two mugs of cocoa have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 30\u00b0C mug of cocoa is colder than the 65\u00b0C mug of cocoa, it has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: The four Middle Colonies are dark blue on the map:nDuring colonial times, Delaware was usually called the Three Lower Counties on the Delaware, or the Lower Counties for short.nNew York claimed part of the land that would later become the state of Vermont. But New Hampshire, a New England colony, also claimed this area..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Atlanta, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Precipitation does not change much from month to month in Atlanta.\" is incorrect.nThe average monthly precipitation changes only slightly throughout the year.nChoice \"February is wetter than March.\" is incorrect.nWetter months have a higher average precipitation than drier months. February has a slightly lower average monthly precipitation than March. So, February is not wetter than March.nChoice \"October has the highest average precipitation.\" is incorrect.nMost other months have a slightly higher average precipitation than October..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAn energetic puppy shows verbal irony because an old, exhausted dog is far from an energetic puppy..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince wrath is not between the guide words weary - wiggle, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Statements of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence.nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man.nStatements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact. It can be verified by researching UNESCO World Heritage sites in Turkey.nThe archaeological site of Troy is one of thirteen UNESCO World Heritage sites in Turkey.nThe second sentence states an opinion. Best indicates a personal judgment.nThe archaeological site of Troy is Turkey's best UNESCO World Heritage site to visit..",
-        "Solution: Charleston is the capital of West Virginia..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses antithesis, the contrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nJohnson contrasts one kind of thought process (from pleasure to pleasure) with another (from hope to hope)..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nVancouver Island is in on the west coast of Canada. Much of the island received heavy rain on November 28 last year.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the amount of rain that fell in Vancouver Island on November 28. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction after.nPercy's ears were ringing after he stood near the stage for the entire concert..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase lounged in. It describes the cars as if they were people relaxing..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Human hair can be naturally straight or naturally curly. Straight and curly are examples of hair texture.nSome people use tools to change how their hair looks. But this doesn't affect the natural texture of their hair. So, having naturally straight hair is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Beth wants or needs:nBeth will give up the chance to go on the screaming swing. She would have had more fun on that ride..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that of the eight planets, two are made mainly of gas and two are made mainly of ice. So, four of the eight, or half, of the planets are made mainly of gas or ice..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A yellow jacket is an insect. Like other insects, a yellow jacket is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA harvest mouse is a mammal. Like other mammals, a harvest mouse is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nLike other spiders, a black orb weaver spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA dung beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a dung beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, melts. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Rob wanted broccoli in his lunch and Carrie was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nRob has tomatoes. Carrie has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Every substance around you is made up of atoms. Atoms can link together to form molecules. The links between atoms in a molecule are called chemical bonds. Different molecules are made up of different chemical elements, or types of atoms, bonded together.nScientists use both ball-and-stick models and chemical formulas to represent molecules.nA ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below.nThe balls represent atoms. The sticks represent the chemical bonds between the atoms.nNotice how each ball is labeled with a symbol made of one or more letters. The symbol is an abbreviation for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, that symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, it is one capital letter followed by one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element boron is B and the symbol for the element chlorine is Cl.nThe molecule shown above has one boron atom and three chlorine atoms. A chemical bond links each chlorine atom to the boron atom.nThe chemical formula for a molecule contains the symbol for each chemical element in the molecule. Many chemical formulas use subscripts. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text.nIn chemical formulas, the subscripts are numbers. The subscript is always written after the symbol for an element. The subscript tells you how many atoms that symbol represents. If the symbol represents just one atom, then no subscript is included.nThe symbols in the chemical formula for a molecule match the symbols in the ball-and-stick model for that molecule. The ball-and-stick model shown before and the chemical formula shown above represent the same substance. P is the symbol for phosphorus. Cl is the symbol for chlorine. This ball-and-stick model shows a molecule with one phosphorus atom and five chlorine atoms.nThe chemical formula will contain the symbols P and Cl. There is one phosphorus atom, so P will not have a subscript. There are five chlorine atoms, so Cl will have a",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. On that winter morning, Luna's hands were as cold as ice.nThe words hands and ice are compared using the word as. So, the sentence uses a simile..",
-        "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show air temperatures.nThe map's legend tells you the temperature that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower temperatures than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -25\u00b0C up to -20\u00b0C. Areas that are the next darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -20\u00b0C up to -15\u00b0C. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which air temperatures those colors represent.nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with temperatures between 25\u00b0C and 35\u00b0C.n30\u00b0C is within this range.n10\u00b0C and 14\u00b0C are outside of this range..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince identify is not between the guide words image - indicate, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..",
-        "Solution: Pierre is the capital of South Dakota..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.nSusan",
-        "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The air inside a bubble is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.nThe air inside a bubble fills all the space in the bubble. If the bubble pops, the air will expand to fill a much larger space..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A California toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA Hermann's tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nA tortoise's shell protects it from predators. When a tortoise feels threatened, it can pull its head and legs inside its shell..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince physical is between the guide words pen - popular, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A manta ray is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nRays have a different shape than many other fish. Rays are large and flat. They have wide, triangle-shaped fins that help them swim long distances.nA giraffe is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nGiraffes eat mostly leaves that are too high up for other animals to reach..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. All three objects are shiny.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. None of the objects are fuzzy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is shiny..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that two out of the eight planets are made mainly of gas. So, one-fourth, or 25%, of the planets are made mainly of gas..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with black eyes or red eyes, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the eye color trait. The question tells you that the E allele, which is for red eyes, is dominant over the e allele, which is for black eyes.nBlack eyes is the recessive allele's version of the eye color trait. A koi fish with the recessive version of the eye color trait must have only recessive alleles for the eye color gene. So, offspring with black eyes must have the genotype ee.nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype ee.nRed eyes is the",
-        "Solution: Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy to turn water and carbon dioxide into sugars and oxygen.nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Producers don't usually eat other organisms.nTheir cells contain chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are cell parts where photosynthesis occurs.nTheir chloroplasts often contain chlorophyll, which is green. Chlorophyll captures energy from sunlight to power photosynthesis.nThey use the sugars they make during photosynthesis as food. This food provides the organisms with the energy they need to live. This organism is photosynthetic:nThe text tells you that Tillandisa tectorum air plants make their own food from carbon dioxide and water. This is evidence that the Tillandisa tectorum air plant is a photosynthetic organism.nThis organism is not photosynthetic:nThe text does not provide evidence that the Komondor dog is photosynthetic..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Shangri-La is literature.nIn his novel Lost Horizon, James Hilton describes the fictional paradise of Shangri-La, which is located in the mountains of Tibet.nThe allusion Shangri-La means an ideal place..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, but it shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Isabelle wants or needs:nIsabelle will give up the chance to be in the Photography Club. She would have had more fun in the Photography Club than in the Theater Club..",
-        "Solution: This country is Fiji..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Some words are alike. They go together in a group.nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. Saw, shovel, and hammer go together. They are tools. Window is not a tool, so it is not like the other words..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true.nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The second sentence states a fact.n\"Shooting stars\" are really bits of rock and dust burning up in Earth's atmosphere.nIt can be proved by checking a website about shooting stars.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nCamping in the woods is the best way to see shooting stars.nBest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about where the best place to see shooting stars is..",
-        "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..",
-        "Solution: The city is New York City, New York. Pittsburgh, Boston, and Baltimore are marked with gray circles on the map below..",
-        "Solution: Sally wanted broccoli in her lunch and Chloe was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nSally has tomatoes. Chloe has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nIstanbul is on the coast of Turkey, where nighttime temperatures average between 60\u00b0F and 70\u00b0F each year during June, July, and August.nThis passage tells you about the usual temperature pattern in Istanbul. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Ms. McConnell is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A marbled salamander's scientific name is Ambystoma opacum.nTaricha torosa does not have the same scientific name as a marbled salamander. So, Ambystoma opacum and Taricha torosa are not in the same species.nAmbystoma opacum has the same scientific name as a marbled salamander. So, these organisms are in the same species.nLissotriton helveticus does not have the same scientific name as a marbled salamander. So, Ambystoma opacum and Lissotriton helveticus are not in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. The neighbor's loud music was a blaring fire alarm.nThe words music and fire alarm are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A human is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nHumans are a type of animal called a primate. Monkeys and apes are also primates.nA gray wolf is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nWolves often live in family groups. A wolf mother, father, and their children travel together.nA great white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nGreat white sharks can live for up to 70 years.nA red-spotted newt is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nSome newts live in water. Other newts live on land but lay their eggs in water..",
-        "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether walking a dog is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs walking a dog something you can touch? No.nIs walking a dog a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.nSo, walking a dog is a service..",
-        "Solution: Statements of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence.nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man.nStatements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact. It can be verified by looking up the racing titles Mario Andretti won during his career.nRace car driver Mario Andretti won the Daytona 500, Indy 500, and Formula One titles during his career.nThe second sentence states an opinion. Great indicates a personal judgment.nMario Andretti, the only person named Driver of the Year in three different decades, is a great role model for young people interested in auto racing..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Cocoa is an important resource for making chocolate. If more cocoa has been harvested, cocoa will be easier to get. So, the supply of chocolate bars will probably go up..",
-        "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. A chuckle has a more positive connotation. Chuckle and snicker both denote short, quiet laughs. However, a chuckle is friendly, while a snicker is mean-spirited and disrespectful..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a tennis racket is 26 inches.n26 feet, 26 yards, and 26 miles are all too long..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans are not born knowing how to drive a car. Instead, many people learn how to drive when they are older. So, driving is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a metaphor:nThe bare tree's branches were sharp needles.nThe words branches and needles are compared without the word like or as.nThis sentence uses a simile:nThe bare tree's branches were as sharp as needles.nThe words branches and needles are compared using the word as..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A koala is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nA box turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin..",
-        "Solution: Concord is the capital of New Hampshire..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBreaking a ceramic plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.nMixing chocolate syrup into milk is a physical change. The chocolate syrup and milk make a mixture. Making a mixture does not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play golf. Instead, some people learn how to play golf. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing golf is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. The trombone is shiny.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. The trombone is not blue..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A macaw is a bird. Like other birds, a macaw is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA dyeing dart frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a dyeing dart frog is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA piranha is a fish. Like other fish, a piranha is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nAn atlas moth is an insect. Like other insects, an atlas moth is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..",
-        "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether platinum is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for platinum is Pt. This formula contains one symbol: Pt. So, the formula tells you that platinum is made of one chemical element.nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nWinds are called offshore when they blow from land to water. The winds in southern Nicaragua blow offshore over 300 days per year. Most people prefer to surf on days when the winds are offshore.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual wind patterns in Nicaragua. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that the Alexanders' opinion on eating pizza is invalid because their house is messy. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to whether the argument is valid. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard. The better estimate for the length of a tennis racket is 21 inches.n21 feet is too long..",
-        "Solution: Augusta is the capital of Maine..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism golden years indicates that Mr. Randolph is old. Golden years is a nicer way of referring to old age..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to sing the ABC song is 28 seconds.n28 hours is too slow..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their skin color. Babies get their skin color from their parents. So, Diana's skin color is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: Des Moines is the capital of Iowa..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the new employees or their intake forms.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the forms.nMr. Russo wanted the new employees to fill out their intake forms, but he couldn't find the forms..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A green iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nIguanas are a type of lizard. Iguanas eat plants and fruit.nA water buffalo is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nWater buffaloes live in Asia. Some people raise water buffaloes for their milk.nA red-headed poison frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nPoison dart frogs come in many bright colors. Their bright color warns other animals that these frogs are poisonous.nA mandarinfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nMandarinfish often live near coral reefs. They eat small worms, snails, and fish eggs..",
-        "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A cave is not a living thing.nA cave may have animals or plants living inside. But a cave does not have all the traits of a living thing. A cave does not need food or water.nThe Great Sphinx of Giza is not a living thing.nThe Great Sphinx of Giza is a statue of a mythical sphinx, a creature with a lion's body and a human head. The Great Sphinx does not have all of the traits of a living thing. It does not grow or respond to the world around it. It does not need food or water.nKelp is a living thing.nKelp grows and responds to its environment. It needs food and water. It is made up of many cells.nKelp uses energy from sunlight to make food. Kelp plants have special air pockets that bring their leaves close to the surface.nA roller skate is not a living thing.nRoller skates do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, make. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, but it shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence..",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second announcement is more formal. It uses more elevated language (pleased to announce). The other announcement sounds more conversational (so happy)..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A bobcat's scientific name is Lynx rufus. The first word of its scientific name is Lynx.nLynx canadensis is in the genus Lynx. The first word of its scientific name is Lynx. So, Lynx canadensis and Lynx rufus are in the same genus.nMacropus rufus and Lynx rufus are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Macropus rufus and Lynx rufus have the same species name within their genus, rufus. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Macropus rufus is in the genus Macropus, and Lynx rufus is in the genus Lynx.nPython molurus is in the genus Python. The first word of its scientific name is Python. So, Python molurus and Lynx rufus are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The library is in row B..",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A wetland is a type of ecosystem. Wetlands have the following features: land that is covered with water during most of the year, soil that is rich in nutrients, and other water ecosystems nearby. So, Everglades National Park has land that is covered with water during most of the year. It also has other water ecosystems nearby..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by heating and squeezing. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Shale is a sedimentary rock. Like other sedimentary rocks, it forms from layers of sediment.nMud is a type of sediment. It is found in places like lakes and oceans. Sediments like mud usually build up in layers. Over time, the top layers press down on the bottom layers. Sedimentary rock can form when the bottom layers are pressed together to form rock..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism big-boned suggests that Sam is overweight..",
-        "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for bromomethane contains three symbols: C for carbon, H for hydrogen, and Br for bromine. So, bromomethane is made of three chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So",
-        "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 4 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 6 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 1 more solute particle on the left side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the left than to the right..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nDes Moines has cold winters and warm summers.nThis passage tells you about the usual temperature pattern in Des Moines. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Springfield is the capital of Illinois..",
-        "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Bradypus variegatus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.nBradypus variegatus is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that brown-throated sloth is the common name..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Maggie's work is low quality because her friend's work is low quality. However, the work of Maggie's friend does not necessarily reflect the quality of Maggie's work. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses apostrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nDeath is a direct address to death, a nonhuman entity..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. Both objects are stretchy.nA lemon has a sour taste. The balloon is not sour.nThe property that both objects have in common is stretchy..",
-        "Solution: When a scientist identifies a new organism, he or she chooses its scientific name.nSometimes, an organism is named after the place where it was first found. Other times, an organism is named after the scientist who first identified it. Or, the scientific name might describe the organism's physical traits.nMany of the words that make up scientific names are based on words from old languages, like Latin and classical Greek. Sometimes, English words are changed to make them sound more like Latin or Greek. The new words are then used in an organism's scientific name. This organism's scientific name refers to David Bowie.nThe word davidbowie refers to David Bowie. So, this huntsman spider's scientific name is Heteropoda davidbowie..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion the Midas touch suggests that Cody is successful at all that he does. In Greek mythology, King Midas has the power to turn anything he touches into gold, easily creating value from nothing..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a yellow ground spot or a white ground spot, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the ground spot color trait. The question tells you that the g allele, which is for a white ground spot, is recessive to the G allele, which is for a yellow ground spot.nA yellow ground spot is the dominant allele's version of the ground spot color trait. A watermelon plant with the dominant version of the ground spot color trait must have at least one dominant allele for the ground spot color gene. So, offspring with a yellow ground spot must have the genotype GG or Gg.nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a spider's leg is 20 millimeters.n20 meters and 20 kilometers are both too long..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince virus is between the guide words veil - vowel, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play the trumpet. Instead, some people learn how to play. So, playing the trumpet is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the egg carton.nThe egg carton is made of cardboard.nNot all egg cartons are made of cardboard. Some egg cartons are made of plastic, or even styrofoam..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Chip has one allele for straight fur (F) and one allele for wavy fur (f). So, Chip's genotype for the fur texture gene is Ff..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne motorboat moved 245 miles in 10 hours.nThe other motorboat moved 145 miles in 10 hours.nNotice that each motorboat spent the same amount of time moving. The motorboat that moved 245 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at a higher speed..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of an apple is 3 ounces.n3 pounds and 3 tons are both too heavy..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the ptarmigan.nDuring the winter, the ptarmigan has white feathers covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nDuring the winter, the Arctic fox has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.nThe echidna has a yellow and brown body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in the snow..",
-        "Solution: The colony is New Jersey..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction or.nDestiny might go to the science museum with Bob, or she might go alone..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Mrs. Burnett is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Kinsley doesn't have school spirit, because she doesn't go to football games. However, there may be a number of reasons why Kinsley doesn't go to football games. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. All three objects are smooth.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. None of the objects are rough.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. None of the objects are soft.nThe property that all three objects have in common is smooth..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each gray whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne gray whale moved 40 kilometers in 5 hours.nThe other gray whale moved 35 kilometers in 5 hours.nNotice that each gray whale spent the same amount of time moving. The gray whale that moved 40 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that gray whale must have moved at a higher speed..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a basketball court is 29 yards.n29 inches and 29 feet are too short. 29 miles is too long..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A great blue heron's scientific name is Ardea herodias. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.nStrix varia is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix varia and Ardea herodias are not in the same genus.nPelecanus crispus is in the genus Pelecanus. The first word of its scientific name is Pelecanus. So, Pelecanus crispus and Ardea herodias are not in the same genus.nArdea purpurea is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea purpurea and Ardea herodias are in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nRosa wants broccoli. Isabella wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to bake. Instead, many people learn how to bake. So, baking is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..",
-        "Solution: Look at the passage. It tells you why people can't go to Mars.nPeople can't make it to Mars yet. It takes too long to get there, and it's not an easy place to live. So, scientists sent a robot to look around Mars for them. The robot is named Curiosity. One of its jobs is to find out if anything can live on Mars..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A play should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Hex Marks the Spot**..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each aquarium decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each aquarium decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each aquarium to the surroundings..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the steps.nThe steps are made of concrete.nConcrete is a mixture of sand, rocks, and cement. Concrete is heavy and strong. Bridges and large buildings are often made out of concrete..",
-        "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Japanese honeysuckle's scientific name is Lonicera japonica. The first word of its scientific name is Lonicera.nHyacinthus orientalis is in the genus Hyacinthus. The first word of its scientific name is Hyacinthus. So, Hyacinthus orientalis and Lonicera japonica are not in the same genus.nLonicera maackii is in the genus Lonicera. The first word of its scientific name is Lonicera. So, Lonicera maackii and Lonicera japonica are in the same genus.nUlex europaeus is in the genus Ulex. The first word of its scientific name is Ulex. So, Ulex europaeus and Lonicera japonica are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. Together, people apply a force to the back of the car to move it forward. The direction of this force is away from the people. This force is a push..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the brown bear.nThe brown bear has furry feet with large pads. Its feet are adapted to walk on snow and ice. The fur can help keep the brown bear's feet warm. The large pads help spread its weight over a larger area. This allows it to walk on ice without slipping and to walk on snow without sinking in too deep.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Eurasian lynx has furry feet with large pads. Its feet are adapted to walk on snow and ice.nThe Suriname toad has webbed feet. Its feet are not adapted to walk on snow and ice. The Suriname toad uses its feet to swim in lakes and rivers..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nWhere Rick lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.nThis passage tells you about the usual precipitation where Rick lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a hot day in the desert is 48\u00b0C.n48\u00b0F is too cold..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a metaphor:nThe car engine was a lion's roar.nThe words engine and roar are compared without the word like or as.nThis sentence uses a simile:nThe car engine sounded like a lion's roar.nThe words engine and roar are compared using the word like..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nNative copper is a mineral.nBaryte is a mineral.nChocolate is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nSo, chocolate is not a mineral..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Jane or Zoe.nWhen Jane ran into Zoe at the post office, she smiled and said hello.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nJane smiled and said hello when she ran into Zoe at the post office..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Mom kisses Leslie's cheek Leslie smiles at Mom is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Mom kisses Leslie's cheek and Leslie smiles at Mom..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Luddite is British history.nIn the early nineteenth century, factories were replacing the jobs of craftsmen. Some of these craftsmen banded together to destroy the new machinery; those who did so were called Luddites.nThe allusion Luddite means a person opposed to new technology..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the breed standard.nWhen Roxanne researched Dachshunds, the breed standard said that they can be short-haired, wire-haired, or long-haired..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.nI pretend to be a knight, and Mary pretends to be an astronaut..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the common swift.nA short, thin beak is light and easy to move. The common swift uses its beak to grab fast-moving insects while flying.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe European robin has a short, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to catch insects.nThe Australian pelican has a large pouch-like beak. Its beak is not adapted to catch insects. The Australian pelican uses its beak to catch fish..",
-        "Solution: Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs. A manta ray is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nRays have a different shape than many other fish. Rays are large and flat. They have wide, triangle-shaped fins that help them swim long distances.nA green sea turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nSea turtles live in the water, but they lay their eggs on land.nAn albatross is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nAlbatrosses live near the ocean. They hunt squid, fish, and other small animals.nAn elongated tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nA tortoise's shell protects it from predators. When a tortoise feels threatened, it can pull its head and legs inside its shell..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that the four largest planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Jupiter and Saturn are made mainly of gas. Uranus and Neptune are made mainly of ice. So, of the four largest planets, two are made mainly of gas..",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first text message is more formal. It uses courteous language (my apologies) rather than casual language (oops, sorry!)..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Dickensian is literature.nThe works of British author Charles Dickens often featured characters struggling to survive in settings such as debtors' prisons and orphanages.nThe allusion Dickensian means harsh or poverty-stricken..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion by the skin of his teeth is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Job complains to God about his hardships, saying that both strangers and those he loves have turned against him. He says, \"My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth.\" Scholars have long debated the exact meaning of the phrase, but many claim that Job is saying that he narrowly escaped death.nThe allusion by the skin of his teeth means just barely..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution A and Solution B have the same number of blue particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nBenedict Arnold alludes to the American general during the Revolutionary War who betrayed his country and fought for the British..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to ride a motorcycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a motorcycle is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the three-toed sloth.nThe three-toed sloth uses its long limbs to reach branches while climbing. It uses its fingers and toes to grab the branches.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe lar gibbon has long limbs with fingers and toes. Its limbs are adapted for climbing trees.nThe California sea lion has flippers. Its limbs are not adapted for climbing trees. The California sea lion uses its flippers to swim underwater..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of blue particles..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, but it shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. All the judges at the important meeting is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb..",
-        "Solution: This country is Fiji..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nSandeep wants broccoli. Tracy wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A koala is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nKoalas sleep for up to 20 hours a day!nA zebra is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nZebras eat mostly grass. But they sometimes eat other types of plants, such as shrubs or tree bark.nA green moray eel is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nEels are long and thin. They may have small fins. They look like snakes, but they are fish!nA horned frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Riley wants or needs:nRiley will give up the chance to look at the pine tree. She thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the roses..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the leaf insect.nThe leaf insect has a green leaf-shaped body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe emerald tree boa has bright green scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves.nThe fox snake has a tan body with large brown spots. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Ava's observable version of the leg color trait is yellow legs. So, Ava's phenotype for the leg color trait is yellow legs..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Troy must be fiscally irresponsible, because he works for a company that went bankrupt. However, even though his company is perceived as fiscally irresponsible, that doesn't necessarily mean that Troy is, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nA million times is an exaggeration, since it is unlikely that Mona has actually been told this a million times..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A cocoi heron's scientific name is Ardea cocoi.nArdea cocoi has the same scientific name as a cocoi heron. So, these organisms are in the same species.nTaricha torosa does not have the same scientific name as a cocoi heron. So, Ardea cocoi and Taricha torosa are not in the same species.nArdea cocoi is in the same genus as Ardea goliath, but they are not in the same species.nOrganisms in the same species have the same scientific names. Ardea cocoi and Ardea goliath are different species within the same genus..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each pizza decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each pizza decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each pizza to the surroundings..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: This country is Grenada..",
-        "Solution: Saint Paul is the capital of Minnesota..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the star-nosed mole.nThe star-nosed mole has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging. The star-nosed mole uses its claws to break up soil and move it out of the way.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe groundhog has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging.nThe tokay gecko has wide, sticky toes. Its feet are not adapted for digging. The tokay gecko uses its feet to climb trees and walk on leaves..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince cottage is between the guide words class - curl, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first text message is more formal. It uses complete sentences, avoids slang (heads up), and uses the person's title (Ms. Arnold). The other text message includes more casual language and sentence fragments..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant.nIn this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables.nThe amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others.nThe number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs speedy as a snail suggests that the Internet connection was very slow. A snail is not speedy, and neither was Cara's Internet connection..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether hydrazine is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that a molecule of hydrazine is composed of four hydrogen atoms and two nitrogen atoms bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that hydrazine is composed of two chemical elements: hydrogen and nitrogen. Since hydrazine is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, hydrazine is a compound..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a can of soda pop is 320 milliliters.n320 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes =",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a basketball is 20 ounces.n20 pounds and 20 tons are both too heavy..",
-        "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect Australia or Asia..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Hunter is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince towel is between the guide words teeth - trousers, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.nWhen matter is a gas, it spreads out to fill a space.nMany gases are invisible. So, you can\u2019t see them. Air is a gas. A ruler is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nIf you put a ruler in a box, the ruler will keep its shape..",
-        "Solution: This country is Nauru..",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nReptiles have the following traits:nThey have scaly, waterproof skin.nThey make eggs with shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA Chinese alligator has the following traits:nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.nIt makes eggs with shells.nA Chinese alligator has the traits of a reptile. A Chinese alligator is a reptile.nA green frog has the following traits:nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.nIt has moist skin.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA green frog does not have all of the traits of a reptile. A green frog is an amphibian..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nNeverland alludes to the story of Peter Pan, a boy who lived in Neverland and never grew up..",
-        "Solution: The outer layer of Earth is broken up into many pieces called tectonic plates, or simply plates. The breaks between plates are called plate boundaries. Plate boundaries are classified by the way the plates are moving relative to each other:nAt a divergent boundary, two plates are moving away from each other.nAt a transform boundary, two plates are sliding past each other.nAt a convergent boundary, two plates are moving toward each other.nOne type of convergent boundary is a continent-continent collision. This type of boundary forms when two plates with continental crust move toward each other. The collision compresses and folds the continental crust, forcing it upward to form a mountain range. To figure out what type of plate boundary formed the Western Alps, you need to know how the tectonic plates interacted. To find this out, read the passage carefully.nMillions of years ago, the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate began to move toward each other, eventually colliding. This plate motion formed many mountain ranges, including the Western Alps. The Western Alps run through European countries, including France, Italy, and Switzerland.nThe underlined part of the passage explains that the Western Alps formed as the two plates collided, or ran into each other. For two plates to collide, they must be moving toward each other. So, the Western Alps formed at a convergent boundary..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two glasses of apple juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 65\u00b0F glass of apple juice is hotter than the 40\u00b0F glass of apple juice, it has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Montpelier is the capital of Vermont..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the white-tailed eagle.nThe white-tailed eagle has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey. The sharp claws can help the white-tailed eagle attack and kill its prey. The long toes can help it hold on to its prey.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe brahminy kite has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey.nThe dromedary camel has large pads on the bottoms of its feet. Its feet are not adapted for grabbing prey. The dromedary camel uses its feet to walk on sand..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nLoose matter such as sand and dirt is called sediment. Sediment settling to the bottom of a muddy puddle is a physical change.nThe sediment sinks, and the water above becomes clearer. This separates the water from the sediment. But separating a mixture does not form a different type of matter.nShaking up salad dressing is a physical change. The different parts mix together, but they are still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nGood luck ironically suggests that Rodrigo was upset about staying home. Rodrigo was actually unlucky because he couldn't join his friends at the water park..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aunt Zoe is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the rubber band would stretch more. If you pull on a rubber band, it will get longer..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Connecticut..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (took, went).nThe first sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. North Dakota is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince old is between the guide words object - orchard, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of the Golden Gate Bridge is 2,750 meters.n2,750 millimeters and 2,750 centimeters are too short. 2,750 kilometers is too long..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Dogs on Duty**..",
-        "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether fixing a sink is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs fixing a sink something you can touch? No.nIs fixing a sink a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.nSo, fixing a sink is a service..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Most humans are born with five fingers on each hand. So, having five fingers is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Arctic Ocean..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Senator Logan hates children, because she wants to cut education funding. However, the fact that Senator Logan wants to cut education funding doesn't necessarily suggest that she hates children. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man..",
-        "Solution: Ernesto wanted broccoli in his lunch and Lucia was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nErnesto has tomatoes. Lucia has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..",
-        "Solution: Fern plants reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.nMature ferns have flat leaves called fronds. Ferns have structures that look like small dots on the underside of their fronds. These structures are called spore cases. The mature ferns use asexual reproduction to make spores. When the spore cases open, the spores are released.nWhen a spore lands on the ground and germinates, it grows into a small heart-shaped plant. The heart-shaped plant begins the fern's sexual reproduction stage by making eggs and sperm. Ferns live in damp environments, and sperm can swim though small water drops. Self-fertilization happens when a sperm swims to an egg on the same heart-shaped plant. Cross-fertilization happens when the sperm swims to an egg on a nearby plant.nFertilization happens when a sperm and an egg fuse. The fertilized egg germinates and grows into a mature fern.nThe mature fern can make spores and begin the fern life cycle again. A mature fern can make spores. Spores grow inside the spore case. When the spore case breaks open, the spores are released.nA heart-shaped plant produces eggs and sperm, not spores..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, signed. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Primary consumers eat producers. So, in a food web, primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.nThe phytoplankton does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the phytoplankton is not a primary consumer.nThe plainfin midshipman has an arrow pointing to it from the phytoplankton. The phytoplankton is a producer, so the plainfin midshipman is a primary consumer.nThe sea otter has an arrow pointing to it from the sea urchin. The sea urchin is not a producer. So, the sea otter is not a primary consumer.nThe kelp does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the kelp is not a primary consumer.nThe kelp bass has an arrow pointing to it from the kelp. The kelp is a producer, so the kelp bass is a primary consumer..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Statements of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence.nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man.nStatements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact. It can be verified by looking up the size of the elephant bird's eggs and the size of American footballs.nMadagascar's elephant bird laid eggs the size of American footballs.nThe second sentence states an opinion. Should indicates a personal judgment.nSettlers in Madagascar should have done more to protect the elephant bird, which became extinct in the 1600 s..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince chaos is between the guide words calves - cow, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Cara wants or needs:nCara will give up the chance to eat the strawberry cheesecake ice cream. She likes this flavor more than sweet cream..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: The Eighth Amendment says that the government can never use \"cruel and unusual punishments.\" There are no special cases when they are allowed. What makes a punishment \"cruel or unusual\"? The answer is not clear. The Eighth Amendment doesn't talk about specific punishments. Over time, Americans have changed their views on what is cruel and unusual. For example, the government decided in 2005 that it was cruel to put someone to death for a crime he or she committed before the age of 18. Today, Americans continue to question what is cruel and unusual. In the future, some punishments used today may be outlawed. The text of the Eighth Amendment is below. Does it have rules against anything else? Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted..",
-        "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid..",
-        "Solution: This country is the Dominican Republic.nWhy does the Dominican Republic share its island with another country?nThe Dominican Republic and Haiti share the island of Hispaniola. It is home to the earliest European settlements in the Americas. Christopher Columbus founded the first European settlement on the island in 1492 during his first voyage across the Atlantic.nThough many people lived on the island before Columbus's arrival, European countries quickly began to colonize the island. Eventually France and Spain both established colonies. The Spanish colony eventually became the country of the Dominican Republic, and the French colony eventually became the country of Haiti. Today, people in the two countries speak different languages and have many cultural differences..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A handsaw is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nThe handle of this handsaw is made of wood, and the blade is made of metal. Both wood and metal are solids..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, or article should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **The Prince and the Surfer**..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North America..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is a run-on sentence. It is a comma splice formed from two sentences run together, joined by just a comma.nWhite chocolate does not contain cocoa solids, it contains milk solids, cocoa butter, sugar, and flavorings such as vanilla.nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:nWhite",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nNolan wants broccoli. Dalton wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..",
-        "Solution: This country is Saint Lucia..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the sea cucumber.There is one path matter can take from the kelp to the sea cucumber: kelp->sea urchin->sea otter->orca->sea cucumber. kelp bass. The only arrow pointing from the kelp bass leads to the bat star. No arrows point from the bat star to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the kelp bass to the sea cucumber.. bat star. No arrows point from the bat star to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bat star to the sea cucumber.. There are two paths matter can take from the phytoplankton to the sea cucumber: phytoplankton->plainfin midshipman->sea cucumber. phytoplankton->zooplankton->plainfin midshipman->sea cucumber..",
-        "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that people who drive old cars are likely to be poor lifeguards. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to someone's qualifications to be a lifeguard. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Samantha is intelligent because she's smart. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The bubble gum is not scratchy.nA bendable object can be bent without breaking. Both objects are bendable.nThe property that both objects have in common is bendable..",
-        "Solution: A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0.nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F). Fahrenheit is one scale used to measure temperature.nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.nThere is a Fahrenheit scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 80 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 80\u00b0F. Find the top of the red liquid.nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid is halfway between 70 and 80. So, the temperature is 75\u00b0F..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The first sentence states a fact.nThere are four faces on Mount Rushmore.nIt can be proved by observing Mount Rushmore.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nMount Rushmore is too difficult to travel to.nDifficult shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how difficult is too difficult..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the white-breasted cormorant.nThe white-breasted cormorant has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. As it swims, the white-breasted cormorant uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe European river otter has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming.nThe tokay gecko has wide, sticky toes. Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The tokay gecko uses its feet to climb trees and walk on leaves..",
-        "Solution: The cell wall is the outermost layer in a plant cell.nThis statement is true. A plant cell has a cell wall. The cell wall is outside the cell membrane and is the outermost layer in a plant cell..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The belt is not bouncy.nA bendable object can be bent without breaking. The belt is bendable..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for chloromethane contains three symbols: C for carbon, H for hydrogen, and Cl for chlorine. So, chloromethane is made of three chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, chlorome",
-        "Solution: Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food.nProducers make their own food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. This sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other organisms. Consumers cannot make their own food. In this food chain, the persimmon is a producer because it makes its own food. The persimmon uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make its own food..",
-        "Solution: Richmond is the capital of Virginia..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that the lunch meat is nutritious because it contains no additives. However, even though the lunch meat has no additives, that doesn't necessarily mean that it is nutritious. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature..",
-        "Solution: Statements of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence.nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man.nStatements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact. It can be verified by comparing the number of visitors to U.S. national parks in 2014.nMore people visited Great Smoky Mountains National Park in 2014 than visited Yosemite and Yellowstone combined.nThe second sentence states an opinion. Fantastic indicates a personal judgment.nGreat Smoky Mountains National Park is fantastic because it has 150 official hiking trails..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample B have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion draconian is Greek history.nDraco, a government official in seventh-century Athens, Greece, wrote a code of laws that called for severe punishments for even minor offenses.nThe allusion draconian means harsh..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A sea eagle is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nSea eagles use their sharp beaks to eat fish and other birds.nA fruit bat is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nFruit bats eat fruit and drink nectar from flowers. They have special teeth to help them bite through fruit skins..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two cherry pies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 110\u00b0F pie is hotter than the 80\u00b0F pie, it has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A loon is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nLoons usually live near lakes. They dive in the water to hunt for food.nAn albatross is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nAlbatrosses live near the ocean. They hunt squid, fish, and other small animals.nA Tasmanian devil is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nTasmanian devils are meat-eating marsupials. They live on the island of Tasmania, near Australia.nA great white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nGreat white sharks can live for up to 70 years..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince spent is between the guide words scan - swung, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nClare wants broccoli. Adele wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Asia..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Cellular respiration is a chemical change. Cells use oxygen to break down sugar. Breaking the chemical bonds in sugar molecules releases energy that a cell can use.nThe atoms from the broken molecules then combine to form different molecules such as carbon dioxide and water. These molecules are different types of matter than sugar and oxygen..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the stroller that is heavier.nA stroller holding a kid that weighs 30 pounds is heavier than a stroller holding a kid that weighs 25 pounds. So, the stroller holding the kid that weighs 30 pounds needs to be pushed with a larger force to start moving forward at the same speed as the other other stroller..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Madison is the capital of Wisconsin..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nWater boiling on the stove is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.nIce melting in a glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The solid ice becomes liquid, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not made.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nBoth changes are caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the parakeet auklet.nThe parakeet auklet has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. As it swims, the parakeet auklet uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe European beaver has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming.nThe water rail has very long toes. Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The water rail uses its feet to walk on muddy ground..",
-        "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince credit is between the guide words cove - cylinder, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of the Red Sea is 2,250 kilometers.n2,250 centimeters and 2,250 meters are both too short..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince doctor is between the guide words dessert - dust, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is South America..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa..",
-        "Solution: Annapolis is the capital of Maryland..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, needs. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the vervet monkey.nThe vervet monkey has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees. The vervet monkey uses its long fingers and toes to hold on to branches while climbing.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe red-shanked douc has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees.nThe lama has four hoofed feet. It is not adapted for climbing trees. The lama uses its feet to walk and run..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. The population of Fairview fell by 8,000 people. Many of the people who have left are probably trying to sell their houses. Since more people are trying to sell their houses, the number of suppliers of houses for sale in Fairview has gone up. So, the supply of houses for sale probably went up, too..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nAs Will sat",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of purple particles..",
-        "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to her scooter or Mr. Chang's car.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the scooter.nWhen Emma parked her scooter next to Mr. Chang's car, she noticed that the scooter had a flat tire..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion David and Goliath is the Bible.nIn the Bible, a young man named David slays Goliath, a giant and champion warrior, using nothing more than a sling and a stone.nThe allusion David and Goliath means involving unequal rivals..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a paintbrush is 25 centimeters.n25 kilometers is too long..",
-        "Solution: This country is Haiti.nDoes Haiti have any territorial disputes?nHaiti claims to own Navassa Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nNavassa Island is also claimed by the United States. The United States claimed the island in 1857 and has controlled it since then. But Haiti considers the island part of its territory and has protested the United States' claim since this time. No one lives on the island. Today, it is a nature preserve..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.nWhen matter is a gas, it spreads out to fill a space.nMany gases are invisible. So, you can\u2019t see them. Air is a gas. Wet paint is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour wet paint out of a can, the paint will change shape. But the wet paint will still take up the same amount of space.nChalk is a solid. You can easily break chalk into pieces. But each piece will still have a size and shape of its own.nCoffee is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour coffee into a different container, the coffee will take the shape of that container. But the coffee will still take up the same amount of space..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell. The cell membrane also protects the cell from the outside environment.nThe cytoplasm is made up of a thick liquid that fills the space inside the cell membrane. The cytoplasm supports the other cell parts and holds them in place. Many important chemical reactions happen in the cytoplasm.nThe mitochondria break down sugar to release energy that the cell can use.nThe vacuoles store nutrients, such as sugar, in the cell. Vacuoles also store water and waste.nThe nucleus directs cell activities. It does this by sending instructions to different parts of the cell.nThe chromosomes contain the information that the cell uses for growth and activities. In animal and plant cells, the chromosomes are inside the nucleus. The cytoplasm is made up of a thick liquid that fills the space between the cell membrane and the nucleus.nThe thick liquid is made mostly of water. It also includes other important chemicals and cell parts. The cytoplasm holds the cell's structures in place and protects them from being damaged..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Mabel is telling the truth because she says she never lies. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Remy's observable version of the body hair trait is a hairy body. So, Remy's phenotype for the body hair trait is a hairy body..",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A tide pool is a type of ecosystem. Tide pool ecosystems have the following features: daily flooding and draining of seawater, water that is rich in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the tide pool ecosystems in Salt Point State Park have daily flooding and draining of seawater. They also have water that is rich in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nAngry and furious suggest that the sea was fierce. Those words describe an emotionally intense person..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the painted turtle.nThe painted turtle has a hard outer shell. Its body is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth. The hard shell makes it difficult for predators to hurt or kill the painted turtle.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe nautilus has a hard outer shell. Its body is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth.nThe eastern rat snake has soft scales covering its skin. Its body is not adapted for protection against predators with sharp teeth..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The second sentence states a fact.nThe Stone Forest in southern China is a cluster of ancient limestone pillars.nIt can be proved by reading a travel guide about China.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nOnly a fool would travel all the way to China to see rocks.nOnly a fool shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what is foolish..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nEastern Colorado is part of the Great Plains. On October 19, 1988, a thunderstorm near the town of La Junta produced winds of 63 miles per hour.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the wind speed in Eastern Colorado on October 19, 1988. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: This country is Samoa..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction if.nYou will attract more customers if you extend the sale through the weekend..",
-        "Solution: A chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products. Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to nitrous oxide in this chemical reaction.nTo help relieve pain during a dental visit, a dentist may give a patient nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide is made in factories by carefully heating ammonium nitrate. At 170\u00b0C, ammonium nitrate breaks down and forms a mixture of nitrous oxide gas and water vapor. After the mixture is collected, the water vapor is separated from the nitrous oxide gas.nThe underlined text tells you that nitrous oxide forms when ammonium nitrate breaks down. Because nitrous oxide is produced by this chemical reaction, nitrous oxide is a product..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three crayons have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 91\u00b0F crayon is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Santiago is a remarkable cellist because he plays the cello well. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Brian or his brother.nBrian had to stay home with his brother because he wasn't feeling well.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nBrian's brother wasn't feeling well, so Brian had to stay home with him..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nDhaka is the capital of Bangladesh, a country in southern Asia. The city is humid most days of the year.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of humidity in Dhaka. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses random in its traditional sense: made or occurring without a definite pattern.nAt the grocery store, Jayla hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food.nThe second text uses random in its nontraditional sense: odd or out of place.nJayla made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word random because it is generally considered incorrect..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nWorking vacation is a contradiction, because going on a vacation implies that you are taking a break from work..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word of is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is Life of Pi..",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A wetland is a type of ecosystem. Wetlands have the following features: land that is covered with water during most of the year, soil that is rich in nutrients, and other water ecosystems nearby. So, Scarborough Marsh has land that is covered with water during most of the year. It also has other water ecosystems nearby..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nWould have about two hemorrhages apiece is an exaggeration, since the speaker's parents will not literally hemorrhage just because he talks about them..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the flamingo.nLong legs help the flamingo keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe great egret has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.nThe African fish eagle has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The African fish eagle uses its legs to walk and perch..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a full bag of groceries is 8 pounds.n8 ounces is too light and 8 tons is too heavy..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The air from a hair dryer is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.nA hair dryer uses a fan to blow warm air out. When the air leaves the hair dryer, the air expands to fill a much large space..",
-        "Solution: Look at the text in bold below. It tells you why adult cats meow.nWhile kittens meow to their mothers, they stop once they are old enough to take care of themselves. At that point, cats use smell, touch, and body language to talk to each other. So if adult cats aren't making noise for each other, why do cats meow? Cats meow to talk with their humans!.",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses conversational language (a bunch of).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Daphnia pulex is an animal. Animals are made up of many cells..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The bubble gum is stretchy.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. The bubble gum is not blue..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between Caleb and the center of Earth changed.nThe second floor is higher than the first floor. As he rode the escalator toward the second floor, the distance between Caleb and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Caleb and Earth increased as he rode the escalator..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the jacket.nThe jacket is made of two different materials. The buckles are made of metal. The rest of the jacket is made of leather.nNot all shiny jackets are made of leather. Some are made from other fabrics designed to look like leather..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Pennsylvania is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: This country is Solomon Islands..",
-        "Solution: This country is Solomon Islands..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **With an Open Heart**..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction but.nI followed Vicky's recipe, but my chicken pot pie tasted nothing like hers..",
-        "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The grocery store is in column 4..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.nMy uncle just moved to Italy, so he will need to learn Italian..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is a run-on sentence. It is a comma splice formed from two sentences run together, joined by just a comma.nIn the early 1960 s, Alan and Doris Litman, a couple in Pittsburgh, invented mace (a nontoxic tear gas), after one of Doris's colleagues was mugged, the Litmans wanted to",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..",
-        "Solution: This country is the Federated States of Micronesia..",
-        "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nHerculean alludes to Hercules, a hero in Greek mythology who was known for his strength and courage..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. A T-shirt is a solid. You can fold a T-shirt. But it will still have a size and shape of its own..",
-        "Solution: Casper's genotype for the Tobiano patterning gene is BB. Casper's genotype of BB has only B allelles. The B allele is for having Tobiano patterning. So, Casper's phenotype for the Tobiano patterning trait must be having Tobiano patterning.nTo check this answer, consider whether Casper's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for having Tobiano patterning (B) is dominant over the allele for not having Tobiano patterning (b). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.nCasper's genotype of BB has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Casper's phenotype for the Tobiano patterning trait must be having Tobiano patterning..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true.nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The first sentence states a fact.nIn hot-air balloons, passengers ride in baskets.nIt can be proved by looking at a picture of hot-air balloons.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nRiding in a hot-air balloon is more exciting than flying in a plane.nMore exciting shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which one is more exciting..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Devon is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has half as much thermal energy as a 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has half as many atoms. So, it has half as much thermal energy. The two cookies are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder cookie has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses ironic in its traditional sense: contrary to what was intended, often in an amusing way. It's ironic because Clarence tried to get away from the snow but found himself in a snowstorm regardless.nLast winter, Clarence took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.nThe first text uses ironic in its nontraditional sense: marked by coincidence. It was a coincidence that Clarence's friends were in Florida the week before.nLast winter, Clarence took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word ironic because it is generally considered incorrect..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince source is between the guide words shack - spade, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: This country is Fiji..",
-        "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..",
-        "Solution: Topeka is the capital of Kansas..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each bottle increased, which means that the thermal energy of each bottle increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each bottle..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nShivani wants broccoli. Austin wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism gently loved means the items were not new. Gently loved is a nicer way of referring to used items..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the European nightjar.nA short, thin beak is light and easy to move. The European nightjar uses its beak to grab fast-moving insects while flying.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe sand martin has a short, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to catch insects.nThe hanging parrot has a small hooked beak. Its beak is not adapted to catch insects. The hanging parrot uses its beak to eat fruit and seeds..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nRust forming on a metal gate is a chemical change. As the gate rusts, the metal turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily.nBurning food on a stove is a chemical change. When the food burns, the type of matter in it changes. The food turns black and gives off smoke.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBurning is caused by heating. But rust forming on a metal gate is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Asia..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMixing sand and water is a physical change. Adding water makes the sand wet. But both the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before.nLoose matter such as sand and dirt is called sediment. Sediment settling to the bottom of a muddy puddle is a physical change.nThe sediment sinks, and the water above becomes clearer. This separates the water from the sediment. But separating a mixture does not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether iodine is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.nIn the ball-and-stick model shown above, both of the balls are the same color:n. The legend shows that dark purple represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol I. So, the model shows you that a molecule of iodine is composed of one chemical element.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that iodine is composed of only one chemical element. So, iodine is an elementary substance..",
-        "Solution: Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana..",
-        "Solution: Richmond is the capital of Virginia..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Mayor Stanley wants people to give up their cars. However, this misrepresents Mayor Stanley's argument. Mayor Stanley only wants to create more bike lanes. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses apostrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nFair river! is a direct address to a river, a nonhuman entity..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words far and star rhyme. They both end with the ar sound.nThe word her does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution A and Solution B have the same number of pink particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The pea plant's observable version of the pea shape trait is wrinkled peas. So, the plant's phenotype for the pea shape trait is wrinkled peas..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nSleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem ironically suggests that Jasper slept poorly. Jasper was tired, so the rooster's crowing was clearly a problem..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA hard object keeps its shape when you squeeze it. The slippers are not hard.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. The slippers are blue..",
-        "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. A bubble map uses lines to connect things that are related. This bubble map shows information about different kinds of marsupials.nKangaroos is directly connected to eat grass. This tells you that kangaroos eat grass..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.nThe right hemisphere of the human brain typically controls muscle movement on the left side of the body..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMelting wax is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The wax changes from solid to liquid. But it is still made of the same type of matter.nKnitting yarn into a scarf is a physical change. The yarn gets a different shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nWax melting is caused by heating. But knitting yarn is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The jeans and the yarn pom pom are not bouncy.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. All three objects are blue.nThe property that all three objects have in common is blue..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs soft as concrete shows verbal irony because concrete is not soft..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBreaking a ceramic plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.nWater vapor condensing on a bathroom mirror is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The water changes state from gas in the air to liquid water on the mirror. But the water vapor and the liquid water are both made of water.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nWater vapor con",
-        "Solution: Columbia is the capital of South Carolina..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion fifteen minutes is modern history.nIn a catalog that accompanied an exhibit of his work, pop artist Andy Warhol said, \"In the future, everybody will be world-famous for fifteen minutes,\" meaning that fame would be briefly available even to those who did nothing spectacular.nThe allusion fifteen minutes means a temporary moment of celebrity status..",
-        "Solution: Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:nThey are solid.nThey are formed in nature.nThey are not made by living things.nThey are not pure substances. Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.nScoria is a rock.nPlastic is made in a factory. But all rocks are formed in nature.nSo, plastic is not a rock.nTrachyte is a rock..",
-        "Solution: The kinetic energy of an object depends on the object's speed. So, a change in Ellen's speed is evidence of a change in her kinetic energy.nThis statement shows that Ellen's speed changed:nWhen Ellen started pedaling her bike, she began moving along the street.nThis statement does not show that Ellen's speed changed:nWhen Ellen got on her bike, her feet were no longer touching the ground..",
-        "Solution: This state is Kansas..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince load is not between the guide words lent - livestock, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, stirred. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Atlanta, look at the graph.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Precipitation does not change much from month to month in Atlanta.\" is incorrect.nThe average monthly precipitation changes only slightly throughout the year.nChoice \"Atlanta has a rainy season and a dry season.\" is incorrect.nThe average monthly precipitation does not change much throughout the year. Every month has rain, and there is no dry season.nChoice \"October has the highest average precipitation.\" is incorrect.nMost other months have a slightly higher average precipitation than October..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince affair is between the guide words academy - apparent, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.nSally is",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Both magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the sled and the center of Earth changed.nThe bottom of the hill was lower than the point where Rita started sledding. As Rita rode toward the bottom of the hill, the distance between the sled and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth decreased as Rita rode down the hill..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a paper drinking cup is 115 milliliters.n115 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nAs Matthew sat",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two bricks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 385\u00b0F brick is colder than the 390\u00b0F brick, it has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Springfield is the capital of Illinois..",
-        "Solution: The area that became Vermont was never a colony of its own..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the plastic bucket is smoother. If you touch a plastic bucket like this one, it will not feel rough..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..",
-        "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:nThe insect fossil is in a shallower layer in the rock sequence than the ginkgo leaf fossil. So, the insect fossil is most likely younger than the ginkgo leaf fossil..",
-        "Solution: This country is Saint Vincent and the Grenadines..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince hole is not between the guide words hello - hire, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nAbout half of the days each year are partly cloudy in Honolulu, Hawaii.nThis passage tells you about the usual pattern of clouds in Honolulu. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A whiptail lizard is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a whiptail lizard is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA cockatoo is a bird. Like other birds, a cockatoo is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA minnow is a fish. Like other fish, a minnow is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA cricket is an insect. Like other insects, a cricket is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Arizona is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: Look at the definitions.nPutting the definitions together, an independent city-state is a self-ruling city with its own government. So, a city-state rules itself and is not part of a larger country.nThe ancient Greeks called a city-state a polis, which was the ancient Greek word for city. Today, the root word \"polis\" is in the name of many cities, such as Minneapolis in Minnesota or Annapolis in Maryland..",
-        "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. An arrowhead is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nAn arrowhead is made of rock..",
-        "Solution: Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina..",
-        "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The boy applies a force to the shopping cart to move it forward. The direction of this force is away from the boy. This force is a push..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Pollyanna is literature.nThe character Pollyanna, from Eleanor Porter's children's book, is a young girl who finds good in everything and everyone.nThe allusion Pollyanna means an overly optimistic person..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nKrysta wants broccoli. Malik wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (gets, a lot of).nThe second sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A cold desert is a type of ecosystem. Cold deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain or snow, dry, thin soil, and long, cold winters. So, the Gobi Desert has long, cold winters. It also has a small amount of rain or snow..",
-        "Solution: Look back at the map. The labels on the map show the name of each region. The shaded area shows the territory controlled by the Mongol Empire.nThe map shows that the Mongol Empire controlled many parts of Central Asia, East Asia, the Middle East, and Siberia.nThe Mongol Empire did not control Southeast Asia or South Asia..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Asia..",
-        "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses conversational language (real quick).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince soil is between the guide words silver - strait, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: These are two ways in which fruit bats are different from most other animals:nThey can \"talk\" directly to one other fruit bat.nThe first paragraph states that Egyptian fruit bats are one of the few species that will direct calls to another individual.nThey can communicate about specific problems.nThe first paragraph also states that bats have special sounds for talking about specific issues.nThese things are not stated in the text:nThey can communicate with many kinds of animals.nThey can understand some human speech..",
-        "Solution: Boston is the capital of Massachusetts..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nNothing I love more shows verbal irony because Mr. Fowler is probably upset that there isn't anything to eat..",
-        "Solution: This country is the Federated States of Micronesia..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Georgia is farthest east..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction when.nDeion was playing the piano in the living room when Dad called him for dinner..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The towel is not bouncy.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The towel is soft..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A great gray owl's scientific name is Strix nebulosa. The first word of its scientific name is Strix.nCyanocitta stelleri is in the genus Cyanocitta. The first word of its scientific name is Cyanocitta. So, Cyanocitta stelleri and Strix nebulosa are not in the same genus.nStrix aluco is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix aluco and Strix nebulosa are in the same genus.nCyanocitta cristata is in the genus Cyanocitta. The first word of its scientific name is Cyanocitta. So, Cyanocitta cristata and Strix nebulosa are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is older:nThe ginkgo leaf fossil is in a deeper layer in the rock sequence than the insect fossil. So, the ginkgo leaf fossil is most likely older than the insect fossil..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three oranges have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 68\u00b0F orange is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a small beach bucket is 5 cups.n5 fluid ounces is too little and 5 gallons is too much..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the golden dart frog.nThe golden dart frog has poisonous glands in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the golden dart frog is poisonous.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe sharpnose-puffer has a poisonous body with brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.nThe lichen katydid has green and white patches on its body. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words fine and nine rhyme. They both end with the ine sound.nThe word pail does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, ornremaining motionless.nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:nspeeding up,nslowing down, ornchanging direction. The sailboat is speeding up. So, the sailboat is accelerating..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food.nThe food chain begins with the producer. A producer can change matter that is not food into food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. Carbon dioxide and water are not food, but sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other organisms. There can be several kinds of consumers in a food chain:nA primary consumer eats producers. The word primary tells you that this is the first consumer in a food chain.nA secondary consumer eats primary consumers. The word secondary tells you that this is the second consumer in a food chain.nA tertiary consumer eats secondary consumers. The word tertiary tells you that this is the third consumer in a food chain.nA top consumer is the animal at the top of a food chain. Food chains can have different numbers of organisms. For example, when there are four organisms in the chain, the top consumer is the tertiary consumer. But if there are five organisms in the chain, the top consumer eats the tertiary consumer! In this food chain, the katydid is a primary consumer because it eats a producer. The producer in this food chain is the slender wheatgrass..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town. The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe metaphor Amanda felt a roller coaster of emotions suggests that Amanda had varied feelings. A roller coaster has a dramatic mix of ups and downs, and so do Amanda's feelings..",
-        "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to logos, or reason. It uses a specific point of comparison (the amount of iron in one ounce)..",
-        "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Plagioclase has all the properties of a mineral. So, plagioclase is a mineral..",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A cobra is an animal. It eats small animals.nCobras can live to be 20 years old.nAn avocado tree is a plant. It has green leaves.nEach avocado has one large seed inside..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Jaden can't be trusted with money, because his uncle embezzled money. However, even though his uncle couldn't be trusted with money, that doesn't necessarily mean that Jaden can't be trusted with it. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs tidy as an overgrown garden shows verbal irony because an overgrown garden is not tidy..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Providence is the capital of Rhode Island..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Eclogite does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, eclogite is not a mineral..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (everyone, come to).nThe first sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nIt was snowing in London on January 1, 1969.nThis passage tells you about the snowfall in London on January 1, 1969. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The pea plant's observable version of the pea color trait is green peas. So, the plant's phenotype for the pea color trait is green peas..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.nHurdle refers to an obstacle that one must overcome. It also refers to an object that a runner jumps over..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the newspaper.n\"This morning, the newspaper said that Lucy Morton won the mayoral election in Allenville,\" Josh remarked to his sister..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the rubber balloons would stretch the most. If you pull on a rubber balloon, it will get longer..",
-        "Solution: The kinetic energy of an object depends on the object's speed. So, a change in the train's speed is evidence of a change in the train's kinetic energy.nThis statement shows that the speed of the train changed:nThe train was stopped, and then it began to move forward and away from the station.nThis statement does not show that the speed of the train changed:nElectricity started flowing to the motor when the ride operator flipped the switch..",
-        "Solution: Rick wanted broccoli in his lunch and Felix was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nRick has tomatoes. Felix has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a bowl of ice cream is 35\u00b0F.n35\u00b0C is too hot..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the Eurasian spoonbill.nLong legs help the Eurasian spoonbill keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe shoebill has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.nThe satin bowerbird has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The satin bowerbird uses its legs to walk and perch..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A gray wolf is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nWolves often live in family groups. A wolf mother, father, and their children travel together.nA Hermann's tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nA tortoise's shell protects it from predators. When a tortoise feels threatened, it can pull its head and legs inside its shell..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses a contraction (didn't).nThe first sentence does not use a contraction, so it is more formal..",
-        "Solution: This country is the Dominican Republic.nWhy does the Dominican Republic share its island with another country?nThe Dominican Republic and Haiti share the island of Hispaniola. It is home to the earliest European settlements in the Americas. Christopher Columbus founded the first European settlement on the island in 1492 during his first voyage across the Atlantic.nThough many people lived on the island before Columbus's arrival, European countries quickly began to colonize the island. Eventually France and Spain both established colonies. The Spanish colony eventually became the country of the Dominican Republic, and the French colony eventually became the country of Haiti. Today, people in the two countries speak different languages and have many cultural differences..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the door.nThis door is made of two different materials. The body of the door is made of wood. The door knob is made of metal.nNot all doors are made of wood. The body of a door can be made of metal or even glass..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.nNick shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nThe second text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.nNick shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Dalton either voted for Sofia or he hates her. However, Dalton could have voted for someone he considers a better candidate while still liking Sofia. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..",
-        "Solution: Poetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.nLittle Betty Blue,nLost her holiday shoe.n\u2014From Mother GoosenInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.n\u2014From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.nHe watches from his mountain walls,nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.n\u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.nHe bends his backnFor us to go over.n\u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.nRepetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.nThe dainty flying squirrelnIn vest of shining white,nIn coat of silver gray,nAnd vest of shining white.n\u2014Adapte",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince strife is between the guide words sold - swell, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of the Amazon River is 4,000 miles.n4,000 inches, 4,000 feet, and 4,000 yards are all too short..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes for a pot of water to start boiling on a hot stove is 10 minutes.n10 hours is too slow..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A greater flamingo is a bird. Like other birds, a greater flamingo is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nLike other jellyfishes, a moon jellyfish is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.nA ladybug is an insect. Like other insects, a ladybug is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA fly is an insect. Like other insects, a fly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the hat.nThe hat is made of wool.nWool comes from the fluffy coats of sheep! First, a farmer cuts the sheep's coats. Then, the wool is spun into yarn. The yarn can be dyed and used to make clothes..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.nThe Gullah Geechee Heritage Corridor, which stretches from the Cape Fear River in North Carolina to the St. John's River in Florida, was established by Congress to recognize and preserve the cultural and historical contributions of the descendants of the West African slaves",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Saturnalia is Roman history.nAncient Romans celebrated Saturn, the god of agriculture, each December during a weeklong period of uninhibited revelry.nThe allusion Saturnalia means an indulgent festival..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in London, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nJuly has an average monthly precipitation of about 45 millimeters. This is lower than in any other month. So, July has the lowest average precipitation..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play basketball. Instead, some people learn how to play basketball. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing basketball is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample B have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: Look at the underlined parts of the table.nAll the words that use the root \"ante\" mean to come before something else. So, the root ante means \"before.\"nAll the words that use the root \"bellum\" mean to fight or cause war.So, the root bellum means \"war.\"nSo, the word \"antebellum\" means \"before the war.\" The antebellum period is named for the war that followed it: the Civil War..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A great egret's scientific name is Ardea alba. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.nThis organism and the great egret are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Ardea alba.nCaprimulgus europaeus is in the genus Caprimulgus. The first word of its scientific name is Caprimulgus. So, Caprimulgus europaeus and Ardea alba are not in the same genus.nTyto alba and Ardea alba are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Tyto alba and Ardea alba have the same species name within their genus, alba. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Tyto alba is in the genus Tyto, and Ardea alba is in the genus Ardea..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a salt shaker is 45 milliliters.n45 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a bowl of soup is 285 milliliters.n285 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: The outer layer of Earth is broken up into many pieces called tectonic plates, or simply plates. The breaks between plates are called plate boundaries. Plate boundaries are classified by the way the plates are moving relative to each other:nAt a transform boundary, two plates are sliding past each other.nAt a convergent boundary, two plates are moving toward each other.nAt a divergent boundary, two plates are moving away from each other.ndivergent plate boundarynWhen plates at a divergent boundary move apart, cracks form in the crust along the boundary. Melted rock rises from below the crust to fill these cracks. As the melted rock cools and hardens, it becomes new oceanic crust.nNewer oceanic crust weighs less than older oceanic crust. So, the crust on either side of the boundary rises up higher than the older crust that is farther from the boundary. This difference in elevation creates a mid-ocean ridge, or underwater mountain chain. Between the two plates, there may be a deep rift valley. To figure out what type of plate boundary formed the Thingvellir Rift Valley, you need to know how the tectonic plates interacted. To find this out, read the passage carefully.nIn Iceland, parts of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are above sea level. The Thingvellir Rift Valley is one example. This rift valley began to form as the North American Plate and the Eurasian Plate moved away from each other. In this picture, you can see the gap that formed during a major plate movement along the rift. Gaps such as this form when the two plates move apart, creating a large crack in the crust. The last time this happened in the Thingvellir Rift Valley was in the spring of 1789. Since then, a walking path was built along the rift valley to allow park visitors to walk along the rift.nThe underlined part of the passage explains that the Thingvellir Rift Valley formed as the two plates moved away from each other, or diverged. So, the Thingvellir Rift Valley formed at a divergent boundary..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night. The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe simile like the parched earth during a drought suggests that Nora's hands were dry and cracked. A drought is a period without rain; the ground during a drought can become hard and cracked..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince frame is not between the guide words feast - foreign, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words beach and reach rhyme. They both end with the each sound.nThe word twin does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. A continuum scale compares things by ordering them along a line. This continuum scale compares the average weights of the eggs of several birds.nHummingbird is shown close to the left end of the scale, labeled 0 g. This tells you that hummingbird eggs weigh close to 0 grams. Emu is shown close to the right end of the scale, labeled 600 g. This tells you that emu eggs weigh close to 600 grams. So, emu eggs are around 600 grams heavier than hummingbird eggs..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the Arctic fox.nDuring the winter, the Arctic fox has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nDuring the winter, the short-tailed weasel has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.nThe camel has sand-colored fur covering its skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in the snow..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. All three objects are scratchy.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The potato sack is flexible, but the log is not.nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The log is hard, but the potato sack is not.nThe property that all three objects have in common is scratchy..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Rhizophora mangle is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is a run-on sentence. It is formed from two sentences run together, joined without punctuation.nRoman gladiators consumed more calcium than everyday Roman citizens the source of that calcium may have been the ashes of burned plants.nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:nRoman gladiators consumed more calcium than everyday Roman citizens; the source of that calcium may have",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom the ball is in his court suggests that Dylan needs to act next. In tennis, when the ball is in a player's court, it is that person's turn..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: To describe the average temperature trends in Dubai, look at the graph.nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.nThe average temperatures in May, June, July, August, and September are all 30\u00b0C or higher. So, May through September have average temperatures of 30\u00b0C or higher..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A mosquito is an insect. Like other insects, a mosquito is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nLike other jellyfishes, a moon jellyfish is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.nA Christmas tree worm is a worm. Like other worms, a Christmas tree worm is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.nA bald eagle is a bird. Like other birds, a bald eagle is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a sunflower seed is 15 millimeters.n15 centimeters, 15 meters, and 15 kilometers are all too long..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a pair of boots is 4 pounds.n4 ounces is too light and 4 tons is too heavy..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a carton of orange juice is 65 fluid ounces.n65 cups and 65 gallons are both too much..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Shane wants or needs:nShane will spend more ride tickets on the super starship than he would have spent on the Ferris wheel..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a full box of cereal is 460 grams.n460 kilograms is too heavy..",
-        "Solution: Nashville is the capital of Tennessee..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. The population of Milford fell by 8,000 people. Many of the people who have left are probably trying to sell their houses. Since more people are trying to sell their houses, the number of suppliers of houses for sale in Milford has gone up. So, the supply of houses for sale probably went up, too..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean..",
-        "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..",
-        "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is older:nThe insect fossil is in a deeper layer in the rock sequence than the fern fossil. So, the insect fossil is most likely older than the fern fossil..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Virginia.nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the chimpanzee.nThe chimpanzee uses its long limbs to reach branches while climbing. It uses its fingers and toes to grab the branches.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe lar gibbon has long limbs with fingers and toes. Its limbs are adapted for climbing trees.nThe California sea lion has flippers. Its limbs are not adapted for climbing trees. The California sea lion uses its flippers to swim underwater..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A reticulated python's scientific name is Python reticulatus.nPython reticulatus has the same scientific name as a reticulated python. So, these organisms are in the same species.nNerodia cyclopion does not have the same scientific name as a reticulated python. So, Python reticulatus and Nerodia cyclopion are not in the same species.nMorelia viridis does not have the same scientific name as a reticulated python. So, Python reticulatus and Morelia viridis are not in the same species..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The air inside a soccer ball is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.nThe air fills all the space inside the soccer ball. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the ball..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. All three objects are smooth.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. None of the objects are fuzzy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is smooth..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play the viola. Instead, some people learn how to play. So, playing the viola is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, and the particles in both samples have the same average speed. So, the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy.nBecause the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy, the samples must have the same temperature..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince postage is between the guide words pave - primary, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Honey's observable version of the fur length trait is long fur. So, Honey's phenotype for the fur length trait is long fur..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a bottle of cough syrup is 10 fluid ounces.n10 cups and 10 gallons are both too much..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Flopsy's observable version of the fur length trait is long fur. So, Flopsy's phenotype for the fur length trait is long fur..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the turkey vulture.nThe turkey vulture has a sharp hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to tear through meat. The sharp hook can help the turkey vulture cut the meat into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe bateleur has a sharp hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to tear through meat.nThe roseate spoonbill has a long spoon-shaped beak. Its beak is not adapted to tear through meat. The roseate spoonbill uses its beak to filter through mud for invertebrates and small fish..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The fruit fly's observable version of the antenna type trait is mutated antennae. So, the fly's phenotype for the antenna type trait is mutated antennae..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three glasses of orange juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 26\u00b0C glass of orange juice is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Scylla and Charybdis is Greek mythology.nIn Greek mythology, Scylla and Charybdis were two sea monsters located on either side of a narrow strait in the Mediterranean Sea.nThe allusion Scylla and Charybdis means a pair of distasteful alternatives..",
-        "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A minnow is a fish. Like other fish, a minnow has a backbone.nA bess beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a bess beetle does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. An eastern newt is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nSome newts live in water. Other newts live on land but lay their eggs in water.nA black howler is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nHowler monkeys have loud calls, or howls. Their calls can be heard over three miles away!.",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMetal turning less shiny over time is called tarnishing. A penny tarnishing is a chemical change. When air touches the penny, the surface of the penny changes into a different type of matter. This matter makes the penny dull.nA dinosaur bone turning into rock is a chemical change. The matter that made up the bone when it was alive begins to break down. Over a long time, a different type of matter starts forming inside small gaps in the bone. The matter is made of minerals from the earth.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europe..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Luddite is British history.nIn the early nineteenth century, factories were replacing the jobs of craftsmen. Some of these craftsmen banded together to destroy the new machinery; those who did so were called Luddites.nThe allusion Luddite means a person opposed to new technology..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.nHum represents the sound the computer was making..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **What Love Is For**..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the kelp.There is one path matter can take from the kelp to the sea otter: kelp sea urchin sea otter. There is one path matter can take from the kelp to the sea cucumber: kelp sea urchin sea otter orca sea cucumber. zooplankton. The only arrow pointing to the zooplankton starts from the phytoplankton. No arrow points to the phytoplankton. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the kelp to the zooplankton.. plainfin midshipman. There are two arrows pointing to the plainfin midshipman. These start from the phytoplankton and the zooplankton. The only arrow pointing to the zooplankton starts from the phytoplankton. No arrow points to the phytoplankton. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the kelp to the plainfin mid",
-        "Solution: This country is Tonga..",
-        "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether oxygen is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.nIn the ball-and-stick model shown above, both of the balls are the same color:n. The legend shows that red represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol O. So, the model shows you that a molecule of oxygen is composed of one chemical element.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that oxygen is composed of only one chemical element. So, oxygen is an elementary substance..",
-        "Solution: Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a cold, rainy day is 43\u00b0F.n43\u00b0C is too hot..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. She sings our favorite song, we clap for her is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: She sings our favorite song and We clap for her..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Amphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water. A fruit bat is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nFruit bats eat fruit and drink nectar from flowers. They have special teeth to help them bite through fruit skins.nA bald eagle is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nBald eagles live in trees near water. They build nests that can be up to 13 feet wide!nA hippopotamus is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nHippopotamuses keep cool by lying in mud or water.nA California toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the newspaper.n\"This morning, the newspaper said that Megan Williamson won the mayoral election in Belmont,\" Eddie remarked to his sister..",
-        "Solution: During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her narrative voice by adding dialogue.nFor example, the writer could replace the underlined sentences with exchanges between Coach Carey and Wyatt.nDuring our last game, our pitcher Wyatt suddenly grabbed his wrist after throwing a fastball. Coach Carey asked him if he was OK, and Wyatt said that it hurt. None of us knew what was wrong with him and he was whisked off to the doctor, who ultimately diagnosed a forearm strain and wrist tendinitis. After three weeks of rehabilitation, Wyatt finally returned. Coach Carey said he was glad Wyatt was back, and Wyatt said he was happy and relieved..",
-        "Solution: The colony is New Jersey..",
-        "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:nThe palm leaf fossil is in a shallower layer in the rock sequence than the feather fossil. So, the palm leaf fossil is most likely younger than the feather fossil..",
-        "Solution: Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three meatballs have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 20\u00b0C meatball is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Falstaffian is Shakespeare.nSir John Falstaff, a comical character in several of William Shakespeare's plays, is known for his cheerful sociability and sometimes off-color humor.nThe allusion Falstaffian means characterized by joviality and enjoyment of food and drink..",
-        "Solution: Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Nutmeg's observable version of the fur color trait is dark fur. So, Nutmeg's phenotype for the fur color trait is dark fur..",
-        "Solution: This state is Washington..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses an idiom (to die for).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the idiom, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to knit. Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the cotton head band would stretch the most. If you pull the ends of a cotton headband, it will get longer..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, ornremaining motionless.nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:nspeeding up,nslowing down, ornchanging direction. The bowl is remaining motionless. So, the bowl has a constant velocity..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a leather belt is 31 inches.n31 feet, 31 yards, and 31 miles are all too long..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nWell-fed is an indirect way of saying overweight..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The fruit fly has one allele for red eyes (E) and one allele for brown eyes (e). So, the fly's genotype for the eye color gene is Ee..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandma Lucy is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that if Kira doesn't go to the speaker's birthday party, it means that she hates the speaker. However, there may be a number of reasons why Kira wouldn't go to the party. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard. The better estimate for the length of a bench is 10 feet.n10 yards is too long..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nMobile, Alabama, had high humidity over the weekend.nHumidity is the amount of water in the air.nThis passage tells you about the humidity in Mobile last weekend. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Fairfax. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three crayons have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 15\u00b0C crayon is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. There are seven continents on earth, South America is one of them is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: There are seven continents on earth and South America is one of them..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Gives the baby a bath is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A great egret's scientific name is Ardea alba. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.nTyto alba and Ardea alba are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Tyto alba and Ardea alba have the same species name within their genus, alba. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Tyto alba is in the genus Tyto, and Ardea alba is in the genus Ardea.nThis organism and the great egret are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Ardea alba.nDiodon nicthemerus is in the genus Diodon. The first word of its scientific name is Diodon. So, Diodon nicthemerus and Ardea alba are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether silver is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for silver is Ag. This formula contains one symbol: Ag. So, the formula tells you that silver is made of one chemical element.nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. So",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.nTinkle, tinkle, tinkle represents the sound of sleigh bells..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Maryland..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Vijay wants or needs:nVijay will spend more time making the vegetable soup than he would have spent making the egg drop soup..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..",
-        "Solution: Joey wanted broccoli in his lunch and Darell was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nJoey has tomatoes. Darell has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Texas is farthest south..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two bowls of oatmeal have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 35\u00b0C bowl of oatmeal is colder than the 40\u00b0C bowl of oatmeal, it has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism between jobs means that Ava is unemployed..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun his could refer to Ken's or his brother's.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. His has been replaced with Ken's.nDid Ken and his brother look through the user manual before trying to fix Ken's computer?.",
-        "Solution: Flowering plants, called angiosperms, use their flowers for sexual reproduction.nFlowers can have male parts, female parts, or both! The male part is called the stamen, and the female part is called the pistil.nBoth the male and female parts are needed for sexual reproduction. The female part produces eggs, and the male part produces pollen. Pollen contains cells that become sperm.nPollination happens when pollen lands on top of the pistil. Self-pollination happens when a plant with both male and female parts pollinates itself. Cross-pollination happens when pollen from one plant lands on the pistil of a flower on a different plant. Animals, including birds and insects, can be pollinators. Many pollinators come to flowers to get food. As a pollinator feeds, it moves pollen from one flower to another.nAfter pollination, sperm from the pollen fuse with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs then grow into seeds. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate and grow into a new plant.nThe new plant can grow flowers and begin the angiosperm plant life cycle again. Sperm are male cells. Cells that become sperm are found inside the pollen.nEggs are female cells. The eggs are produced and stored in the ovary..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. The pinwheel is colorful.nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. The pinwheel is not translucent..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses an idiom (like pulling teeth).nThe second sentence uses formal language in place of the idiom, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 2 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Plant and animal cells have many parts in common, but not all. This table shows some of their similarities and differences.nCell part | Plant cell | Animal cellncell wall | yes | noncell membrane | yes | yesncytoplasm | yes | yesnmitochondria | yes | yesnvacuole | yes | yesnchloroplasts | yes | nonnucleus | yes | yesnchromosomes | yes | yesnThink about how plant and animal cells are different:nPlant cells have a cell wall, but animal cells do not. The cell wall helps plant cells keep a fixed shape. Most animal cells do not have a fixed shape.nPlant cells have chloroplasts, but animal cells do not. Chloroplasts make sugar that plants cells can use as food. Animal cells cannot make their own food.n.",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Harper wants or needs:nHarper will spend more time walking to the grizzly bears. They are on the other side of the zoo, but the gorillas are close by..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.nDad remembered to buy groceries, but he forgot the grape jelly..",
-        "Solution: There is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage. At the current price, there were not enough copies of the videogame for sale. There were 100 copies for sale, but 150 people wanted to buy one.nSo, there was a shortage of copies..",
-        "Solution: Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak. An anchovy is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nAn anchovy is a small fish that lives in the ocean. Like some other types of fish, anchovies swim in large groups called schools.nA porcupinefish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nPorcupinefish can puff up their bodies with air or water to scare off predators.nA flamingo is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nFlamingos live in large groups. These groups are called flocks.nA fruit bat is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nFruit bats eat fruit and drink nectar from flowers. They have special teeth to help them bite through fruit skins..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nBridgeport, Connecticut, had cool temperatures over the weekend.nThis passage tells you about the temperature in Bridgeport over the weekend. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses chiasmus, an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nThe second half of the sentence reverses the order of the words get and like relative to the first half..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a car is 4 yards.n4 inches and 4 feet are too short. 4 miles is too long..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince pinch is between the guide words pasture - polish, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The bracelet, the apple seeds, and the sunglasses are not rough.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. The clay flower pot is fragile, but the apple seeds are not.nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. All four objects are hard.nThe property that all four objects have in common is hard..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Michelle blows big bubbles, Victor pops them is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: Michelle blows big bubbles and Victor pops them..",
-        "Solution: Poetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.nLittle Betty Blue,nLost her holiday shoe.n\u2014From Mother GoosenInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.n\u2014From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.nHe watches from his mountain walls,nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.n\u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.nHe bends his backnFor us to go over.n\u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.nRepetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.nThe dainty flying squirrelnIn vest of shining white,nIn coat of silver gray,nAnd vest of shining white.n\u2014Adapte",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the gray heron.nLong legs help the gray heron keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe demoiselle crane has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.nThe African penguin has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The African penguin uses its legs to walk and swim..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.nThe platy",
-        "Solution: The colony is Virginia.nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence asks a question and ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, visit. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.nHum represents the sound the computer was making..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nSan Francisco is located on the coast of California. On December 30, 1856, the temperature fell to 36\u00b0F.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the temperature in San Francisco on a certain day in 1856. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A salmon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nA bison is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk..",
-        "Solution: Augusta is the capital of Maine..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways",
-        "Solution: One object can make another object move with a push or a pull.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The girl pushes the piata away from the stick, and the piata swings. The direction of the push is away from the stick..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" An article should be in quotation marks.nThe correct title is \"Would I Let My Son Play Football?\".",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Steller's jay's scientific name is Cyanocitta stelleri. The first word of its scientific name is Cyanocitta.nCyanocitta cristata is in the genus Cyanocitta. The first word of its scientific name is Cyanocitta. So, Cyanocitta cristata and Cyanocitta stelleri are in the same genus.nLarus michahellis is in the genus Larus. The first word of its scientific name is Larus. So, Larus michahellis and Cyanocitta stelleri are not in the same genus.nLarus livens is in the genus Larus. The first word of its scientific name is Larus. So, Larus livens and Cyanocitta stelleri are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince fix is between the guide words feather - fling, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Champ has two alleles for a red coat (l). So, Champ's genotype for the coat color gene is ll..",
-        "Solution: An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, ornremaining motionless.nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:nspeeding up,nslowing down, ornchanging direction. The antelope is speeding up. So, the antelope is accelerating..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a kitchen table is 7 feet.n7 inches is too short. 7 yards and 7 miles are too long..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nLing wants broccoli. Maria wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three bricks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 458\u00b0F brick is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nVoss is a city in Norway. One winter, the snow there was two meters deep!nThis passage tells you about the precipitation in Voss one winter. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Gordian knot is ancient legend.nAccording to legend, Alexander the Great used his sword to slash an intricate knot by which a chariot was tied to a pole in the city of Gordium.nThe allusion Gordian knot means a highly complex problem..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.nDillon liked the sea otters, but the jellyfish were his favorite..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Newport. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.nDestiny adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundreds of years old.nThe second text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). The bridge is old, but it is not actually a million years old.nDestiny adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally a million years old.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Myrmarachne maxillosa is an animal. Animal cells have a nucleus..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nDeep-frying chicken is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the chicken to change. Cooked chicken and raw chicken are different types of matter.nBurning a marshmallow is a chemical change. The heat from the fire causes the type of matter in the marshmallow to change. The marshmallow becomes black and crispy.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBoth changes are caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: A book is made of paper.nA book tells a story.nA teacher may read a book out loud..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Baking cookies is a chemical change. Cookies are made from cookie dough. Baking turns the cookie dough into cookies. The cookies are a different type of matter than the dough..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nSummer is usually the hottest time of the year in Des Moines, Iowa.nThis passage tells you about the usual temperature pattern in Des Moines. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA piece of apple turning brown is a chemical change. The apple reacts with oxygen in the air and turns into a different type of matter.nIf you scrape off the brown layer of the apple, the inside is still white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change didn't happen to that part of the apple.nCompost forms from the remains of plants and animals, such as vegetable scraps and egg shells. Compost rotting is a chemical change. As the compost rots, it breaks down and turns into a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Paper does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, paper is not a mineral..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each car moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne car moved 170 miles in 10 hours.nThe other car moved 445 miles in 10 hours.nNotice that each car spent the same amount of time moving. The car that moved 170 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that car must have moved at a lower speed..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince suitcase is not between the guide words salute - squirrel, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each greenhouse increased, which means that the thermal energy of each greenhouse increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each greenhouse..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two pots of spaghetti sauce are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the pot of spaghetti sauce with more thermal energy has a higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Coach Sharma talked to her team before the game is a complete sentence. The subject is Coach Sharma, and the verb is talked..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. North Dakota is farthest east..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the American badger.nThe American badger has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging. The American badger uses its claws to break up soil and move it out of the way.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe groundhog has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging.nThe bottlenose dolphin has flippers for feet. Its feet are not adapted for digging. The bottlenose dolphin uses its flippers to swim..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince hot is between the guide words herring - hue, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the skydiver and the center of Earth changed.nThe ground was lower than the point where the skydiver opened up her parachute. As she drifted toward the ground, the distance between the skydiver and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the skydiver and Earth decreased as she drifted toward the flat ground..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, shoveled. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Good Samaritan is the Bible.nIn a biblical parable, a Samaritan selflessly stops to help an enemy who has been beaten and stranded on the side of a road.nThe allusion Good Samaritan means a person who goes out of the way to help another..",
-        "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of an eyedropper is 3 milliliters.n3 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Rust forming on a bicycle frame is a chemical change. Oxygen in the air reacts with iron in the bicycle frame. The outside of the frame turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought.nDeveloped in 1973, GPS is a satellite-based navigation system. Also known as Global Positioning System.nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:nDeveloped in 1973, GPS\u2014also known as Global Positioning System\u2014is a satellite-based navigation system..",
-        "Solution: This country is Australia.nIs Australia a country or a continent?nBoth! Australia is a country in Oceania, a region made up of many lands and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Many people say that Australia is the world's smallest continent. But some people call Oceania a continent instead..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Ohio is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: This country is Nauru..",
-        "Solution: Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:nThey are solid.nThey are formed in nature.nThey are not made by living things.nThey are not pure substances. Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.nGabbro is a rock.nA sunflower seed is made by a living thing. But rocks are not made by living things.nSo, a sunflower seed is not a rock.nGneiss is a rock..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A bess beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a bess beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA domestic pig is a mammal. Like other mammals, a domestic pig is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA magpie goose is a bird. Like other birds, a magpie goose is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA leaf-tailed gecko is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a leaf-tailed gecko is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Dylan, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Dylan down with a force of 400 N.nThe diving board is pushing Dylan up with a force of 400 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Dylan..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is not a sentence fragment. These are complete sentences because they express complete thoughts.nWhich U.S. cities are doing the most to reduce greenhouse gas emissions? Tonight's news report has the details..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Mia has many responsibilities. If you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nBaja California is a state in Mexico. It was not raining anywhere in the state during the first week of February.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the amount of rain that fell in Baja California during the first week of February. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, stay. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, strained. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened..",
-        "Solution: This state is New Hampshire..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nGypsum is a mineral.nWool is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nWool is made by living things. But minerals are not made by living things.nSo, wool is not a mineral.nMalachite is a mineral..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. A can of soda fizzing over is a physical change. The soda fizzes because the gas trapped inside of it comes out very quickly. But the types of matter the soda and gas are made of do not change..",
-        "Solution: Albany is the capital of New York..",
-        "Solution: This country is Nauru..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is South America..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a bottle of nail polish is 15 milliliters.n15 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that the client is innocent. However, the \"key pieces of evidence\" are simply three different ways of saying that the client is innocent. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, but it shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence..",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first letter opening is more formal. It uses the recipient's personal title and last name. The other opening uses the recipient's first name, suggesting a more familiar relationship..",
-        "Solution: Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA tarnished silver spoon is one that has become less shiny over time. Polishing the spoon makes it look shiny again.nThe polish changes the tarnish into a different type of matter that can be easily wiped away. So, using polish to remove tarnish from silver is a chemical change.nA dinosaur bone turning into rock is a chemical change. The matter that made up the bone when it was alive begins to break down. Over a long time, a different type of matter starts forming inside small gaps in the bone. The matter is made of minerals from the earth.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince clutch is between the guide words casual - coffee, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nDie of boredom is an exaggeration, since it is clear that the speaker is not actually in danger of dying due to boredom..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two drops of dish soap are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder drop of dish soap has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. A nosy person has a more negative connotation. A nosy person is not polite. Nosy people are too interested in things that are not their business..",
-        "Solution: This country is the Federated States of Micronesia..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Burmese python's scientific name is Python bivittatus. The first word of its scientific name is Python.nThis organism and the Burmese python are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Python bivittatus.nLithobates palustris is in the genus Lithobates. The first word of its scientific name is Lithobates. So, Lithobates palustris and Python bivittatus are not in the same genus.nMelanoplus bivittatus and Python bivittatus are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Melanoplus bivittatus and Python bivittatus have the same species name within their genus, bivittatus. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Melanoplus bivittatus is in the genus Melanoplus, and Python bivittatus is in the genus Python..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 50 times the volume of Earth.nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 62,530 billion km3, which is more than 54,500 billion km3. So, Neptune's volume is more than 50 times as great as that of Earth..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A cold desert is a type of ecosystem. It has a small amount of rain or snow, dry, thin soil, and long, cold winters.nChoice 1 is a cold desert ecosystem. It is dry and has long, cold winters. It has a thin layer of soil covering bedrock.nChoice 2 is a savanna grassland ecosystem. It is covered in grasses and has a dry season and a wet season.nChoice 3 is a temperate deciduous forest ecosystem. It has warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: The colony is South Carolina..",
-        "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air.nThe map's legend tells you the specific humidity level that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower specific humidity levels than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from zero grams per kilogram (g/kg) up to two g/kg. Areas that are the next darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from two g/kg up to four g/kg. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which specific humidity levels those colors represent.nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with specific humidity levels between 18 and 24 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air.n21 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air is within this range.n12 and 14 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air are outside of this range..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with climbing growth or bush growth, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the growth pattern trait. The question tells you that the g allele, which is for bush growth, is recessive to the G allele, which is for climbing growth.nClimbing growth is the dominant allele's version of the growth pattern trait. A rose plant with the dominant version of the growth pattern trait must have at least one dominant allele for the growth pattern gene. So, offspring with climbing growth must have the genotype GG or Gg.nThere are 2 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype GG or Gg. These boxes are highlighted below.nBush",
-        "Solution: Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nLatrell lives in a town with hot summers and freezing cold winters.nThis passage tells you about the usual temperatures where Latrell lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a passenger helicopter is 3 tons.n3 ounces and 3 pounds are both too light..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the following statements describe the Kaeng Krachan National Park ecosystem: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. It has soil that is poor in nutrients. It has many different types of organisms. The following statement does not describe Kaeng Krachan National Park: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. It has mostly small plants..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Gymnothorax funebris is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.nGymnothorax funebris is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that green moray eel is the common name..",
-        "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Associationnfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokespersonnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenemphasize that the product is a financially wise choicenanticipate and refute potential counterclaimsnAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to logos, or reason, by emphasizing the practical benefits users can expect from the car..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. North Dakota is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. From across the room, Uncle Josh's laughter was booming thunder.nThe words laughter and thunder are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.nThe avant-garde artist deftly used neon colors and geometric patterns to create nauseous spirals that forced many viewers to look away after only a few minutes.nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.nThe avant-garde artist deftly used neon colors and geometric patterns to create disorienting spirals so intense that they caused some viewers to become nauseous just from looking at them.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.nEach vase and bowl in Kiera's collection of handmade pottery is unique. The colors and designs reflect both her cultural heritage and her individual artistic style.nThe second text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: interesting or unusual. Kiera is a distinctive artist, but might not be one of a kind. It may be helpful to remember that if unique is modified by an adverb\u2014as in most unique, very unique, or quite unique\u2014it is probably being used nontraditionally.nKiera's collection of handmade pottery was featured in last week's edition of the Springtown Journal, which identified her as \"one of the most unique young artists to debut this year.\"nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nFits you well ironically suggests that the cap was too big. The cap was falling over Bonnie's eyes, so it didn't fit her well at all..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the elementary substance zirconium.nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. The color of a ball represents a specific chemical element. The atomic symbol for that chemical element is shown in the legend. Use the model to determine whether gold is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.nIn the space-filling model shown above, all of the balls are the same color:n. The legend shows that yellow represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol Au. So, the model shows you that gold is composed of one chemical element.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that gold is composed of only one chemical element. So, gold is an elementary substance..",
-        "Solution: Poets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms.nAnaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines.nOut of the cradle endlessly rocking,nOut of the mocking-bird's throat, the musical shuttle,nOut of the Ninth-month midnightn\u2014From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\"nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.n\u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:nHark! the honey bee is humming.n\u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.nWhere the wild men watched and waitednWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.n\u2014From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"nAssonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines.nI wandered lonely as a CloudnThat floats on high o'er Vales and Hills,nWhen all at once I saw a crowd,nA host of golden Daffodils.n\u2014From William Wordsworth, \"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\"nMeter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed.nA poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nThe summers are hot in Kissimmee, Florida.nThis passage tells you about the usual summer temperatures in Kissimmee. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nSo full I could explode is an exaggeration, since it is clear that the speaker is not actually in danger of exploding..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Remy's observable version of the fur length trait is short fur. So, Remy's phenotype for the fur length trait is short fur..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Tiny has two alleles for red eyes (e). So, Tiny's genotype for the eye color gene is ee..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to calculus or trigonometry.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with calculus.nBill went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended calculus..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three cherry pies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 48\u00b0C pie is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Moss plants reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.nMoss plants use their male and female parts for sexual reproduction. The male parts produce sperm. Moss live in damp environments, and moss sperm can travel through water to the female parts.nThe sperm fuse with eggs in the female part. This is called fertilization. Self-fertilization happens when a sperm from a moss plant fertilizes an egg from the same plant. Cross-fertilization happens when a sperm from one moss plant fertilizes an egg from a different moss plant.nThe fertilized egg grows into a thin brown stalk on top of the female part. Each stalk has a small spore capsule at the top. Moss plants use asexual reproduction to make small spores in the capsules. When the capsules open, the spores are released.nWhen the spores land on the ground, they may germinate and grow into a new moss plant. This new moss plant can produce eggs and sperm and begin the moss life cycle again. A sperm and an egg can fuse to form a fertilized egg. The fertilized egg then grows into a thin brown stalk on top of the female part.nThe new stalk may make spores, but the sperm and the egg do not turn into spores..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: This country is Nauru..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMelting wax is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The wax changes from solid to liquid. But it is still made of the same type of matter.nRain forming in a cloud is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Water vapor in the air condenses into tiny droplets of liquid water. These droplets make up a cloud. When there is enough water in the air, the droplets will fall as rain.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nWax melting is",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A barn owl is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nA western toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a car key is 3 inches.n3 feet, 3 yards, and 3 miles are all too long..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, needs. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Kurt wants or needs:nThe magnolia tree will use up more space than the lilacs would have used up..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The fruit fly's observable version of the eye color trait is brown eyes. So, the fly's phenotype for the eye color trait is brown eyes..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..",
-        "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: The Third Amendment says that the government can't force people to keep soldiers in their homes during a time of peace. The amendment says that no soldier shall be \"quartered in any house.\" In this case, \"quartered\" means \"given a place to stay.\" The complete text of the Third Amendment is below. Are there any times when an American might have to let a soldier stay in his or her house? No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses understatement, which involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nShrank just a bit is an understatement, since the baby is presumably much smaller than Justine..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Snowflakes forming in a cloud is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Liquid water freezes and becomes solid, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not formed..",
-        "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..",
-        "Solution: Tallahassee is the capital of Florida..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the elementary substance zirconium.nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. The color of a ball represents a specific chemical element. The atomic symbol for that chemical element is shown in the legend. Use the model to determine whether silver is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.nIn the space-filling model shown above, all of the balls are the same color:n. The legend shows that light blue represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol Ag. So, the model shows you that silver is composed of one chemical element.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that silver is composed of only one chemical element. So, silver is an elementary substance..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the encyclopedia.nThe encyclopedia says that chalk is a soft sedimentary rock formed from the skeletons of marine plankton..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them is used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the customer service representatives.nRobert showed the customer service representatives the error on his receipt, and he received a refund..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table.nThe abbreviation \"ca.\" stands for the Latin word, circa. Circa means \"about.\" It indicates when a date is estimated. So, around 1792 BCE, the Babylonian Empire started controlling Mesopotamia.nThe Babylonian (ba-bih-LOH-nee-in) Empire came after the Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian empires. The capital of the Babylonian Empire was the city of Babylon (BA-bih-lahn)..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aunt Laura is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the Atlantic puffin.nThe Atlantic puffin has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. As it swims, the Atlantic puffin uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe California gull has small claws and webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming.nThe African crowned eagle has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The African crowned eagle uses its feet to grab prey..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Asia..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nOf a certain age is an indirect and generally more polite way of referring to older people..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Bert borrowed my book he enjoyed it is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Bert borrowed my book and He enjoyed it..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a simile:nHakim's eyes are as green as emeralds.nThe words eyes and emeralds are compared using the word as.nThis sentence uses a metaphor:nHakim's eyes are bright green emeralds.nThe words eyes and emeralds are compared without the word like or as..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. A dinosaur bone turning into rock is a chemical change. The matter that made up the bone when it was alive begins to break down. Over a long time, a different type of matter starts forming inside small gaps in the bone. The matter is made of minerals from the earth..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom the ball is in his court suggests that Dave needs to act next. In tennis, when the ball is in a player's court, it is that person's turn..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Fred or Paul.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. He has been replaced with Fred.nFred's brother Paul wondered whether Fred ran fast enough to qualify for the Boston Marathon..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night. The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe simile like a pair of cymbals suggests that Lee Mellon made a loud noise with his lips. When cymbals are banged together, they make a loud crashing noise..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A sea otter is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nSea otters have very thick fur. Their fur keeps them warm in cold water.nA white stork is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nStorks wade in shallow water to look for food. Storks eat fish, insects, worms, and other small animals..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak. A seahorse is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nSeahorses live in shallow, warm water. They can use their tails to hold on to plants.nA loon is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nLoons usually live near lakes. They dive in the water to hunt for food.nA salmon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nUnlike most other fish, salmon can live in both fresh water and salt water.nA Hermann's tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nA tortoise's shell protects it from predators. When a tortoise feels threatened, it can pull its head and legs inside its shell..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Jekyll and Hyde is literature.nRobert Louis Stevenson's popular Victorian novella Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde tells the story of a man with two distinct personalities. Known to the world as a kind and highly respected doctor, at night he transforms into a monstrous person.nThe allusion Jekyll and Hyde means kind then cruel..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Tyler wants or needs:nTyler will give up the chance to go to Alabama. He would have enjoyed a trip to Alabama more than Arkansas..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses peruse in its traditional sense: to examine in detail.nEdmond perused a catalog from his wife's favorite clothing store, searching for the perfect birthday gift.nThe first text uses peruse in its nontraditional sense: to look through in a casual manner.nEdmond perused a clothing catalog as he waited for his appointment, flipping through the pages distractedly.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word peruse because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Gymnosperms are plants that have seeds but not flowers. Conifers are a type of a gymnosperm. Instead of flowers, conifers have cones. Conifers use their cones for sexual reproduction.nMost conifer trees have both male and female cones. The male cones produce pollen. The female cones produce eggs and a sticky substance on the edge of the cone.nMale cones release pollen into the wind. Pollination happens when pollen lands on and sticks to the female cones. Self-pollination happens when pollen sticks to a female cone on the same tree. Cross-pollination happens when pollen sticks to a female cone on a different tree.nAfter pollination, sperm from the pollen fuse with eggs at the base of the female cone's scales. This is called fertilization.nThe fertilized eggs grow into seeds inside the female cone. Conifer seeds are released from the fertilized cones. Many conifer seeds have wing-like structures. They can be carried long distances by the wind. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate and grow into a new plant.nThe new plant can grow cones and begin the conifer life cycle again. Fertilized eggs grow into seeds inside a fertilized cone.nPollen grows inside male cones, not fertilized cones..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The chocolate milkshake is not stretchy.nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. All four objects are sticky.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The tape is not slippery.nThe property that all four objects have in common is sticky..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nMandy wants broccoli. Troy wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, pack. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: Every living thing needs food to stay alive. Living things get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how living things in an ecosystem get their food.nProducers make their own food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. This sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other living things. Consumers cannot make their own food. In this food chain, the California sea slug is a consumer because it eats another living thing. The California sea slug in this food chain eats the kelp..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince bit is not between the guide words bark - belief, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Singapore, look at the graph.nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.nNovember, December, and January each have over 200 millimeters of precipitation..",
-        "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Lucia investigated whether covering side mirrors with plastic bags affects how much ice forms on the mirrors. There were no bags on the uncovered side mirrors. So, they were part of a control group..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism big-boned suggests that Dwayne is overweight..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Ms. Peterson is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince thirteen is between the guide words tease - tomb, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Achilles's heel is Greek mythology.nIn Greek mythology, Achilles's mother dips him in a river that protects his body wherever it touches. His heel does not get wet, so it is the one part of his body left unprotected. During the Trojan War, an arrow hits Achilles in the heel and kills him.nThe allusion Achilles's heel means a sole weakness..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom speak of the devil suggests that Tessa had just been speaking about Patrick. People say this when the person they've just been speaking about coincidentally arrives, as if summoned..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBending a paper clip is a physical change. After you bend it, the paper clip has a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter.nCutting your fingernails is a physical change. Your fingernails are shorter after you cut them. But the pieces are still made of the same type of matter as the uncut fingernails.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Both magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North America..",
-        "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is older:nThe wood fossil is in a deeper layer in the rock sequence than the palm leaf fossil. So, the wood fossil is most likely older than the palm leaf fossil..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A stuffed hippo is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nWhen you hold a stuffed hippo in your hands, the stuffed hippo still has a size and shape of its own..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A hot desert is a type of ecosystem. Hot deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. So, the Great Victoria Desert has a small amount of rain. It also has dry, thin soil..",
-        "Solution: The colony is New York.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Plagioclase has all the properties of a mineral. So, plagioclase is a mineral..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. The glass is fragile.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The glass is not soft..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs quiet as a jackhammer suggests that the snoring is loud. A jackhammer is not quiet, and neither is Mr. Joyce's snoring..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion in a nutshell is literature.nThe ancient Roman scholar Pliny the Elder relayed an unbelievable story in which The Iliad (a poem hundreds of pages long) was written on parchment paper and inserted into the shell of a walnut. William Shakespeare later referenced this story when his character Hamlet uses the phrase \"in a nutshell\" to describe something that is compact.nThe allusion in a nutshell means in a concise way..",
-        "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide contains two symbols: S for sulfur and O for oxygen. So, sulfur dioxide is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, sulfur dioxide is a compound, not an elementary substance",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a cement truck is 22 tons.n22 ounces and 22 pounds are both too light..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.nPedro custom ordered his unique coffee table from a master craftsman in Oakdale.nThe second text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: interesting or unusual. Pedro's coffee table is an interesting style, but it was made in a factory and is probably not actually one of a kind.nPedro bought his unique coffee table from a factory outlet store in Oakdale.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA lemon has a sour taste. The popcorn is not sour.nA bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. The popcorn is bumpy..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a blender is 1 liter.n1 milliliter is too little..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The first sentence states a fact.nThe Rocky Mountains stretch from New Mexico to Montana.nIt can be proved by checking a map of the United States.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nThe prettiest parts of the Rocky Mountains are in the state of Wyoming.nPrettiest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about where the prettiest parts of the Rocky Mountains are..",
-        "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Rose wants or needs:nRose will give up the chance to be in the Photography Club. She would have had more fun in the Photography Club than in the Theater Club..",
-        "Solution: This state is Wyoming..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Bruce wants or needs:nBruce will give up the chance to eat chocolate muffins. He thinks chocolate muffins are tastier than banana muffins..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nPedro wants broccoli. Oliver wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the Arctic fox.nDuring the winter, the Arctic fox has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nDuring the winter, the ptarmigan has white feathers covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.nThe naked mole rat has thin pink skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in the snow..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the park rangers.nThe park rangers explained to the audience that a muskrat looks like a small beaver with a rat-like tail..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Mayor Armstrong wants people to give up their cars. However, this misrepresents Mayor Armstrong's argument. Mayor Armstrong only wants to create more bike lanes. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man..",
-        "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince volley is not between the guide words vain - violet, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a soda bottle cap is 11 milliliters.n11 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCrushing a mineral into powder is a physical change. The mineral breaks into tiny pieces. But it is still made of the same type of matter.nDry ice is solid carbon dioxide. When dry ice gets warm, it changes state and becomes carbon dioxide gas. This change of state, from solid to gas, is called sublimation.nDry ice becoming a gas is a physical change. A change of state does not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nDry ice sublimating is caused by heating",
-        "Solution: Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land. A rabbit is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nRabbits live underground in burrows. A group of rabbit burrows is called a warren.nA Mojave rattlesnake is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nRattlesnakes have fangs they can use to inject venom into their prey.nAn ocean sunfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nOcean sunfish have a flat body and wide fins. They sometimes swim to the ocean's surface to rest in the sun.nAn American bullfrog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the European mole.nThe European mole has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging. The European mole uses its claws to break up soil and move it out of the way.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe groundhog has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging.nThe tokay gecko has wide, sticky toes. Its feet are not adapted for digging. The tokay gecko uses its feet to climb trees and walk on leaves..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the strawberry poison frog.nThe strawberry poison frog has poisonous glands in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the strawberry poison frog is poisonous.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Spanish shawl nudibranch has stinging cells in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.nThe gray tree frog has gray-brown skin. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators..",
-        "Solution: Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince compose is between the guide words cash - crayon, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is South America..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Beating an egg is a physical change. Beating an egg mixes together the egg white, egg yolk, and some air. But mixing them together does not form a different type of matter..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant.nIn this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables.nThe amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others.nThe number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment..",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nMammals have the following traits:nThey feed their offspring milk.nThey have fur or hair.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA Bengal tiger has the following traits:nIt feeds its offspring milk.nIt has hair.nA Bengal tiger has the traits of a mammal. A Bengal tiger is a mammal.nA gray tree frog has the following traits:nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.nIt has moist skin.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA gray tree frog does not have all of the traits of a mammal. A gray tree frog is an amphibian..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A savanna grassland is a type of ecosystem. Savanna grasslands have the following features: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the Cerrado has a rainy season and a dry season. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Every substance around you is made up of atoms. Atoms can link together to form molecules. The links between atoms in a molecule are called chemical bonds. Different molecules are made up of different chemical elements, or types of atoms, bonded together.nScientists use both ball-and-stick models and chemical formulas to represent molecules.nA ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below.nThe balls represent atoms. The sticks represent the chemical bonds between the atoms.nNotice how each ball is labeled with a symbol made of one or more letters. The symbol is an abbreviation for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, that symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, it is one capital letter followed by one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element boron is B and the symbol for the element chlorine is Cl.nThe molecule shown above has one boron atom and three chlorine atoms. A chemical bond links each chlorine atom to the boron atom.nThe chemical formula for a molecule contains the symbol for each chemical element in the molecule. Many chemical formulas use subscripts. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text.nIn chemical formulas, the subscripts are numbers. The subscript is always written after the symbol for an element. The subscript tells you how many atoms that symbol represents. If the symbol represents just one atom, then no subscript is included.nThe symbols in the chemical formula for a molecule match the symbols in the ball-and-stick model for that molecule. The ball-and-stick model shown before and the chemical formula shown above represent the same substance. H is the symbol for hydrogen. S is the symbol for sulfur. This ball-and-stick model shows a molecule with two hydrogen atoms and one sulfur atom.nThe chemical formula will contain the symbols H and S. There are two hydrogen atoms, so H will have a subscript of 2. There is one sulfur atom, so S will not have a subscript.n",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism terminological inexactitudes suggests that they used false or misleading language. Terminological inexactitudes is an indirect way of referring to language that is purposefully inaccurate or deceptive..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a mustard bottle is 10 fluid ounces.n10 cups and 10 gallons are both too much..",
-        "Solution: Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The air from a hair dryer is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. A hair dryer uses a fan to blow warm air out. When the air leaves the hair dryer, the air expands to fill a much large space.nA tortoise shell is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A tortoise shell is made of a solid called keratin, just like your fingernails!nA pair of dice is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. When you roll a pair of dice, the dice have a shape of their own. They are still cubes when they stop rolling.nCaramel sauce is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour caramel sauce into a container, the caramel sauce will take the shape of that container. But the caramel sauce",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The student pulls open her desk drawer. The direction of the pull is toward her hand..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The first sentence states a fact.nThe California Gold Rush began after gold was discovered in 1848.nIt can be proved by reading a book about the California Gold Rush.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nPeople who moved to California for gold were greedy.nGreedy shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes someone greedy..",
-        "Solution: Lansing is the capital of Michigan..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince liquid is between the guide words lever - loan, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A peregrine falcon's scientific name is Falco peregrinus.nArdea cinerea does not have the same scientific name as a peregrine falcon. So, Falco peregrinus and Ardea cinerea are not in the same species.nStrix uralensis does not have the same scientific name as a peregrine falcon. So, Falco peregrinus and Strix uralensis are not in the same species.nFalco peregrinus has the same scientific name as a peregrine falcon. So, these organisms are in the same species..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the elementary substance zirconium.nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. The color of a ball represents a specific chemical element. The atomic symbol for that chemical element is shown in the legend. Use the model to determine whether magnesium is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.nIn the space-filling model shown above, all of the balls are the same color:n. The legend shows that green represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol Mg. So, the model shows you that magnesium is composed of one chemical element.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that magnesium is composed of only one chemical element. So, magnesium is an elementary substance..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that letting one person borrow something from you means that everyone will take your things without asking. However, just because you let one person borrow something from you, it does not necessarily mean everyone will change their behavior toward you. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the slippery slope fallacy..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nIt was windy last night at the Northern Kentucky Airport. The wind was blowing in from the southeast.nThis passage tells you about the wind direction at the Kentucky airport last night. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: This state is Arkansas..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A moon jellyfish's scientific name is Aurelia aurita.nAurelia aurita has the same scientific name as a moon jellyfish. So, these organisms are in the same species.nCyanea capillata does not have the same scientific name as a moon jellyfish. So, Aurelia aurita and Cyanea capillata are not in the same species.nAequorea victoria does not have the same scientific name as a moon jellyfish. So, Aurelia aurita and Aequorea victoria are not in the same species..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The tomato plant's observable version of the leaf type trait is potato leaves. So, the plant's phenotype for the leaf type trait is potato leaves..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the marmot.nThe marmot has large front teeth. Its mouth is adapted for gnawing. The large front teeth can help the marmot break off pieces of food that it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Damara mole rat has large front teeth. Its mouth is adapted for gnawing.nThe aardvark has a long tube-shaped mouth and a few, small teeth. Its mouth is not adapted for gnawing. The aardvark uses its mouth to get insects out of holes and burrows..",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there The deep sea is a type of ecosystem. Deep sea ecosystems have the following features: water at the bottom of the ocean, no sunlight, and organisms that crawl or stick to the ground. So, the Kermadec Arc has water at the bottom of the ocean. It also has no sunlight..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of blue particles..",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A mouflon's scientific name is Ovis orientalis. The first word of its scientific name is Ovis.nAlouatta palliata is in the genus Alouatta. The first word of its scientific name is Alouatta. So, Alouatta palliata and Ovis orientalis are not in the same genus.nOvis aries is in the genus Ovis. The first word of its scientific name is Ovis. So, Ovis aries and Ovis orientalis are in the same genus.nHystrix cristata is in the genus Hystrix. The first word of its scientific name is Hystrix. So, Hystrix cristata and Ovis orientalis are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince peak is between the guide words paint - post, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: Some words are alike. They go together in a group.nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. Teacher, clown, and king go together. They are people. Room is not a person, so it is not like the other words..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that off-leash dogs would somehow cause an increase in crime in Salem. However, these two ideas aren't related. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a red herring..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two pieces of rope are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder piece of rope has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a diving board is 10 feet.n10 inches is too short. 10 yards and 10 miles are too long..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three cherry pies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 77\u00b0F pie is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Decomposers help break down dead organisms into simpler matter, such as nutrients. These nutrients can then help plants and other organisms grow. In a food web, there is an arrow pointing from another organism to a decomposer. There are no arrows pointing from a decomposer to another organism.nThe earthworm does not have arrows pointing from it to other organisms. So, the earthworm is a decomposer.nThe bilberry has arrows pointing from it. So, the bilberry is not a decomposer..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to peel a banana is 11 seconds.n11 minutes is too slow..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.nJayce's new kitten\u2014barely three weeks old\u2014was literally the size of a softball; it could just about fit in the palm of his hand.nThe first text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). Jayce's new kitten is not actually just a ball of fluff.nJayce's new kitten\u2014barely three weeks old\u2014was literally just a ball of fluff in the palm of his hand.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince weary is between the guide words walnut - who, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Madison is the capital of Wisconsin..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nIt was 24\u00b0C downtown this afternoon.nThis passage tells you about the temperature downtown this afternoon. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Arctic Ocean..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Iowa is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the Atlantic puffin.nThe Atlantic puffin has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. As it swims, the Atlantic puffin uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe platypus has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming.nThe spectral tarsier has long fingers. Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The spectral tarsier uses its feet for climbing trees..",
-        "Solution: Look at the map.nThe map shows that the conflict involved countries and territories throughout Asia, South America, North America, Europe, and Africa. The only continents not involved were Australia, where no Europeans had settled, and Antarctica, where no humans lived.nThe French and Indian War was part of a global war between rival empires. An empire is a group of places ruled by a central power. At the time, several empires were fighting to become the most powerful in the world. Many historians call this global war the Seven Years' War.nThe French and Indian War was the part of the Seven Years' War fought in North America. This war led to big changes in the relationship between the Thirteen Colonies and Great Britain. Historians often consider these changes important causes of the American Revolution, which started less than 20 years later..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Brad Lloyd is the most qualified candidate, because so many voters turned out to vote. However, even though many people voted for him, that doesn't necessarily mean that Brad Lloyd is the most qualified candidate. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy..",
-        "Solution: A chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products. Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to zinc oxide in this chemical reaction.nMany watches are powered by small, flat batteries called button cells. One common type of button cell contains the metal zinc. When zinc in the battery combines with oxygen in the air, zinc oxide forms. This process generates the electricity that powers the watch.nThe underlined text tells you that zinc oxide forms when zinc combines with oxygen. Because zinc oxide is produced by this chemical reaction, zinc oxide is a product..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that if Leon enjoyed the casserole, then he would have eaten more. However, Leon could have enjoyed the casserole without wanting a second serving. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Hobbes has two alleles for straight fur (F). So, Hobbes's genotype for the fur type gene is FF..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Kentucky is farthest east..",
-        "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..",
-        "Solution: The city is St. Louis, Missouri. San Antonio, New York City, and Denver are marked with gray circles on the map below..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the giant pangolin.nThe giant pangolin has hard scales on its skin. Its skin is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth. The scales make it difficult for predators to hurt or kill the giant pangolin.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe nine-banded armadillo has hard scales on its skin. Its skin is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth.nThe Grant's gazelle has short fur covering its skin. Its skin is not adapted for protection against predators with sharp teeth..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Layla wants or needs:nLayla will spend more time making the tomato soup than she would have spent making the beef barley soup..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Boxer has one allele for a black coat (L) and one allele for a reddish-brown coat (l). So, Boxer's genotype for the coat color gene is Ll..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Richard wants or needs:nThe palm tree will use up more space than the marigolds would have used up..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses can in its traditional sense: to have the ability to.nGrace can type using a keyboard with a QWERTY layout, but she prefers the Dvorak layout. The two keyboards have different arrangements of letters and symbols.nThe second text uses can in its nontraditional sense: to have permission to.nIf Grace prefers a keyboard with the Dvorak layout, she can use mine. In my opinion, it's faster than typing on a keyboard with a QWERTY layout.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word can because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: The passage says a blue whale is big. The passage says that when a blue whale is a new baby, it is as big as a car..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Sushi's observable version of the body color trait is a golden body. So, Sushi's phenotype for the body color trait is a golden body..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each bat moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne bat moved 40 kilometers in 10 hours.nThe other bat moved 225 kilometers in 10 hours.nNotice that each bat spent the same amount of time moving. The bat that moved 40 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that bat must have moved at a lower speed..",
-        "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Jason and his neighbors investigated whether adding sunflower seeds to bird feeders affects how many woodpeckers visit yards. The yards with empty feeders did not get sunflower seeds. So, they were part of a control group..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each bowhead whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne bowhead whale moved 25 miles in 10 hours.nThe other bowhead whale moved 60 miles in 10 hours.nNotice that each bowhead whale spent the same amount of time moving. The bowhead whale that moved 25 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that bowhead whale must have moved at a lower speed..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nThere are usually more days with low air pressure than high air pressure where Diane lives.nAir pressure is caused by the weight of the air in the atmosphere. When the air pressure is low, the sky is usually cloudy. When the air pressure is high, the sky is usually clear.nThis passage tells you about the usual pattern of air pressure where Diane lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A tortoise shell is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A tortoise shell is made of a solid called keratin, just like your fingernails!nApple juice is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour apple juice into a different container, the apple juice will take the shape of that container. But the apple juice will still take up the same amount of space.nA plate is a solid. If someone drops a plate, it may break into pieces. But each piece will still have a size and shape of its own.nA gold bracelet is a solid. You can wrap a gold bracelet around your wrist. But the bracelet will still have a size and shape of its own..",
-        "Solution: Augusta is the capital of Maine..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince elegant is between the guide words easel - enamel, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Ramadan is a special time of year in the religion of Islam. People who practice Islam are called Muslims..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard. The better estimate for the length of a hiking trail is 1 mile.n1 yard is too short..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A ballet shoe is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nWhen a dancer wears a ballet shoe, it may bend a little. But the ballet shoe still has a size and shape of its own..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Norwood. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each mountain biker moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne mountain biker moved 65 miles in 5 hours.nThe other mountain biker moved 95 miles in 5 hours.nNotice that each mountain biker spent the same amount of time moving. The mountain biker who moved 65 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that mountain biker must have moved at a lower speed..",
-        "Solution: This country is Saint Kitts and Nevis..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each vial increased, which means that the thermal energy of each vial increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each vial..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a cold, rainy day is 44\u00b0F.n44\u00b0C is too hot..",
-        "Solution: Annapolis is the capital of Maryland..",
-        "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word coughed. It describes the engine as if it were a person who is sick..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Carly or Jenny.nCarly looks almost identical to her twin sister Jenny, but she has pierced ears.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nCarly has pierced ears, but otherwise she looks almost identical to her twin sister Jenny..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A bull shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nBull sharks can live in both fresh and salt water. They are found in rivers and in shallow parts of the ocean.nA shoebill is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nShoebills live in tropical East Africa. Shoebills get their name from their shoe-shaped beaks.nA yak is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nYaks live in cold places. Their long hair helps keep them warm.nAn eastern newt is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nSome newts live in water. Other newts live on land but lay their eggs in water..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Fern plants reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.nMature ferns have flat leaves called fronds. Ferns have structures that look like small dots on the underside of their fronds. These structures are called spore cases. The mature ferns use asexual reproduction to make spores. When the spore cases open, the spores are released.nWhen a spore lands on the ground and germinates, it grows into a small heart-shaped plant. The heart-shaped plant begins the fern's sexual reproduction stage by making eggs and sperm. Ferns live in damp environments, and sperm can swim though small water drops. Self-fertilization happens when a sperm swims to an egg on the same heart-shaped plant. Cross-fertilization happens when the sperm swims to an egg on a nearby plant.nFertilization happens when a sperm and an egg fuse. The fertilized egg germinates and grows into a mature fern.nThe mature fern can make spores and begin the fern life cycle again. Unlike sperm and eggs, spores do not fuse.nAfter they are released, spores can land on the ground and germinate. When a spore germinates, it grows into a heart-shaped plant..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince envelope is between the guide words electric - ever, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each bicycle moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each bicycle moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each bicycle moved for 5 hours. The bicycle that moved 145 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that bicycle must have moved at the highest speed..",
-        "Solution: Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes =",
-        "Solution: Words are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.ndesk: short enkit / ten: short i / short enAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.ngo: long onhe / ro: long e / long onSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.nsky: long inba / by: long a / long e The word no ends with a vowel and has a long vowel sound. So, it has an open syllable..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa..",
-        "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The equator is the line at 0\u00b0 latitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect Australia or Europe..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has half as much thermal energy as a 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has half as many atoms. So, it has half as much thermal energy. The two blocks of concrete are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder block of concrete has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her ideas and development by focusing on one main idea.nFor example, the writer could remove the underlined text to focus only on the reasons why smoking cigarettes is bad for your health.nWhy is smoking cigarettes bad for your health? Cigarettes contain poisonous substances like carbon monoxide and tar, which can harm every part of your body. Smoking causes heart disease and damages your blood vessels. Eating a diet high in fat, sugar, and salt can also lead to heart disease. A lack of exercise contributes to heart disease, too. Smoking damages your lungs and can cause breathing problems or lung cancer. In fact, it can cause cancer in any organ in your body..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015n To decide which planet is the smallest, look at the volumes shown in the table and compare the exponents. Mercury's volume has an exponent of 10, which is the smallest out of all the planets.nMercury is made mainly of rock. So, the smallest planet is made mainly of rock..",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there The deep sea is a type of ecosystem. Deep sea ecosystems have the following features: water at the bottom of the ocean, no sunlight, and organisms that crawl or stick to the ground. So, the New England Seamount Chain has water at the bottom of the ocean. It also has no sunlight..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, throws. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015  1000n= 1.43 x 1015  103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 1,000 times the volume of Earth.nThen compare the result to the volume of Jupiter. The volume of Jupiter is 1.43 x 1015 km3, which is more than 1.08 x 1015 km3. So, Jupiter's volume is more than 1,000 times that of Earth..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A tiger shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nTiger sharks are nocturnal. This means that they are active mostly at night.nA red-tailed hawk is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nRed-tailed hawks use their sharp beaks to hunt small mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The potato chips and the pretzel are not stretchy.nPotato chips have a salty taste. All four objects are salty.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The potato chips, the pretzel, and the fries are not transparent.nThe property that all four objects have in common is salty..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word the is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is Don't Let the Turkeys Get You Down..",
-        "Solution: Columbia is the capital of South Carolina..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince midnight is between the guide words melt - myself, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses travesty in its traditional sense: a ridiculous imitation; a parody.nDoug's ill-researched essay about the Space Race received a poor grade because it presented such a travesty of the actual historical events.nThe second text uses travesty in its nontraditional sense: a disappointment or a tragedy.nDoug realized that his essay about the Space Race was a bit inaccurate, but he still thought it a travesty that such an entertaining essay should receive a poor grade.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word travesty because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: The city is Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. New York City, Boston, and Washington, D.C., are marked with gray circles on the map below..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion to an ark suggests that Marcy thinks the storm will cause major flooding. In the Bible, it rains for forty days and forty nights; Noah, his family, and animals of every species survive the great flood in an ark that he builds..",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nAmphibians have the following traits:nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.nThey have moist skin.nThey make eggs with no shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA green toad has the following traits:nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.nIt has moist skin.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA green toad has the traits of an amphibian. A green toad is an amphibian.nA Chinese alligator has the following traits:nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.nIt makes eggs with shells.nA Chinese alligator does not have all of the traits of an amphibian. A Chinese alligator is a reptile..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Virginia.nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A great white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nGreat white sharks can live for up to 70 years.nA European green toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 50% of Jupiter's volume by multiplying Jupiter's volume by 0.5.nThen compare the result to the volume of Saturn. The volume of Saturn is 827,130 billion km3, which is more than 715,640 billion km3. So, Saturn's volume is more than 50% of Jupiter's volume..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nAs Herman s",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A tide pool is a type of ecosystem. Tide pool ecosystems have the following features: daily flooding and draining of seawater, water that is rich in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the tide pool ecosystems in Montaa De Oro State Park have daily flooding and draining of seawater. They also have water that is rich in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, reads. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nSoap is made in a factory. But all minerals are formed in nature.nSo, soap is not a mineral.nGalena is a mineral.nNative gold is a mineral..",
-        "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A fir tree is a plant. It has green leaves.nThe leaves of fir trees are called needles.nA chili pepper is a plant. It has many green leaves.nChili peppers give food a spicy flavor.nA sheep is an animal. It eats plants.nPeople raise sheep for their fur, meat, and milk.nA tulip is a plant. It has a green stem.nTulips grow best in cool, dry places..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the giraffe.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe gerenuk has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for reaching high branches.nThis black-tailed jackrabbit has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for reaching high branches. The black-tailed jackrabbit eats mostly grasses and shrubs..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince gravy is not between the guide words gale - giraffe, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, strained. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.nAs a geneticist, Janet dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.nAs a geneticist, Janet enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: Look at the table and images.nBella wants broccoli. Darnell wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Goes on a big adventure is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Jekyll and Hyde is literature.nRobert Louis Stevenson's popular Victorian novella Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde tells the story of a man with two distinct personalities. Known to the world as a kind and highly respected doctor, at night he transforms into a monstrous person.nThe allusion Jekyll and Hyde means kind then cruel..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Mabel's observable version of the xeroderma pigmentosum trait is having xeroderma pigmentosum. So, Mabel's phenotype for the xeroderma pigmentosum trait is having xeroderma pigmentosum..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince jeep is between the guide words jar - jut, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Africa..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nWorking vacation is a contradiction, because going on a vacation implies that you are taking a break from work..",
-        "Solution: Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana..",
-        "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect Asia or South America..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The water is transparent.nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. The water is not colorful..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: There is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage. At the current price, there are not enough cars for sale. There are 20 cars for sale, but 40 people want to buy one.nSo, there is a shortage of cars..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Rhode Island..",
-        "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..",
-        "Solution: People around the world live in three main kinds of places: urban areas, suburban areas, and rural areas.nAn urban area is a city. It has many people and businesses. The buildings are close to each other. The buildings are often tall and have many floors. Since there are so many people, traffic is usually bad. People will walk or take the bus, train, or subway to avoid traffic.nA suburban area, or suburb, is near a city. It is quieter and less crowded than an urban area. People usually live in houses with yards. Most people drive to get places.nA rural area is less crowded than both urban and suburban areas. Houses are much more spread out. People usually have to drive to get places. People in rural areas often live on farms or ranches.nSome places, like small towns, don't really fit into any of the types. A small town does not have as many people as an urban area, but it has more people than a rural area. It is not near a city, so it is not called a suburb. Cows, horses, and other livestock are more common in rural areas. They need a lot of open space. Rural areas have a lot of open space. There aren't many buildings or people..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Queenie's observable version of the cheek color trait is bright orange cheeks. So, Queenie's phenotype for the cheek color trait is bright orange cheeks..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Reggie is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nThe Dominican Republic has lush, green forests and beautiful beaches. A biologist studying insects noticed that it was cooler in the forest than at the beach for most of last week.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about last week's temperature in the Dominican Republic. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A taiga is a type of ecosystem. Taigas have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, Cape Breton Highlands National Park has many evergreen trees. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Both magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCutting an apple is a physical change. The apple gets a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter as the uncut apple.nA sidewalk heating up in the sun is a physical change. The temperature of the sidewalk goes up, but the sidewalk is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nA sidewalk getting warm in the sun is caused by heating. But cutting an apple is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the black-bellied whistling duck.nThe black-bellied whistling duck has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. As it swims, the black-bellied whistling duck uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe common guillemot has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming.nThe spectral tarsier has long fingers. Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The spectral tarsier uses its feet for climbing trees..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. The spring is not colorful.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. Both objects are bouncy.nThe property that both objects have in common is bouncy..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nAlone together is a contradiction, because being alone means by yourself, but together means with someone else..",
-        "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. An event chain uses arrows to show the order of events. This event chain shows some main events from the American Revolution.nFollow the arrows to see the order of events. The second box says The Declaration of Independence is written and the fourth box says The Constitution is written. So, the Declaration of Independence was written first..",
-        "Solution: The Portuguese blocked Spanish expeditions by preventing them from sailing around Africa. For the ruler of Spain, the best solution to this problem would be to look for other routes to the Indian Ocean. Going to war with Portugal's strong navy would be costly and risky. Giving up would mean that Spain would lose out on the opportunity to become wealthy from the spice trade.nThis map shows the ports that Portugal controlled in Africa by 1492. Portugal made sailing around Africa a real challenge for other Europeans!.",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince rampart is not between the guide words reach - risk, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The common carp has one allele for normal scales (A) and one allele for mirror scales (a). So, the carp's genotype for the scale type gene is Aa..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Waterloo is history.nIn 1815, French emperor Napoleon suffered a devastating defeat in the Battle of Waterloo, which would prove to be his final battle before he abdicated the throne.nThe allusion Waterloo means a final defeat..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A desert is a type of ecosystem. Deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. So, Death Valley has dry, thin soil. It also has many different types of organisms..",
-        "Solution: This country is Saint Kitts and Nevis..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.nFirst, Trent planted the geraniums in a clay pot, and then he placed the pot on a sunny windowsill in his kitchen..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Slate does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, slate is not a mineral..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A bald eagle is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nA tiger shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs..",
-        "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Colton is pushing on the wheelchair. So, Newton's third law tells you that the wheelchair is pushing on Colton..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Scratchy is a property. A scratchy material is rough and itchy against your skin.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the bark is scratchier. If you could touch this tree bark, it would feel rough and itchy..",
-        "Solution: Brendan wanted broccoli in his lunch and Isaac was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nBrendan has tomatoes. Isaac has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that the smallest planet is Mercury and that Mercury is made mainly of rock. So, the smallest planet is made mainly of rock..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Nerium oleander is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that being socially awkward determines knowledge of workplace safety. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to Mr. Goodman's desire to prevent workplace injuries. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.nHurdle refers to an obstacle that one must overcome. It also refers to an object that a runner jumps over..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a bowl of ice cream is 36\u00b0F.n36\u00b0C is too hot..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Greg or Eric.nAfter Greg talked with Eric about the research project, he felt better about collaborating on it.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nEric felt better about collaborating on the research project after Greg talked with him about it..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Some people dye their hair. But this does not change their natural hair color.nChildren get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Victor's hair color is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Eli wants or needs:nEli will give up the chance to see the tamarins. He would have enjoyed seeing them more than the polar bears..",
-        "Solution: Jackson is the capital of Mississippi..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a hammer is 17 centimeters.n17 millimeters is too short. 17 meters and 17 kilometers are too long..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of an elephant is 5,725 kilograms.n5,725 grams is too light..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence makes a request, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the sled and the center of Earth changed.nThe bottom of the hill was lower than the point where Rose started sledding. As Rose rode toward the bottom of the hill, the distance between the sled and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth decreased as Rose rode down the hill..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the clothes hanger.nThe clothes hanger is made of two different materials. The hook is made of metal. The rest of the hanger is made of wood..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Pacific Ocean..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nNeverland alludes to the story of Peter Pan, a boy who lived in Neverland and never grew up..",
-        "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects the Atlantic Ocean. It does not intersect the Pacific Ocean or the Indian Ocean..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nTake him years to finish is an exaggeration, since it probably does not take him entire years to fetch coffee..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA piece of avocado turning brown is a chemical change. The avocado reacts with oxygen in the air to form a different type of matter.nIf you scrape off the brown part of the avocado, the inside will still be green. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change hasn't happened to that part of the avocado.nBoiling sugar to make caramel is a chemical change. The heat causes the sugar to change into a different type of matter. Unlike sugar, the new matter is brown and sticky.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.",
-        "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether washing cars is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs washing cars something you can touch? No.nIs washing cars a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.nSo, washing cars is a service..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Fluorite has all the properties of a mineral. So, fluorite is a mineral..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the hockey puck and the center of Earth changed.nBecause the table was level, each point on the table was the same distance from the center of Earth. As the hockey puck slid toward the goal, the distance between the puck and the center of Earth stayed the same. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the hockey puck and Earth stayed the same as the puck slid toward the goal..",
-        "Solution: Hartford is the capital of Connecticut..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. All three objects are hard.nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. The apple seeds and the canoe are not translucent.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. None of the objects are soft.nThe property that all three objects have in common is hard..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a garden snail is 42 millimeters.n42 centimeters and 42 meters are both too long..",
-        "Solution: This country is Cuba.nDoes Cuba have any territorial disputes?nCuba claims to own Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States controls the area and uses it as a military base and prison. A treaty in 1903 gave the U.S. the right to rent the land from Cuba. But today, Cuba says that it had no choice but to accept the treaty. It wants the United States to leave the area and does not accept the rent money sent by the United States each year..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Senator Larsen can't empathize with his low-income constituents because he went to an elite university. However, going to an elite university doesn't necessarily mean you're out of touch. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to mow the lawn is 40 minutes.n40 hours is too slow..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Scratches's observable version of the fur type trait is curly fur. So, Scratches's phenotype for the fur type trait is curly fur..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa..",
-        "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The fast-food restaurant is in column 2..",
-        "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..",
-        "Solution: Des Moines is the capital of Iowa..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. The river flooded the town during the storm is a complete sentence. The subject is the river, and the verb is flooded..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.nEach vase and bowl in Ashley's collection of handmade pottery is unique. The colors and designs reflect both her cultural heritage and her individual artistic style.nThe first text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: interesting or unusual. Ashley is a distinctive artist, but might not be one of a kind. It may be helpful to remember that if unique is modified by an adverb\u2014as in most unique, very unique, or quite unique\u2014it is probably being used nontraditionally.nAshley's collection of handmade pottery was featured in last week's edition of the Weston Journal, which identified her as \"one of the most unique young artists to debut this year.\"nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The tow truck pulls the car. The direction of the pull is toward the tow truck..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Brittany wants or needs:nThe maple tree will use up more space than the poppies would have used up..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with white spots or solid coloring, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the coat pattern trait. The question tells you that the a allele, which is for white spots, is recessive to the A allele, which is for solid coloring.nWhite spots is the recessive allele's version of the coat pattern trait. A cow with the recessive version of the coat pattern trait must have only recessive alleles for the coat pattern gene. So, offspring with white spots must have the genotype aa.nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype aa.nSolid coloring is the dominant",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. An icicle is a solid. An icicle can melt. But when an icicle is frozen, it has a size and shape of its own..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. The basketball and the pogo stick are not blue.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. All three objects are bouncy.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. None of the objects are fragile.nThe property that all three objects have in common is bouncy..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the leaf-mimic katydid.nThe leaf-mimic katydid has a green leaf-shaped body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe shield mantis has a green leaf-shaped body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves.nThe blue poison dart frog has brightly colored skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the Sumatran orangutan.nThe Sumatran orangutan has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees. The Sumatran orangutan uses its long fingers and toes to hold on to branches while climbing.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe bare-eared squirrel monkey has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees.nThe Grevy's zebra has four hoofed feet. It is not adapted for climbing trees. The Grevy's zebra uses its feet to walk and run..",
-        "Solution: Providence is the capital of Rhode Island..",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nBirds have the following traits:nThey have feathers.nThey have wings.nThey have a beak.nThey make eggs with shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA minnow has the following traits:nIt has fins, not limbs.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA minnow does not have all of the traits of a bird. A minnow is a fish.nA barn owl has the following traits:nIt has feathers.nIt has wings.nIt has a beak.nIt makes eggs with shells.nA barn owl has the traits of a bird. A barn owl is a bird..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A taiga is a type of ecosystem. Taigas have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, Mount Rainier National Park has long, cold winters. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Richmond is the capital of Virginia..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play basketball. Instead, some people learn how to play basketball. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing basketball is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction or.nYou might be excited by all of the people and activity in Tokyo, or it might be a bit overwhelming..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: Topeka is the capital of Kansas..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nMany crops are grown in California's Central Valley. Thick fog often fills the valley during the cold winter months.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of cloud cover in the Central Valley. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015n The table tells you that Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are the planets made mainly of rock. Of these planets, Earth has the volume with the largest exponent. So, Earth is the largest planet that is made mainly of rock..",
-        "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A hockey puck is not a living thing.nHockey pucks do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nA yeast is a living thing.nYeasts grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water.nEach yeast is made up of just one cell. Some types of yeast cells are round. Other yeast cells have a long, thin shape.nA snowman is not a living thing.nA snowman does not have all the traits of a living thing. It is shaped like a person. But it does not need food.nA swing set is not a living thing.nSwing sets do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two drops of honey are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder drop of honey has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom see eye to eye suggests that Mr. and Mrs. Chandler usually agree. When you see eye to eye with someone, you share their opinion..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of the Nile River is 6,850 kilometers.n6,850 centimeters is too short..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Dr. Sutton is capitalized because it is a proper noun..",
-        "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Candle wax does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, candle wax is not a mineral..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Milford. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: When two organisms of different species interact in a way that affects one or both organisms, they form a symbiotic relationship. The word symbiosis comes from a Greek word that means living together. Scientists define types of symbiotic relationships based on how each organism is affected.nThis table lists three common types of symbiotic relationships. It shows how each organism is affected in each type of symbiotic relationship.nType of symbiotic relationship | Organism of one species... | Organism of the other species...nCommensal | benefits | is not significantly affectednMutualistic | benefits | benefitsnParasitic | benefits | is harmed (but not usually killed) When an Alcon blue caterpillar lives in a Myrmica ant nest, the caterpillar gets food and protection. So, the caterpillar benefits from its relationship with the ants.nThe ants feed and protect the caterpillar instead of other ants in the nest. So, the ants are harmed by their relationship with the caterpillar.nSince the caterpillar benefits and the ants are harmed, a parasitic relationship is formed when an Alcon blue caterpillar lives in a Myrmica ant nest..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Emma Hammond can't understand rural, blue-collar workers because she is associated with an urban newspaper. However, where Emma works doesn't necessarily indicate anything about her ability to empathize. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: When you write, you can use sensory details. These sense words help your reader understand what something looks, sounds, tastes, smells, or feels like.nSensory Category | DescriptionnSight | These are words like bright, clean, and purple. A reader can imagine looking at these details.nSound | These are words like hissing, buzzing, and ringing. A reader can imagine hearing these details.nTaste | These are words like juicy, sweet, and burnt. A reader can imagine tasting these details.nSmell | These are words like fruity, sweet, and stinky. A reader can imagine smelling these details.nTouch | These are words like fuzzy, wet, and soft. A reader can imagine feeling these details.nMany sense words can describe more than one sense. For example, soft can describe a touch or a sound. And sweet can describe a taste or a smell.n Look at the picture.nThe word chirping describes the sound these birds make.nQuacking and popping can also describe sounds. But they do not describe the sounds these birds make..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the Namaqua chameleon.nThe Namaqua chameleon has sand-colored scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe horned viper has sand-colored scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert.nThe European green lizard has a green, brown, and yellow body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert..",
-        "Solution: Richmond is the capital of Virginia..",
-        "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant.nIn this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables.nThe amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others.nThe number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A tokay gecko is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nMany geckos have special pads on their toes. The pads help them climb up plants and rocks.nA water buffalo is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nWater buffaloes live in Asia. Some people raise water buffaloes for their milk.nA western toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA seahorse is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nSeahorses live in shallow, warm water. They can use their tails to hold on to plants..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.nAccording to a 2008 study, hog farms across five counties in eastern North Carolina produce more than fifteen million tons of manure every year, creating a waste management challenge of epic proportions for county officials..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince escape is between the guide words equal - everyday, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses conversational language (a bunch of, random).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution A and Solution B have the same number of blue particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a bathtub is 320 liters.n320 milliliters is too little..",
-        "Solution: Boston is the capital of Massachusetts..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: The colony is Rhode Island..",
-        "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A comet moth is an insect. Like other insects, a comet moth does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.nA tokay gecko is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a tokay gecko has a backbone..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that if Joe enjoyed the casserole, then he would have eaten more. However, Joe could have enjoyed the casserole without wanting a second serving. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Norma is telling the truth because she says she never lies. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Most humans are born with five fingers on each hand. So, having five fingers is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nMammals have the following traits:nThey feed their offspring milk.nThey have fur or hair.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA minnow has the following traits:nIt has fins, not limbs.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA minnow does not have all of the traits of a mammal. A minnow is a fish.nA harvest mouse has the following traits:nIt feeds its offspring milk.nIt has fur.nA harvest mouse has the traits of a mammal. A harvest mouse is a mammal..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the great egret.nThe great egret has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still. This allows the great egret to grab the prey without scaring it away.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe great blue heron has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still.nThe frigatebird has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Atlanta, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Atlanta has a rainy season and a dry season.\" is incorrect.nThe average monthly precipitation does not change much throughout the year. Every month has rain, and there is no dry season.nChoice \"February is wetter than March.\" is incorrect.nWetter months have a higher average precipitation than drier months. February has a slightly lower average monthly precipitation than March. So, February is not wetter than March.nChoice \"Precipitation does not change much from month to month in Atlanta.\" is incorrect.nThe average monthly precipitation changes only slightly throughout the year..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The shopping mall is in column 4..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, or article should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" An article should be in quotation marks.nThe correct title is \"To Help a Shy Child, Listen.\".",
-        "Solution: This country is Palau..",
-        "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A red-eyed tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nA white stork is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three baked potatoes have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 43\u00b0C potato is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. None of the objects are soft.nA bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. All three objects are bumpy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is bumpy..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word on is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is Hop on Pop..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nSo full I could explode is an exaggeration, since it is clear that the speaker is not actually in danger of exploding..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince platform is between the guide words perfect - polo, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nShaking up salad dressing is a physical change. The different parts mix together, but they are still made of the same type of matter.nBreaking a piece of glass is a physical change. The glass gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to ride a bicycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a bicycle is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. All four objects are fragile.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The fish bowl and the glass flask are transparent, but the ceramic tea cup is not.nSugar has a sweet taste. The ceramic tea cup and the icicle are not sweet.nThe property that all four objects have in common is fragile..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word to is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is \"Mother to Son.\".",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nThe thermometer and the cough syrup are in the medicine cabinet next to the cotton balls..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Most humans are born with five toes on each foot. So, having five toes is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince nimble is not between the guide words nation - next, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Aunt Clare's heavy baggage is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion catch-22 is literature.nJoseph Heller coined the term \"catch-22\" in his 1961 novel of the same name. In the novel, if an army pilot wants to avoid dangerous missions, he must be deemed mentally unfit; however, his desire to stay safe proves his sanity, so he can never be excused from a mission. Heller called this sort of predicament or dilemma a catch-22.nThe allusion catch-22 means a no-win situation..",
-        "Solution: The passage says that jumping spiders catch their food in a different way. They jump onto flies and other bugs..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Arkansas is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A prairie grassland is a type of ecosystem. Prairie grasslands have the following features: hot summers and cool winters, a medium amount of rain, and soil that is rich in nutrients. So, the following statement describes the Buffalo Gap National Grassland ecosystem: hot summers and cool winters, a medium amount of rain, and soil that is rich in nutrients. It has a medium amount of rain. The following statements do not describe Buffalo Gap National Grassland: hot summers and cool winters, a medium amount of rain, and soil that is rich in nutrients. It has cold winters and cool summers. It has heavy rain..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the glass marbles are smoother. Glass marbles do not feel rough or bumpy when you touch them..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether carbon tetrachloride is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that a molecule of carbon tetrachloride is composed of one carbon atom and four chlorine atoms bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that carbon tetrachloride is composed of two chemical elements: carbon and chlorine. Since carbon tetrachloride is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, carbon tetrachloride is a compound..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Falstaffian is Shakespeare.nSir John Falstaff, a comical character in several of William Shakespeare's plays, is known for his cheerful sociability and sometimes off-color humor.nThe allusion Falstaffian means characterized by joviality and enjoyment of food and drink..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved by research or observation.nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThe statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThe statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The second sentence states a fact.nParkour is a physical discipline that involves getting from one point to another while navigating obstacles along the way.nIt can be proved by reading an article about Parkour.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nThe greatest benefit of Parkour training is that it teaches people to see obstacles and challenges as opportunities.nThe greatest benefit shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about whether this is Parkour's most important or greatest benefit..",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them is used without its antecedent.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with academic advisers.nBefore Jake decided on a double major in history and Russian literature, he talked to academic advisers about the requirements for each major..",
-        "Solution: Words are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.ndesk: short enkit / ten: short i / short enAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.ngo: long onhe / ro: long e / long onSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.nsky: long inba / by: long a / long e The word so ends with a vowel and has a long vowel sound. So, it has an open syllable..",
-        "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether propane is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for propane is C3 H8. This formula contains two symbols: C for carbon and H for hydrogen. So, the formula tells you that propane is made of two chemical elements bonded together.nSubstance",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. All three objects are hard.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. The diamond is not fragile.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The fossil is not bouncy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is hard..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs quiet as a jackhammer suggests that the snoring is loud. A jackhammer is not quiet, and neither is Mr. Burton's snoring..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Quartz has all the properties of a mineral. So, quartz is a mineral..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Antarctica. It does not intersect South America or North America..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The water in a fishbowl is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour water from a fishbowl into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space.nA hair clip is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. You can use a hair clip to keep your hair out of your face because the hair clip keeps its shape.nThe air inside a raft is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air in a raft expands to fill all the space inside the raft. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the raft.nHelium is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. Helium is lighter than air. So, if you fill a balloon with",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 2 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nCheese is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nCheese is made by humans. But minerals are not made by living things.nSo, cheese is not a mineral.nFluorite is a mineral.nChrysotile is a mineral",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Alvin's observable version of the eye color trait is brown eyes. So, Alvin's phenotype for the eye color trait is brown eyes..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Virginia.nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A hair clip is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. You can use a hair clip to keep your hair out of your face because the hair clip keeps its shape.nA ballet shoe is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. When a dancer wears a ballet shoe, it may bend a little. But the ballet shoe still has a size and shape of its own.nChocolate syrup is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour chocolate syrup into a container, the chocolate syrup will take the shape of that container. But the chocolate syrup will still take up the same amount of space.nA tortoise shell is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A tortoise shell is made of a solid called keratin, just like your fingerna",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the cow.nThe cow has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter. The long jaws can help the cow reach leaves and grass. The flat teeth can help it cut and grind up the food into soft pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe zebra has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter.nThe silky anteater has a long tube-shaped mouth and no teeth. Its mouth is not adapted to eat plant matter. The silky anteater uses its mouth to get insects out of holes and burrows..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBaking an apple pie is a chemical change. The type of matter in the pie changes when it is baked. The crust turns brown, and the apples become soft.nMaking jam is a chemical change. It involves mixing fruit, sugar, and a substance called pectin.nWhen these ingredients are mixed and cooked, the chemical bonds in their molecules are broken. The atoms then link together to form different molecules that make up the jam.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBoth changes are caused by heating.",
-        "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A common toad is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a common toad has a backbone.nA weaver ant is an insect. Like other insects, a weaver ant does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover..",
-        "Solution: The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nHenry Bacon's design of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., won him a gold medal from the American Institute of Architects..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a fish out of water suggests that Brody felt out of place. A fish out of water is someone out of his or her usual, comfortable environment..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each vial increased, which means that the thermal energy of each vial increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each vial..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion nose is growing suggests that Lauren was lying. In the story of Pinocchio, when Pinocchio lies, his nose grows longer..",
-        "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Acrochordus granulatus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.nAcrochordus granulatus is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that marine file snake is the common name..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..",
-        "Solution: In an environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups.nA single organism is an individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a population.nMultiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community.nTogether, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words curl and hurl rhyme. They both end with the url sound.nThe word gull does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..",
-        "Solution: People around the world live in three main kinds of places: urban areas, suburban areas, and rural areas.nAn urban area is a city. It has many people and businesses. The buildings are close to each other. The buildings are often tall and have many floors. Since there are so many people, traffic is usually bad. People will walk or take the bus, train, or subway to avoid traffic.nA suburban area, or suburb, is near a city. It is quieter and less crowded than an urban area. People usually live in houses with yards. Most people drive to get places.nA rural area is less crowded than both urban and suburban areas. Houses are much more spread out. People usually have to drive to get places. People in rural areas often live on farms or ranches.nSome places, like small towns, don't really fit into any of the types. A small town does not have as many people as an urban area, but it has more people than a rural area. It is not near a city, so it is not called a suburb. Since there are more people in urban areas, the buildings are usually taller. Tall buildings can hold more people..",
-        "Solution: Statements of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence.nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man.nStatements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact. It can be verified by comparing places with the lowest annual rainfall.nDry Valleys, Antarctica, is the driest place on Earth, followed by Arica, Chile.nThe second sentence states an opinion. Unbearable indicates a personal judgment.nThe cold, sunless winter months in Dry Valleys, Antarctica, are unbearable..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The pool toy is flexible, but the ice hockey rink is not.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. All four objects are smooth.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The bucket and the slide are not transparent.nThe property that all four objects have in common is smooth..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion turn the other cheek is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Jesus counsels his followers to resist retaliation. He says that if they are struck on the right cheek, they shouldn't lash out; instead, they should turn the other cheek toward their attacker.nThe allusion turn the other cheek means to respond without aggression..",
-        "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..",
-        "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether potassium nitrate is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for potassium nitrate is KNO3. This formula contains three symbols: K for potassium, N for nitrogen, and O for oxygen. So, the formula tells you that potassium nit",
-        "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..",
-        "Solution: Barry wanted broccoli in his lunch and Mona was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nBarry has tomatoes. Mona has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Sebastian is pulling on the suitcase. So, Newton's third law tells you that the suitcase is pulling on Sebastian..",
-        "Solution: Augusta is the capital of Maine..",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Chandler wants or needs:nChandler will give up the chance to eat the praline pecan ice cream. He likes this flavor more than caramel swirl..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction but.nThe trek across New Zealand's South Island is exhausting, but the gorgeous views make it worth the effort..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince won is not between the guide words white - win, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion David and Goliath is the Bible.nIn the Bible, a young man named David slays Goliath, a giant and champion warrior, using nothing more than a sling and a stone.nThe allusion David and Goliath means involving unequal rivals..",
-        "Solution: This country is the Marshall Islands.nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Jekyll and Hyde is literature.nRobert Louis Stevenson's popular Victorian novella Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde tells the story of a man with two distinct personalities. Known to the world as a kind and highly respected doctor, at night he transforms into a monstrous person.nThe allusion Jekyll and Hyde means kind then cruel..",
-        "Solution: Helena is the capital of Montana..",
-        "Solution: Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food.nThe food chain begins with the producer. A producer can change matter that is not food into food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. Carbon dioxide and water are not food, but sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other organisms. There can be several kinds of consumers in a food chain:nA primary consumer eats producers. The word primary tells you that this is the first consumer in a food chain.nA secondary consumer eats primary consumers. The word secondary tells you that this is the second consumer in a food chain.nA tertiary consumer eats secondary consumers. The word tertiary tells you that this is the third consumer in a food chain.nA top consumer is the animal at the top of a food chain. Food chains can have different numbers of organisms. For example, when there are four organisms in the chain, the top consumer is the tertiary consumer. But if there are five organisms in the chain, the top consumer eats the tertiary consumer! In this food chain, the brown trout is a secondary consumer because it eats a primary consumer. The primary consumer in this food chain is the midge larva..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. Rain is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you put rainwater into a bucket, the rainwater will take the shape of the bucket. But the rainwater will still take up the same amount of space.nThe air inside a soccer ball is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air fills all the space inside the soccer ball. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the ball.nThe air inside a bubble is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air inside a bubble fills all the space in the bubble. If the bubble pops, the air will expand to fill a much larger space.nA slide is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A slide has a size and shape of its own, even when you sit on it..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses conversational language (real quick).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.nBeep represents the sound that tells the caller to start recording a message..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses conversational language (real quick).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to fly across the United States in an airplane is 5 hours.n5 minutes is too fast..",
-        "Solution: Rosa Parks grew up in the South.nRosa Parks grew up in the state of Alabama. Alabama is in the South. Look at the map below..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the caribou.nDuring the winter, the caribou has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The caribou uses its fur to keep warm in cold weather.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe snowy owl has a thick coat of feathers covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.nThe naked mole rat has thin skin covering its body. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two wax candles are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter wax candle has more thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Carcharodon carcharias is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.nCarcharodon carcharias is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that great white shark is the common name..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to bake. Instead, many people learn how to bake. So, baking is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Most humans are born with five toes on each foot. So, having five toes is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..",
-        "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:nThe feather fossil is in a shallower layer in the rock sequence than the ginkgo leaf fossil. So, the feather fossil is most likely younger than the ginkgo leaf fossil..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between Herman and the center of Earth changed.nThe summit of the mountain was higher than the point where Herman started hiking. As he hiked toward the summit, the distance between Herman and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Herman and Earth increased as he hiked toward the summit..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nShelby and her sisters drew a map of the United States and hung it on the wall..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nMuscovite is a mineral.nA shark's tooth is made by a living thing. But minerals are not made by living things.nA shark's tooth is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nSo, a shark's tooth is not a mineral.nCh",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the spatula.nThe spatula is made of two different materials. The handle is made of wood, and the head is made of rubber..",
-        "Solution: Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:nThey are solid.nThey are formed in nature.nThey are not made by living things.nThey are not pure substances. Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.nA marble is made by humans. But rocks are not made by living things.nSo, a marble is not a rock.nMarble is a rock.nDolerite is a rock..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince looked is between the guide words like - lumber, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to ride a motorcycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a motorcycle is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the Arctic wolf.nThe Arctic wolf has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The Arctic wolf uses its fur to keep warm in cold weather.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nDuring the winter, the Eurasian lynx has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.nThe Amazon milk frog has thin, moist skin. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 2 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nWater freezing into ice is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The water changes from solid to liquid. But the ice is still made of the same type of matter as the liquid water.nBending a paper clip is a physical change. After you bend it, the paper clip has a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nWater freezing is caused by cooling. But bending a paper clip is not..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, rest. The verb tells you about something that is true or happening now..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a gray body or a golden body, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the body color trait. The question tells you that the b allele, which is for a golden body, is recessive to the B allele, which is for a gray body.nA gray body is the dominant allele's version of the body color trait. A guppy with the dominant version of the body color trait must have at least one dominant allele for the body color gene. So, offspring with a gray body must have the genotype BB or Bb.nThere are 3 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype BB or Bb.",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSomewhat destroyed is a contradiction, because somewhat means partially or moderately, and destroyed implies totally wrecked..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The air inside a balloon is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air inside a balloon expands to fill all the space in the balloon. If the balloon pops, the air will expand to fill a much larger space.nGrape juice is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour grape juice into a different container, the grape juice will take the shape of that container. But the grape juice will still take up the same amount of space.nA screwdriver is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. This screwdriver has a metal blade and a plastic handle. Both metal and plastic are solids.nA hammer is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A hammer is made of iron and wood. Both iron and wood are solids..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Digby has two alleles for short fur (F). So, Digby's genotype for the fur length gene is FF..",
-        "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Helen's foot is pushing on the gas pedal. So, Newton's third law tells you that the gas pedal is pushing on Helen's foot..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Todd shouldn't be class president because he reads romance novels for fun. This is a personal attack on Todd that isn't relevant to whether he would be a good class president. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the barracuda.nThe barracuda has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat. The baracuda uses its teeth to cut up meat into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe starry moray has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat.nThe seahorse a long, narrow mouth. Its mouth is not adapted for tearing through meat..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, the following statements describe the Catoctin Mountain Park ecosystem: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. It has warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters. It has soil that is rich in nutrients. The following statement does not describe Catoctin Mountain Park: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. It has many different types of trees..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Minnesota is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true.nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The first sentence states a fact.nBirds are the only living animals that have feathers.nIt can be proved by reading a book about birds.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nPeacock feathers can make any room look fancy.nFancy shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes something look fancy..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. The rubber band is not fragile.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. All four objects are stretchy.nA lemon has a sour taste. The melted marshmallow is not sour.nThe property that all four objects have in common is stretchy..",
-        "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Nerium oleander is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells..",
-        "Solution: Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs. A spotted dolphin is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nDolphins may look like sharks or other fish, but they are mammals! When a baby dolphin is born, it has hair around its jaw. This hair falls out as the dolphin grows.nA gray tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nThere are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches.nAn ocean sunfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nOcean sunfish have a flat body and wide fins. They sometimes swim to the ocean's surface to rest in the sun.nA cane toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole..",
-        "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the following statement describes the Kaeng Krachan National Park ecosystem: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. It has many different types of organisms. The following statements do not describe Kaeng Krachan National Park: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. It has soil that is rich in nutrients. It has mostly small plants..",
-        "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..",
-        "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A ladybug is an insect. Like other insects, a ladybug does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.nA porcupine is a mammal. Like other mammals, a porcupine has a backbone..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nAs Dale s",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. New Hampshire is farthest east..",
-        "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nDeafening silence is a contradiction, because deafening describes something extremely loud, and silence is the absence of sound..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a leather belt is 30 inches.n30 feet, 30 yards, and 30 miles are all too long..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Knitting yarn into a scarf is a physical change. The yarn gets a different shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter..",
-        "Solution: A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0.nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F). Fahrenheit is one scale used to measure temperature.nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.nThere is a Fahrenheit scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 80 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 80\u00b0F. Find the top of the red liquid.nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid lines up with 110. So, the temperature is 110\u00b0F..",
-        "Solution: Baton Rouge is the capital of Louisiana..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses alliteration, the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nMany mysteries of the moon repeats the m sound..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Wyoming is farthest north..",
-        "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the bilberry.nNo arrow points to the lichen. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bilberry to the lichen.nNo arrow points to the bear sedge. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bilberry to the bear sedge.nThere are two arrows pointing to the collared lemming. One arrow starts from the bear sedge, and the other arrow starts from the lichen. Neither the bear sedge nor the lichen has an arrow pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bilberry to the collared lemming..",
-        "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nChalcopyrite is a mineral.nQuartz is a mineral.nA shark's tooth is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nSo, a shark's tooth is not a mineral..",
-        "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, read. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a drinking straw is 25 centimeters.n25 millimeters is too short. 25 meters and 25 kilometers are too long..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nNobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded at first appears to be contradictory, because if no one goes to the restaurant, then the restaurant should be empty, not crowded. However, it contains some truth: if a restaurant is frequently perceived to be too crowded, many people will no longer want to go there..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Hartford is the capital of Connecticut..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the box that is heavier.nA box holding 40 pounds is heavier than a box holding 30 pounds. So, the box holding 40 pounds needs a larger force to start moving upward at the same speed as the other box..",
-        "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each bicycle moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each bicycle moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each bicycle moved for 10 hours. The bicycle that moved 115 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that bicycle must have moved at the lowest speed..",
-        "Solution: An exoskeleton is a skeleton that is outside of an animal's body. Insects, like dragonflies, have exoskeletons. When they grow, they molt and shed their exoskeletons..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Both magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true.nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The second sentence states a fact.nThe modern sport of golf developed in Scotland in the late 1400 s.nIt can be proved by reading a book about the history of golf.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nGolf is possibly the dumbest sport that was ever invented.nDumbest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what is dumb..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBreaking a plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.nCutting your fingernails is a physical change. Your fingernails are shorter after you cut them. But the pieces are still made of the same type of matter as the uncut fingernails.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Minnesota is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three fish tanks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 76\u00b0F fish tank is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. Rain is not a living thing.nRain is made of water. It helps living things survive. But it does not have all the traits of a living thing. Rain does not grow or need food.nA butterfly is a living thing.nButterflies grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Butterflies are made up of many cells.nButterflies are animals. They get their energy from nectar.nA crayon is not a living thing.nCrayons do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nA swing set is not a living thing.nSwing sets do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A box turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nBox turtles can live to be over 100 years old!nA red howler is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nHowler monkeys have loud calls, or howls. Their calls can be heard over three miles away!nA flamingo is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nFlamingos live in large groups. These groups are called flocks.nA cassowary is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nCassowaries have wings, but they cannot fly! They can run very fast..",
-        "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that increased park funding was responsible for an increase in littering. However, even though littering increased after funding to parks was increased, that doesn't necessarily mean that the funding was responsible. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation..",
-        "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.nThe baker split the cookie in half, and crumbs fell to the floor..",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..",
-        "Solution: Madison is the capital of Wisconsin..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spidey sense is a comic book.nThe comic book superhero Spider-Man possesses a spidey sense that warns him of impending trouble.nThe allusion spidey sense means a sense of danger coming..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. We danced for hours we were tired is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: We danced for hours and We were tired..",
-        "Solution: Look at the map. It labels ancient Egypt and other ancient civilizations.nAncient Egyptian civilization started along the Nile River. Other ancient civilizations also started near rivers. For example, ancient Mesopotamian civilizations started along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, ancient Indus Valley civilizations started along the Indus River, and ancient Chinese civilization began between the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers..",
-        "Solution: Tallahassee is the capital of Florida..",
-        "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each refrigerator increased, which means that the thermal energy of each refrigerator increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each refrigerator..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a dose of cough syrup is 5 milliliters.n5 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Cybister sugillatus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.nSo, Cybister sugillatus is the scientific name..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that ferrets make good pets, because many people are getting them. However, even though many people have ferrets, that doesn't necessarily mean that ferrets make good pets. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Most humans are born with five toes on each foot. So, having five toes is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **The Wizard of Oz**..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nSawing a log in half is a physical change. The log splits into two pieces. But the pieces are still made of the same type of matter.nStretching a rubber band is a physical change. The rubber band gets longer. But it is still made of the same type of matter as before.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: The colony is New Jersey..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to ride a bicycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a bicycle is an acquired trait..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a school bus is 14 meters.n14 kilometers is too long..",
-        "Solution: Montgomery is the capital of Alabama..",
-        "Solution: Plant cells are made up of many different parts. Each cell part has a function that helps the cell survive and grow.nSome cell parts are called organelles. Organelles are cell structures that are surrounded by their own membranes. Here are some of the organelles in plant cells:nChloroplasts and mitochondria work together to help the cell get the energy it needs. The chloroplasts use photosynthesis to make sugar. The mitochondria break down this sugar and release energy that the cell can use for all of its activities.nThe nucleus directs cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The nucleus contains structures called chromosomes. The chromosomes are made mostly of hereditary material called DNA. DNA contains information that the cell uses for growth and activities. These instructions tell ribosomes how to build molecules called proteins, which make up cell structures and help chemical reactions happen in the cell.nThe endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that helps ribosomes build proteins. The nucleus sends instructions for making proteins to ribosomes. Ribosomes can attach to the endoplamic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes use these instructions to make proteins that the cell needs to survive and grow.nAfter proteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, they can be transferred to the Golgi. The Golgi is an organelle made up of flat, stacked membranes. The Golgi sorts and packages proteins and other substances. Then, the Golgi sends these substances to different parts of the cell. Some of these substances are sent to the cell membrane and released from the cell.nIn plant cells, the vacuole stores waste, water, and nutrients such as sugar. Most plant cells have one vacuole.nOther cell parts are not surrounded by their own membranes. These cell parts are not organelles.nThe cell wall is the cell's tough outer covering. It gives the cell strength and stiffness and helps the cell keep its shape.nOn the inside of the cell wall is a thin layer called the cell membrane. This layer is a membrane, but it does not have",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of an ice skate is 34 centimeters.n34 meters and 34 kilometers are both too long..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. None of the objects are hard.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. All three objects are stretchy.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. None of the objects are fragile.nThe property that all three objects have in common is stretchy..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The apron is soft.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The apron is not rough..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways",
-        "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Sidney wants or needs:nSidney will give up the chance to eat the vanilla custard. Sidney thinks vanilla custard would have tasted better than string cheese will..",
-        "Solution: During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her grammar and mechanics by fixing run-on sentences.nFor example, the writer could divide each of the underlined run-on sentences into two complete sentences.nWhen I'm asked to name my favorite teacher, I immediately think of Mr. Sweeney. In fifth grade, Mr. Sweeney taught us all about architecture he had the class start by learning to measure things very accurately. We studied environmentally friendly building methods, and we designed and built our own homes of the future. Mr. Sweeney was always fun and interesting, he believed that we could do more than we thought we could do. He helped me break boundaries in my life, he was a positive influence on me and will always be one of the most inspirational people in my life..",
-        "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. An empty cup is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nWhen you fill a cup with water, the cup still has its own shape..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement that shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence..",
-        "Solution: People form governments for two main reasons.nGovernments come up with laws, or rules, for a community. Laws help keep people safe. For example, traffic laws make it safer to drive.nLaws can tell people how to work together and settle disagreements. How? Think about a team sport like soccer. The rules tell the players how to play together. For example, rules say which team should get the ball when it goes out of bounds. Laws work the same way in a community..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. Chalk is a solid. You can easily break chalk into pieces. But each piece will still have a size and shape of its own..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nWhere Darnel lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.nThis passage tells you about the usual precipitation where Darnel lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Arkansas is farthest south..",
-        "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..",
-        "Solution: Conifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce?nConifers can grow male and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when wind blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. After pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.nThe seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. A seed can germinate and grow into a new plant.nThe new plant can grow male and female cones. But a seed does not grow into a male cone or a female cone..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night. The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe simile like the parched earth during a drought suggests that Emma's hands were dry and cracked. A drought is a period without rain; the ground during a drought can become hard and cracked..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses anaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nHomer repeats the words I want at the beginning of each sentence..",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nAmphibians have the following traits:nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.nThey have moist skin.nThey make eggs with no shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA rough-skinned newt has the following traits:nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.nIt has moist skin.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA rough-skinned newt has the traits of an amphibian. A rough-skinned newt is an amphibian.nA Bengal tiger has the following traits:nIt feeds its offspring milk.nIt has hair.nA Bengal tiger does not have all of the traits of an amphibian. A Bengal tiger is a mammal..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A sea otter is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nA barn owl is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The popcorn and the tree bark are not bouncy.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. None of the objects are shiny.nA bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. All three objects are bumpy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is bumpy..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. All four objects are stretchy.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. The wool hat is not shiny.nThe property that all four objects have in common is stretchy..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nBetween jobs is an indirect way of saying unemployed..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses apostrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nO wind is a direct address to the wind, a nonhuman entity..",
-        "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A wetland is a type of ecosystem. Wetlands have the following features: land that is covered with water during most of the year, soil that is rich in nutrients, and other water ecosystems nearby. So, the Pantanal has land that is covered with water during most of the year. It also has soil that is rich in nutrients..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that the Shahs' opinion on eating pizza is invalid because their house is messy. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to whether the argument is valid. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem..",
-        "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, join. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince bit is between the guide words base - bury, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa..",
-        "Solution: Helena is the capital of Montana..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a paintbrush is 12 inches.n12 feet, 12 yards, and 12 miles are all too long..",
-        "Solution: Poetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.nLittle Betty Blue,nLost her holiday shoe.n\u2014From Mother GoosenInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.n\u2014From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.nHe watches from his mountain walls,nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.n\u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.nHe bends his backnFor us to go over.n\u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.nRepetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.nThe dainty flying squirrelnIn vest of shining white,nIn coat of silver gray,nAnd vest of shining white.n\u2014Adapte",
-        "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses abbreviated language (ASAP).nThe second sentence does not use abbreviated language, so it is more formal..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion an albatross around her neck is a poem.nIn Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem \"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,\" a sailor shoots and kills an albatross, an action that curses the ship and crew. As his crew members die, the Ancient Mariner feels his guilt hanging like the albatross around his neck.nThe allusion an albatross around her neck means a burden a person must bear..",
-        "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word and is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is Better Homes and Gardens..",
-        "Solution: This state is Virginia..",
-        "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two glasses of grape juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 15\u00b0C glass of grape juice is colder than the 25\u00b0C glass of grape juice, it has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a cement truck is 24 tons.n24 ounces and 24 pounds are both too light..",
-        "Solution: Many plants have flowers. These plants can use their flowers to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do plants use their flowers to reproduce?nFirst, the male part of the flower makes pollen, and the female part makes eggs. Animals, wind, or water can move pollen. Pollination is what happens when pollen is moved to the female part of the flower.nAfter pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with the eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds. The fruit grows around the seeds. Later, a seed can fall out of the fruit. It can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. Flowers make seeds. After a flower is pollinated, male cells from the pollen combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.nThe fruit can grow around the seeds. But the fruit does not make seeds. Both the fruit and the seeds grow from parts of the flower..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A painted stork is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nStorks wade in shallow water to look for food. Storks eat fish, insects, worms, and other small animals.nA red kangaroo is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nKangaroos hop to move around. They use their large tails for balance while hopping..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..",
-        "Solution: Every living thing needs food to stay alive. Living things get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how living things in an ecosystem get their food.nProducers make their own food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. This sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other living things. Consumers cannot make their own food. In this food chain, the amphipod is a consumer because it eats another living thing. The amphipod in this food chain eats the algae..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all",
-        "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A palmate newt's scientific name is Lissotriton helveticus. The first word of its scientific name is Lissotriton.nLissotriton vulgaris is in the genus Lissotriton. The first word of its scientific name is Lissotriton. So, Lissotriton vulgaris and Lissotriton helveticus are in the same genus.nTaricha torosa is in the genus Taricha. The first word of its scientific name is Taricha. So, Taricha torosa and Lissotriton helveticus are not in the same genus.nAmbystoma opacum is in the genus Ambystoma. The first word of its scientific name is Ambystoma. So, Ambystoma opacum and Lissotriton helveticus are not in the same genus..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Louie's observable version of the cheek color trait is pale orange cheeks. So, Louie's phenotype for the cheek color trait is pale orange cheeks..",
-        "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with vestigial wings or normal wings, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the wing type trait. The question tells you that the n allele, which is for vestigial wings, is recessive to the N allele, which is for normal wings.nVestigial wings is the recessive allele's version of the wing type trait. A fruit fly with the recessive version of the wing type trait must have only recessive alleles for the wing type gene. So, offspring with vestigial wings must have the genotype nn.nThere are 2 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotyp",
-        "Solution: Ethan wanted broccoli in his lunch and Irma was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nEthan has tomatoes. Irma has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..",
-        "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince parent is not between the guide words president - public, it would not be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nPhotosynthesis is a chemical change. Plants make sugar using carbon dioxide, water, and energy from sunlight.nMetal turning less shiny over time is called tarnishing. A penny tarnishing is a chemical change. When air touches the penny, the surface of the penny changes into a different type of matter. This matter makes the penny dull.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Both magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Instead, children get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Shelby's hair color is an inherited trait..",
-        "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nMammals have the following traits:nThey feed their offspring milk.nThey have fur or hair.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA Florida manatee has the following traits:nIt feeds its offspring milk.nIt has hair.nA Florida manatee has the traits of a mammal. A Florida manatee is a mammal.nA barn owl has the following traits:nIt has feathers.nIt has wings.nIt has a beak.nIt makes eggs with shells.nA barn owl does not have all of the traits of a mammal. A barn owl is a bird..",
-        "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two bricks are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder brick has less thermal energy..",
-        "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nGlared at him suggests that it bothered Keith that the essay wasn't finished. The essay is like a person who is bothering Keith..",
-        "Solution:.",
-        "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the compound rubidium bromide.nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether calcium oxide is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that calcium oxide is composed of oxygen atoms and calcium atoms bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that calcium oxide is composed of two chemical elements: oxygen and calcium. Since calcium oxide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, calcium oxide is a compound..",
-        "Solution: Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together, or compacted, to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by very high temperature and pressure. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Phyllite is a metamorphic rock. Like other metamorphic rocks, it forms when a rock is changed by high temperature and pressure.nHeat and pressure can change the type and arrangement of minerals in a rock. This change forms a new rock with different properties. Phyllite can form when other metamorphic rocks are changed by heat and pressure. Slate is a rock that can change into phyllite..",
-        "Solution: Helena is the capital of Montana..",
-        "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the common loon.nThe common loon has a long, straight beak with a sharp tip. Its beak is adapted to catch fish. The common loon can use its beak to grab the slippery body of a fish underwater. It can also catch a fish by stabbing it with its beak.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe common kingfisher has a long, straight beak with a sharp tip. Its beak is adapted to catch fish.nThe European robin has a short, thin beak. Its beak is not adapted to catch fish. The European robin uses its beak to eat insects and other small invertebrates..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nOn average, the coldest month in Hof, Iceland, is January.nThis passage tells you about the usual temperature pattern in Hof. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Antarctica..",
-        "Solution: When a scientist identifies a new organism, he or she chooses its scientific name.nSometimes, an organism is named after the place where it was first found. Other times, an organism is named after the scientist who first identified it. Or, the scientific name might describe the organism's physical traits.nMany of the words that make up scientific names are based on words from old languages, like Latin and classical Greek. Sometimes, English words are changed to make them sound more like Latin or Greek. The new words are then used in an organism's scientific name. This organism's scientific name refers to Georg Wilhelm Steller.nThe word stelleri refers to Georg Wilhelm Steller. So, the Steller's jay's scientific name is Cyanocitta stelleri..",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second announcement is more formal. It uses more elevated language (pleased to announce). The other announcement sounds more conversational (so happy)..",
-        "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.nJasmine adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundreds of years old.nThe second text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). The bridge is old, but it is not actually a million years old.nJasmine adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally a million years old.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect..",
-        "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The ceramic plate is not scratchy.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. The ceramic plate is fragile..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. Grilling a hamburger is a chemical change. Heat from the grill causes the matter in the meat to change. Cooked meat and raw meat are different types of matter..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. Like other jellyfishes, a moon jellyfish is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.nA castor bean tick is an insect. Like other insects, a castor bean tick is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA fireworm is a worm. Like other worms, a fireworm is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.nA common ostrich is a bird. Like other birds, a common ostrich is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..",
-        "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second letter opening is more formal. It uses the recipient's personal title and last name. The other opening uses the recipient's first name, suggesting a more familiar relationship..",
-        "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..",
-        "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the shoes.nThe shoes are made of two different materials. The tops are made of leather, and the soles are made of rubber..",
-        "Solution: This country is Haiti.nDoes Haiti have any territorial disputes?nHaiti claims to own Navassa Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nNavassa Island is also claimed by the United States. The United States claimed the island in 1857 and has controlled it since then. But Haiti considers the island part of its territory and has protested the United States' claim since this time. No one lives on the island. Today, it is a nature preserve..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..",
-        "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of blue particles..",
-        "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Cairo, look at the graph.nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.nJanuary has an average monthly precipitation of about 15 millimeters. This is higher than in any other month. So, January is the wettest month on average..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A yak is a mammal. Like other mammals, a yak is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA fly is an insect. Like other insects, a fly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA peafowl is a bird. Like other birds, a peafowl is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA Surinam horned frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a Surinam horned frog is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Erin must be a reckless driver, because her brother is a reckless driver. However, even though Erin's brother is reckless, that doesn't necessarily mean that Erin is, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a warm swimming pool is 25\u00b0C.n25\u00b0F is too cold..",
-        "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Both magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..",
-        "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Silvergrove. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down..",
-        "Solution: Dover is the capital of Delaware..",
-        "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Falstaffian is Shakespeare.nSir John Falstaff, a comical character in several of William Shakespeare's plays, is known for his cheerful sociability and sometimes off-color humor.nThe allusion Falstaffian means characterized by joviality and enjoyment of food and drink..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Bingo's observable version of the wool color trait is black wool. So, Bingo's phenotype for the wool color trait is black wool..",
-        "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.",
-        "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to calculus or trigonometry.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with calculus.nDave went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended calculus..",
-        "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the nylon shorts would stretch more. If you pull the leg opening on a pair of nylon shorts, it will get wider..",
-        "Solution: Filtration uses gravity to separate solid substances from a liquid as it passes through a funnel..",
-        "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a soda bottle cap is 12 milliliters.n12 liters is too much..",
-        "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The cucumber plant has two alleles for bumpy fruit (F). So, the plant's genotype for the fruit texture gene is FF..",
-        "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A saturn butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a saturn butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nAn earthworm is a worm. Like other worms, an earthworm is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.nLike other octopuses, a giant octopus is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.nA robin is a bird. Like other birds, a robin is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..",
-        "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved true by research or observation.nGeorge Washington became president of the United States in 1789.nThis statement is a fact. It can be proved by researching what year George Washington was inaugurated president.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion can be supported by evidence, but it cannot be proved true.nGeorge Washington was a better president than Thomas Jefferson.nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" president, so the statement cannot be proved. The second sentence states a fact.nAustralia is a continent in the Southern Hemisphere.nIt can be proved by finding Australia on a globe.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nIt is hard to understand Australian people's accents.nHard shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes an accent hard to understand..",
-        "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether picking apples is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs picking apples something you can touch? No.nIs picking apples a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.nSo, picking apples is a service..",
-        "Solution: The colony is Virginia.nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony..",
-        "Solution: Baton Rouge is the capital of Louisiana..",
-        "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant.nIn this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables.nThe amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others.nThe number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment..",
-        "Solution: A flower smells good.nA flower can come in many colors.nA flower grows in a garden..",
-        "Solution: An organism's genes contain information about its proteins. Each gene encodes, or contains the instructions for making, one protein or a group of proteins.nA permanent change in a gene is called a mutation. Because a mutation changes a gene, the mutation may change the structure of the protein encoded by that gene.nThe function of a protein depends on its structure. So, if a mutation in a gene changes a protein's structure, the mutation may also change the protein's function.nAn organism's observable traits are affected by the functions of its proteins. So, a gene mutation that affects a protein's function may also affect an organism's observable traits. A mutation in a gene may affect the protein it encodes.nSo, the mutation in the KRT13 gene affected the structure and function of the keratin protein..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that the school's Advanced Computer Science class is the reason students choose to major in computer science. The text states that most of the students who take that class continue on with the major. However, the class isn't necessarily the reason they do so. For example, the students who take the advanced class may already be interested in majoring in computer science. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation..",
-        "Solution: This country is Dominica..",
-        "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A European green toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA goldfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nGoldfish are popular as pets in many countries today. They were first kept as pets by people in ancient China..",
-        "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence asks a question and ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. New Jersey is farthest east..",
-        "Solution: This country is Antigua and Barbuda..",
-        "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..",
-        "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nWhere Nicole lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.nThis passage tells you about the usual precipitation where Nicole lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. The helium in balloons is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.nThe helium in balloons expands to fill all the space inside the balloons. If a balloon pops, the helium will expand to fill a much larger space..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Kimi, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Kimi down with a force of 600 N.nThe seat of the cart is pushing Kimi up with a force of 1,200 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Kimi..",
-        "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..",
-        "Solution: Austin is the capital of Texas..",
-        "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A red-eyed tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nA rabbit is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk..",
-        "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nIt was clear and sunny yesterday on the Croatian coast.nThis passage tells you about yesterday's cloud cover on the coast of Croatia. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..",
-        "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBaking cookies is a chemical change. Cookies are made from cookie dough. Baking turns the cookie dough into cookies. The cookies are a different type of matter than the dough.nRust forming on a metal gate is a chemical change. As the gate rusts, the metal turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBaking is caused by heating. But rust forming on a metal gate is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..",
-        "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that there are two types of students: good students who will study without the incentive of a test, and bad students who won't study even with the incentive of the test. However, this argument artificially restricts the types of students to just two extremes. For example, there may be some students who would study if they had a test, but who wouldn't study if they didn't have a test. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..",
-        "Solution: This state is Ohio..",
-        "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth changed.nDale was lower than the balcony. As the water balloon fell toward Dale, the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth decreased as the water balloon fell toward Dale..",
-        "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.nJoel took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain..",
-        "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. Chocolate syrup is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nIf you pour chocolate syrup into a container, the chocolate syrup will take the shape of that container. But the chocolate syrup will still take up the same amount of space..",
-        "Solution: This country is Saint Kitts and Nevis..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth. This continent is North America..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is South America..",
-        "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince peach is between the guide words pad - poison, it would be found on that page..",
-        "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Illinois is farthest west..",
-        "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europe..",
-        "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The bulldozer pushes the loose dirt. The direction of the push is away from the bulldozer..",
-        "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. This book explains the difference between cattle and buffalo is a complete sentence. The subject is this book, and the verb is explains.."
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